Accessibly written by a team of international authors, the Encyclopedia of Environmental Change provides a gateway to the complex facts, concepts, techniques, methodology and philosophy of environmental change.

Table of Contents

• Editorial Board
• About the Editor-in-Chief
• About the Editorial Board
• Editorial Division of Responsibilities
• Contributors
• Preface
• How to Use This Encyclopedia
• a
• aa
• abduction
• abiotic
• ablation
• ablation zone
• above-ground productivity
• abrasion
• abrupt climatic change
• abscissa
• absolute counting
• absolute sea level
• absolute temperature
• absorption
• absorption spectrum
• abstraction
• abyssal
• accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating
• accessory mineral
• acclimatisation
• accommodation space
• accordant summits
• accretion
• accretionary complex
• acculturation
• accumulated temperature
• accumulation area ratio (AAR)
• accumulation rate
• accumulation zone
• accuracy
• acid
• acid deposition
• acid mine drainage
• acid precipitation
• acid rain
• acid soils
• acid sulfate soils
• acidification
• acidity
• acidity record of volcanic eruptions
• Acrisols
• acrotelm
• activation function
• active continental margin
• active layer
• active volcano
• actualism
• adaptation
• adaptation of people
• adaptionist approach
• adaptive capacity
• adaptive cycle
• adaptive management
• adaptive radiation
• adhesion
• adiabatic processes
• adjacency
• adsorption
• advection
• aeolation
• aeolian
• aeolian sediments
• aeolian zone
• aeolianite
• aerial photography
• aerobic
• aerobiology
• aerology/aeronomy
• aerosols
• aesthetic degradation
• aesthetics
• aestivation
• afforestation
• afforestation: ecological impacts
• afforestation: impacts on hydrology and geomorphology
• African Humid Period
• Afro-alpine zone
• after present (AP)
• aftershock
• age
• age calibration
• age-depth models
• aggradation
• aggregate stability
• aggregation
• aggressive water
• agrarian civilisation
• agricultural abandonment
• agricultural history
• agricultural impact on climate
• agricultural impact on geomorphology
• agricultural impact on soils
• agricultural intensification
• agricultural origins
• agricultural revolution
• agricultural waste
• agriculture
• agrochemicals/agrichemicals
• agroclimatology/agrometeorology
• agrodiversity
• agro-ecological zone
• agro-ecology
• agro-ecosystem
• agroforestry
• agronomy
• AIDS
• air capture (AC)
• air mass
• air pollution
• air quality
• air subsidence
• air temperature
• airborne remote sensing
• airfall
• airflow types
• airshed
• alas
• albedo
• Albeluvisols
• algae/algal analysis
• algal bloom
• algorithm
• alien species
• Alisols
• alkali
• alkaline soils
• alkalinity
• alkalisation
• alkenones
• allele
• allelopathy
• allergen
• Allerød Interstadial
• allochthonous
• allocyclic change
• allogenic change
• alluvial architecture
• alluvial deposits
• alluvial fan
• alluvial fill
• alluvial soils
• alluvial stratigraphy
• alluviation
• alluvium
• along-track direction
• alp
• alpine zone
• alternative energy
• alternative stable states
• alternative technology
• altimetry
• altitudinal zonation
• aluminium (Al)
• amber
• amendments
• amensalism
• americium-241 dating
• amino acid dating
• amorphous
• amplitude
• anabranching
• anaerobic
• analogue method
• analogue model
• analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
• analysis of variance (ANOVA)
• anatomically modern humans (AMH)
• ancient woodland
• Andosols
• angiosperms
• angle of repose
• anhysteretic remanent magnetisation (ARM)
• animal diseases
• animal remains
• annotation
• annual
• annual mean air temperature
• annual moraines
• annual variability
• annually laminated sediment
• annually resolved record
• annular mode
• anomalies
• anoxia/anoxic
• antagonism
• Antarctic
• Antarctic convergence
• Antarctic cooling and warming
• Antarctic environmental change
• Antarctic Front
• Antarctic Oscillation (AAO)
• antecedent drainage
• antecedent soil moisture
• anthracology
• anthrobleme
• anthrome
• anthropedogenic processes
• Anthropocene
• anthropocentrism
• anthropochore
• anthropogene
• anthropogenic
• anthropogenic hazards
• anthropogenic indicators
• anthropogenic soil horizons
• anthropogeomorphology
• anthropology
• anthroposphere
• Anthrosols
• antibiotic
• anticyclone
• antitrades
• ants
• aphelion
• aphotic zone
• apophyte
• apparent age
• apparent mean residence time (AMRT)
• apparent polar wander (APW)
• applied science
• appropriate technology
• aquaculture
• aqualithic
• aquatic ape theory
• aquatic environment
• aqueduct
• aquiclude
• aquifer
• aquitard
• arboreal
• arboreal pollen (AP)
• arborescent
• arboriculture
• arc
• Archaea
• Archaean
• archaeobiology
• archaeoglaciology
• archaeological chemistry
• archaeological geology
• archaeological prospection
• archaeological timescale
• archaeology
• archaeomagnetic dating
• archaeomagnetism
• archaeometry
• archaic humans
• architectural element analysis
• archive
• Arctic
• Arctic environmental change
• Arctic Front
• Arctic haze
• Arctic Oscillation (AO)
• Arctic warming
• ard marks
• area generalisation
• area labels
• area patch generalisation
• arenaceous
• arenite
• Arenosols
• areography
• argillaceous
• argillite
• argon-argon (Ar-40/Ar-39) dating
• aridity
• aridland
• aridland: past environmental change
• aridland vegetation
• arkose
• armouring
• arroyo
• arsenic (As)
• artefact/artifact
• artesian
• artificial
• artificial ground
• artificial shoreline
• asbestos
• ash content
• ash fall
• ash flow
• aspect
• assemblage
• assemblage zone
• association
• asteroids
• asthenosphere
• astrobiology
• astrobleme
• astrochronology
• astrogeology
• asymmetrical valley
• Atlantic
• Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO)
• atmosphere
• atmosphere-ocean interaction
• atmospheric composition
• atmospheric correction
• atmospheric dust
• atmospheric loading
• atmospheric sciences
• atmospheric tides
• atoll
• atom
• atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)
• Atterberg limits
• attractor
• attribute
• attribution
• auger
• autecology
• authigenic
• autochthonous
• autocompaction
• autocorrelation
• autocyclic change
• autogenic change
• automatic weather station (AWS)
• autoregressive (AR) modelling
• autoregressive moving average (ARMA) modelling
• autotrophic organism
• autovariation
• avalanche
• avulsion
• axiom
• azimuth
• Azolla interval
• azonal soil
• b2k
• back-arc
• background level
• background rate
• backscattering
• bacteria
• badlands
• bajada
• balance of nature
• balanced cross section
• Banded Iron Formation (BIF)
• bank erosion
• bankfull discharge
• bar (coastal and river)
• barchans
• barrier beach
• barrier island
• barrier reefs
• basalt
• base
• base level
• base saturation
• baseflow
• basement
• basin analysis
• bathyal
• bathymetry
• bauxite
• Bayesian statistics
• beach deposits
• beach mining
• beach nourishment
• beach ridges
• beach scraping
• beachrock
• beamwidth
• Beaufort scale
• bed
• bedding
• bedform
• bedform stability diagram
• bedload
• bedrock
• bedrock channel
• beetle analysis
• before present (BP)
• below-ground productivity
• bench terrace
• benthic
• benthos
• bias
• bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)
• big bang
• binge-purge model
• bio-accumulation
• bio-archaeology
• biochar
• biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• bioclimatology
• biodegradability
• biodegradation
• biodiversity
• biodiversity loss
• biodiversity offsets
• bio-energy
• biofacies
• biogasification
• biogenic carbonate
• biogenic sediment
• biogeocenosis/biogeocoenosis
• biogeochemical cycles
• biogeochemistry
• biogeography
• biogeomorphology
• bioherm
• bio-indicators
• biokarst
• biological control
• biological half-life
• biological invasion
• biological magnification
• biological oceanography
• biological pollution
• biological sciences
• biological species
• biological weathering
• biomagnetics
• biomantle
• biomarker
• biomass
• biomass burning
• biome
• bionomenclature
• biopiracy
• bioplastics
• bioprospecting
• bioregional management
• bioregionalism
• bioremediation
• biosecurity
• biosphere
• biosphere reserves
• biostasy
• biostratigraphy
• biotechnology
• biotic
• bioturbation
• birth rate
• black shale
• black smoker
• blackbody radiation
• blanket mire
• blockfields
• blocking
• blowout
• blue holes
• blue-water refugium
• Blytt-Sernander timescale
• body fossil
• bog burst
• bog people
• bolide
• Bølling Interstadial
• bolus
• bomb effect
• Bond cycle
• Bond events
• bones
• Boolean logic
• boom and bust cycles
• bootstrapping
• Boreal
• boreal forest
• boreal forest history
• borehole
• bornhardt
• botanical gardens
• bottleneck
• bottom water
• boulder
• boulder beach
• boulder clay
• boulder pavements
• boundary conditions
• boundary layer
• bounding surface
• brackish water
• braiding
• breakwater
• breccia
• brickearth
• brine rejection
• bristlecone pine
• Bronze Age
• brousse tigrée
• Brown Earth
• brown field sites
• Brückner cycle
• Bruun rule
• bryophyte analysis
• buffer zone
• buffer zone in GIS
• buffering
• building decay
• built environment
• bulk density
• buried soil
• buried valley
• bush encroachment
• bush meat
• business-as-usual scenario
• C-3, C-4, CAM plants
• cadmium (Cd)
• cadmium:calcium ratio (Cd:Ca)
• caesium-137
• Calcisols
• calcium (Ca)
• calcium cycle
• calcium-41
• calcrete
• caldera
• calendar/calendrical age/date
• calibrated-age dating
• calibration
• calibration of radiocarbon dates
• calibration strategies
• calving
• calving glaciers
• cambering
• Cambisols
• cambium
• Cambrian
• Cambrian explosion
• cancer
• canonical correlation analysis
• canonical correspondence analysis (CCA)
• canyon
• capillary action
• capitalism
• caprock
• captive breeding
• carbon assimilation
• carbon balance/budget
• carbon capture and storage (CCS)
• carbon content of soils
• carbon cycle
• carbon dioxide
• carbon dioxide fertilisation
• carbon dioxide variations
• carbon emissions trading (CET)
• carbon footprint
• carbon isotopes
• carbon monoxide
• carbon negative
• carbon offsets
• carbon sequestration
• carbon sink/source
• carbon taxation
• carbonate
• carbonate compensation depth (CCD)
• carbonation
• Carboniferous
• carbon-neutral activity
• carcinogen
• carnivore
• carr
• carrying capacity
• carse
• Cartesian co-ordinates
• cartography
• case hardening
• cash cropping
• cast
• cataclasis
• catalyst
• catastrophe
• catastrophe theory
• catastrophic event
• catastrophic rock slope failures
• catastrophism
• catena
• cathodoluminescence (CL) analysis
• cation exchange capacity (CEC)
• cation-ratio dating
• catotelm
• causal relationship
• cave
• cave art
• cave passage
• cave sediments
• cay
• cement
• cementation
• cenote
• Cenozoic (Cainozoic)
• census enumeration district
• Central England Temperature Record (CET)
• centres of action
• centroid
• century- to millennial-scale variability
• ceramics
• cereal crops
• cereal pollen
• chamber sampler
• channel bar
• channel capacity
• channel change
• channel gradient
• channel pattern
• channel shape
• Channeled Scablands
• channelisation
• chaos theory
• charcoal
• charismatic species
• charred-particle analysis
• chattermark
• chelation
• chemical analysis of soils and sediments
• chemical degradation
• chemical denudation
• chemical escape
• chemical oxygen demand (COD)
• chemical precipitation
• chemical remediation
• chemical time bomb
• chemical weathering
• chemocline
• chemosphere
• chemostratigraphy
• chemosynthesis
• chenier
• Chernozem
• chert
• chironomid analysis
• chlorine-36
• chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• chlorophyll
• chlorosis
• cholera
• chott
• chronicles
• chronofunction
• chronology
• chronometric age
• chronometry
• chronosequence
• chronostratigraphy
• chronozone
• chrysophyte cyst analysis
• circadian rhythms
• cirque
• cirque altitude analysis
• citizen science
• civil society
• civilisation
• cladistics
• Cladocera analysis
• cladogenesis
• class intervals
• classification
• classification and regression trees (CART)
• clast
• clastic
• clay
• clay lunettes
• clay minerals
• clay-humus complex
• claystone
• clay-with-flints
• clear cutting
• climate
• climate change
• climate change: potential future ecological impacts
• climate of the last millennium
• climate sensitivity
• climatic archive
• climatic change
• climatic change: past impact on animals
• climatic change: past impact on humans
• climatic change: past impact on landforms and geomorphological processes
• climatic change: past impact on soils
• climatic change: past impact on temperate vegetation
• climatic change: past impact on tropical vegetation
• climatic change: potential future economic impacts
• climatic change: potential future geomorphological impacts
• climatic change: potential future impacts on soils
• climatic classification
• climatic discontinuity
• climatic engineering
• climatic extreme
• climatic fluctuation
• climatic forcing
• climatic geomorphology
• climatic hazard
• climatic impact assessment
• climatic models
• climatic modes
• climatic modification
• climatic normals
• climatic oscillation
• climatic prediction
• climatic reconstruction
• climatic scenarios
• climatic system
• climatic vacillation
• climatic variability
• climatic variation
• climatic vulnerability
• climatogenetic geomorphology
• climatology
• climax vegetation
• climbing ripple cross-lamination
• climostratigraphy
• cline
• clitter
• closed system
• cloud computing
• cloud forest
• cloud seeding
• clouds
• clumped isotope palaeothermometry
• cluster analysis
• clustering
• coal
• coal balls
• coal-bed methane
• coast
• coastal barriers and bars
• coastal change
• coastal dunes
• coastal engineering structures
• coastal flood
• coastal (shore) protection
• coastal zone management
• coastline
• cobble
• coccolithophores
• cockpit karst
• coefficient of variation
• coevolution
• cohesion
• cold-based glaciers
• collapse of civilisations
• collision zone
• colloid
• colluvial fan
• colluvial history
• colluvial processes
• colluviation
• colluvio-aeolian
• colluvium
• colonialism
• colonisation
• colorimetry
• colour measurement
• Columbian exchange
• combined sewer
• combustion
• cometary impact
• comets
• commensalism
• comminution
• common land
• community assembly
• community concepts
• community conservation
• community ecology
• compaction
• comparative method
• competence
• competition
• complex response
• complex system
• complexing
• complexity
• composting
• compound
• compound-specific carbon isotope analysis
• compression
• conceptual model
• concretion
• condensation
• condensation level
• condensation nuclei
• confidence interval
• confidence level
• confirmation
• confirmatory data analysis
• confounding
• conglomerate
• connectivity
• conservation
• conservation biology
• conservation laws
• conservative plate margin
• consilience
• consolidation
• constructive plate margin
• consumer organism
• consumption
• containment
• contaminant
• contaminated land
• contamination of samples
• content analysis
• contextual archaeology
• continent
• continental crust
• continental drift
• continental glaciation
• continental island
• continental margin
• continental rise
• continental shelf
• continental slope
• continentality
• contingent drought
• contour
• contour bund
• contour current
• contour ploughing
• contour ridging
• contract agriculture
• control sites
• controlled fire
• controlled tipping
• convection
• convention
• conventional radiocarbon ages/dates
• conventional radiocarbon dating
• convergence, in evolution
• convergence and divergence, in succession
• conversion
• coombe rock
• co-ordinate
• co-ordinate system
• copper (Cu)
• Copper Age
• coppicing
• coprolite
• coquina
• coral
• coral and coral reefs: environmental reconstruction
• coral bleaching
• coral reef
• coral reef islands
• coral reefs: human impact and conservation
• coral reefs: impact of tropical cyclones
• coral terraces
• core
• core correlation
• core scanning
• corer
• core-satellite model
• corestone
• CORINE land-cover map
• Coriolis force
• coronal mass ejections (CMEs)
• corrasion
• correlated-age dating
• correlation (stratigraphical)
• correlation analysis
• correspondence analysis (CA)
• corrosion
• coseismic
• cosmic radiation
• cosmic-ray flux
• cosmogenic-nuclide dating
• cosmology
• cosmosphere
• cost-benefit analysis
• counterurbanisation
• coupled ocean-atmosphere models
• covariance
• coverage
• coversand
• crack propagation
• crag and tail
• Crag deposits
• crater
• craton
• creationism
• creeping environmental problems (CEPs)
• Cretaceous
• critical level
• critical load
• critical rationalism
• Cromerian Interglacial
• crop rotation
• cropland
• cropmarks
• cross-bedding
• cross-calibration
• crossdating
• cross-lamination
• cross-stratification
• crowd disease
• crude oil
• crust
• crustal subsidence
• crusting of soil
• cryopedology
• cryoplanation
• cryoplanation terraces
• Cryosols
• cryosphere
• cryostatic pressure
• cryostratigraphy
• cryotic ground
• cryoturbation
• cryptokarst
• cryptotephra
• cryptovolcano
• crystalline
• cuesta
• cultivars
• cultivation
• cultural change
• cultural climatology
• cultural landscape
• cultural resource management (CRM)
• culture
• culturomics
• cumulisation
• curiosity
• current
• current ripple
• curvature
• cuspate foreland
• cut-and-fill
• cuticle
• cyanobacteria
• cyclic regeneration
• cyclicity
• cyclogenesis
• cyclone
• cyclostratigraphy
• cyclothem
• cymatogeny
• Dalton minimum
• Daly level
• dam
• dambo
• Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events
• Darwinism
• data acquisition
• data assimilation
• data logger
• data quantity
• data summarisation
• database
• dating techniques
• daughter isotope
• Davisian cycle of erosion
• De Geer moraines
• de Vries effect
• dead ice
• death assemblage
• death rate
• debris
• debris avalanche
• debris cone
• debris flow
• debris-mantled glaciers
• decadal-scale variability
• decarbonisation
• deciduous
• decision-making
• decision-trees
• declination (D)
• décollement
• decolonisation
• decommissioning
• decomposer
• decomposition
• deduction
• deep convection
• deep ecology
• deep water
• deep-sea drilling
• deflation
• defoliant
• deforestation
• deforestation: climatic impacts
• deforestation: ecological impacts
• deforestation: hydrological and geomorphological impacts
• deforestation: in the Holocene
• deformation
• degassing
• deglaciation
• deglacierisation
• degradation
• degree days
• dehesa
• de-industrialisation
• Delaunay triangulation
• dell
• delta
• delta deposits
• dematerialisation
• demic diffusion
• demographic change
• demographic transition
• demography
• denature
• dendrochronology
• dendroclimatology
• dendroecology
• dendrogeomorphology
• denitrification
• densitometry
• density
• density dependence
• density flow
• density slicing
• denudation
• denudation chronology
• denudation rate
• deposition
• depositional environment
• depression
• derived fossil
• desalination
• desalinisation
• descriptive statistic
• desert
• desert pavement
• desert vegetation
• deserted villages
• desertification
• desiccation
• desiccation cracking
• desilication/desilification
• destructive plate margin
• detachment-limited erosion
• detection
• deteriorated pollen
• determinism
• deterministic model
• detrital
• detrital remnant magnetisation
• detritus
• deuterium excess
• developing countries
• Devensian
• devolution
• Devonian
• dew point
• diachronism
• diachronous
• diagenesis
• diagnostic soil horizons
• diamagnetism
• diamict, diamictite, diamicton
• diapir
• diaspora
• diastem
• diastrophism
• diatomite
• diatoms/diatom analysis
• diatreme
• dieback
• dielectric constant
• diet gap
• diffusion
• diffusionism
• digital elevation model/matrix (DEM)
• digital number (DN)
• digital terrain model (DTM)
• dikaka
• dilatancy
• dilation/dilatation
• Diluvial Theory
• diluvium
• dimethyl sulphide (DMS)
• Dimlington Stadial
• dinoflagellate cyst analysis
• dip
• disaster
• discharge
• discordant drainage
• discovery
• discriminant analysis
• disease
• disease burden
• disjunct distribution
• dispersal
• dissolution
• dissolved load
• distributary
• disturbance
• disturbed ecosystems
• diurnal changes
• divergence, in evolution
• divergent weathering
• diversity anomaly
• diversity concepts
• diversity indices
• diversity-stability hypothesis
• DNA
• DNA: ancient
• documentary evidence
• doline
• domestic waste
• domestication
• dominant species
• dominant wind
• donga
• Doppler effect
• dormant volcano
• double planation surfaces
• downscaling
• downwelling
• draa
• drainage basin
• drainage density
• drainage network
• drape
• drawdown
• dredging
• drift
• drifters
• driftwood
• dripline
• dropstone
• drought
• drought: impact on ecosystems
• droughts: historical records
• drowned karst
• drumlin
• dry deposition
• dry farming
• dry ravel
• dry valley
• dry weight
• drylands
• dune
• duricrust
• Durisols
• dust
• dust: palaeorecords
• Dust Bowl
• dust storm
• dust veil
• dust veil
• dust veil index (DVI)
• dy
• dynamical systems
• dystrophic lakes
• early instrumental meteorological records
• early-Anthropocene hypothesis
• early-warning systems
• Earth cycles
• Earth laws
• Earth observation (EO)
• earth pillar
• Earth revolutions
• Earth science
• Earth spheres
• Earth structure
• Earth system
• Earth tremor
• earthquake
• earthquake engineering
• earthquake intensity
• earthquake magnitude
• earthquake prediction
• Earth-surface system
• Earth-system analysis (ESA)
• Earth-system science
• earthworms
• éboulis ordonnés
• ebullition
• eccentricity
• ecesis
• ecliptic
• ecocentrism
• ecocline
• ecocriticism
• ecodesign
• ecofact
• ecofeminism
• ecological collapse
• ecological energetics
• ecological engineering
• ecological evaluation
• ecological footprint
• ecological goods
• ecological group
• ecological indicator
• ecological integrity
• ecological modernisation
• ecological response to environmental change
• ecological restoration
• ecological services
• ecological succession
• ecological transition
• ecological valuation
• ecological value
• ecology
• ecometabolomics
• ecophysiology
• ecosphere
• ecosystem collapse
• ecosystem concept
• ecosystem health
• ecosystem indicator
• ecosystem management
• ecosystem stoichiometry
• ecotone
• ecotope
• ecotourism
• ecotoxicology
• ecotype
• ecozone
• ecumene
• edaphic
• edaphic/edaphology/edaphon
• edge detection
• edge effects
• Ediacaran
• edifice collapse
• effective population size
• effective precipitation
• effluent
• eigenvalue
• ejecta
• Ekman motion
• El Niño
• El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• El Niño-Southern Oscillation: impacts on ecosystems
• electrical conductivity measurements (ECM)
• electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM)
• electromagnetic spectrum
• electron microprobe analysis (EMPA)
• electron paramagnetic resonance
• electron spin resonance (ESR) dating
• electron trap
• element
• elfin woodland
• elm bark beetle
• elm decline
• eluviation
• eluvium
• emergence and emergent properties
• emergent coast
• emerging disease
• emission control
• emissions
• empiricism
• enclosure
• endangered species
• endemic
• endemic bird area (EBA)
• endogenetic
• endokarst
• endorheic
• endorheic lake
• energy (of environment)
• energy balance/budget
• energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS)
• energy flow
• energy recovery
• energy resources
• energy security
• englacial
• enhancement
• entities
• entrainment
• entropy
• entropy and evolution
• environment
• environmental accident
• environmental archaeology
• environmental biology
• environmental burden
• environmental challenges
• environmental change: contemporary importance
• environmental change: history of the field
• environmental chemistry
• environmental crisis
• environmental degradation
• environmental disaster
• environmental disobedience
• environmental economics
• environmental energetics
• environmental engineering
• environmental ethics
• environmental factors
• environmental footprint
• environmental geography
• environmental geology
• environmental governance
• environmental health
• environmental history
• environmental impact assessment (EIA)
• environmental impact on people
• environmental indicator
• environmental issue
• environmental justice
• environmental law
• environmental liability
• environmental literacy
• environmental management
• environmental management system (EMS)
• environmental modelling
• environmental monitoring
• environmental movement
• environmental nuisance
• environmental observation
• environmental philosophy
• environmental physics
• environmental policy
• environmental problem
• environmental protection
• environmental quality
• environmental refugees
• environmental science
• environmental security
• environmental stress
• environmental surprises
• environmental thought
• environmental threat
• environmentalism
• environment-human interactions
• environmetrics
• enzymes
• Eocene
• eoliths
• eon
• epeirogeny
• ephemeral
• epicentre
• epidemic
• epidemiology
• epifauna
• epigenetic
• epiglacial landscape
• epikarst
• epiphyte
• episodic events
• epistemology
• epoch
• epsilon cross-bedding
• equifinality
• equilibrium concepts
• equilibrium concepts in ecological and evolutionary contexts
• equilibrium concepts in geomorphological and landscape contexts
• equilibrium concepts in soils
• equilibrium line
• equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) reconstruction
• equinox
• era
• erg
• ergodic hypothesis
• erionite
• erodibility
• erosion
• erosion, in remote sensing
• erosion pin
• erosion plot
• erosion rate
• erosion surface
• erosivity
• erratic
• error
• esker
• establishment, agencies of
• estuarine circulation
• estuarine environments
• etchplain
• ethno-archaeology
• ethnobiology
• ethnography
• ethological (behavioural) adaptations
• Euclidean distance measure
• euphotic zone
• eurytopic organism
• eustasy
• eutrophic
• eutrophication
• euxinia/euxinic
• evaporation
• evaporite
• evapotranspiration
• event
• event deposit
• event stratigraphy
• evergreen
• evolution
• evorsion
• excavation
• exfoliation
• exhumed soil/landscape
• exogenetic
• exokarst
• exorheic
• exotic species
• expeditions
• experiment
• experimental archaeology
• experimental design
• exploration
• exploratory data analysis
• exponential growth
• exposure-age dating
• ex-situ conservation
• extinct volcano
• extinction
• extinction crisis
• extirpation
• extractive industry
• extractive reserve
• extrapolation
• extreme climatic event
• extreme climatic events: impact on ecosystems
• extreme event
• extreme weather event
• extremophile
• extrinsic and intrinsic forcing
• fabric
• fabric analysis
• facet
• facies
• facies analysis
• facies architecture
• facies association
• facies model
• facies sequence
• facilitation
• factor analysis
• facultative
• faeces analysis
• failure
• fallout
• fallow
• false colour composite
• false rings
• falsification
• famine
• fault
• fault propagation
• fault scarp
• fauna
• faunal provinces
• faunation
• feedback mechanisms
• feldspar
• fen
• Fennoscandian ice sheet
• feral
• fermentation
• ferralitisation
• Ferralsols
• Ferrel cell
• ferricrete
• ferrolysis
• ferromagnetism
• fertigation
• Fertile Crescent
• fertilisers
• fertility
• fetch
• feudalism
• field capacity
• field drainage
• field research
• field systems
• fields
• filtering
• fire frequency
• fire history
• fire impacts: ecological
• fire impacts: geomorphological
• fire scar
• firn
• firn line
• fisheries conservation and management
• fissile/fissility
• fission track analysis
• fission-track dating
• fissure eruption
• fjard
• fjord
• flagship species
• Flandrian
• flaser bedding
• flash flood
• floating bog/mire
• floating chronology
• floats
• flocculation
• flood
• flood basalt
• flood control measures
• flood history
• flood magnitude-frequency changes
• floodout
• floodplain
• flood-risk management
• floodway
• flora
• floral provinces/realms/regions
• Flores Man
• flotation
• flow slide
• flow till
• fluid dynamics
• fluidisation
• fluorescence spectroscopy
• fluorine dating
• flutes
• fluvial processes
• fluviokarst
• Fluvisols
• fly ash
• flysch
• focus (earthquake)
• fold
• food chain/web
• food security
• Foraminifera
• Foraminifera: analysis
• Foraminifera: palaeoenvironmental reconstructions
• forb
• forcing factor
• fore-arc
• forebulge
• forecasting
• foreland basin
• forensic science
• foreshock
• foreshortening
• forest clearance
• forest decline
• forest fallow
• forest management
• formation (stratigraphical)
• fossil
• fossil fuels
• fossil fuels: in climatic change
• fossil Lagerstätten
• fossil record
• fossil soil
• founder effect
• Fourier analysis
• fracking
• fractal analysis
• fractal dimension
• fracture
• fracture zone
• fragipan
• fragmentation
• freeze coring
• freeze-thaw cycles
• freezing front
• freezing index
• frequency
• friction cracks
• fringing reefs
• front
• frost boil
• frost crack
• frost heave
• frost mounds
• frost sorting
• frost weathering
• fruits and seeds
• fuelwood
• Fujita-Pearson scale
• fulgurite
• fulvic acids
• fumarole
• functional factorial approach
• functional type
• fungal hyphae analysis
• fungi
• future climate
• futures studies
• fuzzy logic
• Ga
• gabion
• Gaia hypothesis
• gallery forest
• game management
• gamma correction
• gamma ray attenuation porosity evaluator (GRAPE)
• gap analysis
• garden
• gas hydrates
• Gauss-Gilbert geomagnetic boundary
• Gaussian filter
• Gaussian model
• Gauss-Matuyama geomagnetic boundary
• gelifluction
• gelifraction/gelivation
• gene
• gene pool
• genecology
• general circulation models (GCMs)
• general circulation of the atmosphere
• general system(s) theory (GST)
• generalised additive models (GAM)
• generalised linear models (GLM)
• genetic algorithms
• genetic drift
• genetic engineering
• genetic fitness
• genetic pollution
• genetically modified (GM) foods
• genetically modified organism (GMO)
• genetics
• genome
• genotype
• gentrification
• geo-archaeology
• geobotany
• geochemical proxies
• geochemistry
• geochronology
• geocryology
• geodesy
• geodiversity
• geodynamics
• geo-ecology
• geo-ecosphere
• geo-ecosystem
• geo-edaphics
• geo-engineering
• geofact
• geoglyph
• geographical information system (GIS)
• geographical sciences
• geography
• geohazard
• geoheritage
• geoid
• geoidal eustasy
• geo-indicator
• geological conservation (geoconservation)
• geological controls on environmental change
• geological evidence of environmental change
• geological record
• geological record of environmental change
• geological structures
• geological time
• geological timescale
• geology
• geomagnetic polarity reversal
• geomagnetic polarity timescale (GPTS)
• geomagnetism
• geomatics
• geomedicine
• geometric transformation
• geomorphology
• geomorphology and environmental change
• geomorphometry
• geophysical surveying
• geophysics
• geophyte
• georeferencing
• geoscience
• geosol
• geosphere
• geostrophic current
• geostrophic wind
• geosyncline
• geothermal
• geotourism
• Gerlach trough
• Ghijben-Herzberg principle
• gibber
• gibbsite
• gigantism
• Gilbert-type delta
• gilgai
• glacial
• glacial deposition
• glacial episode
• glacial erosion
• glacial lake
• glacial landforms
• glacial maximum
• glacial protection concept
• glacial sediments
• Glacial Theory
• glacial-interglacial cycle
• glaciation
• glaciation threshold
• glaciel
• glacier
• glacier foreland
• glacier milk
• glacier modelling
• glacier surge
• glacier thermal regime
• glacier variations
• glacierisation
• glaciers and environmental change
• glacio-aeolian processes
• glaciochemistry
• glacio-eustasy
• glaciofluvial
• glaciofluvial landforms
• glaciofluvial sediments
• glacio-isostasy
• glacio-isostatic rebound
• glaciolacustrine deposits
• glaciological volcanic index (GVI)
• glaciology
• glaciomarine deposits
• glaciomarine hypothesis
• glacioseismotectonics
• glaciotectonics
• glacis
• gleying
• Gleysols
• global capitalism
• global change
• global cooling
• global dimming
• Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)
• global environmental change
• global mean surface air temperature
• global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
• global positioning system (GPS)
• global warming
• global warming impacts
• globalisation
• glow curve
• Gondwana
• gorge
• graben
• grade (of particles)
• grade concept
• graded bedding
• gradient analysis
• gradualism
• grain
• grain size
• graminoid
• granular disintegration
• granule
• graphic log
• graphical user interface (GUI)
• grass cuticle analysis
• grasses and grasslands
• graticule
• gravel
• gravel-bed river
• gravity anomaly
• grazing
• grazing history
• grazing: impacts on ecosystems
• (the) Great Acceleration
• (the) Great Migration
• green belts
• green economy
• green lists
• green manure
• green politics
• Green Revolution
• greenhouse condition
• greenhouse effect
• greenhouse gases
• greenhouse-gas forcing
• greening of society
• Greenland Ice-Core Chronology
• greenstone belt
• greigite
• Grentzhorizont
• grey-scale analysis
• greywacke
• grèzes litées
• grid
• grid cell
• grit
• gross primary productivity (GPP)
• ground ice
• ground measurement
• ground temperature
• ground-based remote sensing
• grounding line
• grounding-zone wedge
• ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
• groundwater
• groundwater depletion
• groundwater mining
• groundwater pollution
• groundwater recharge
• group
• growing season
• growth form
• groyne
• Grundhoecker
• gruss/grussification
• Gulf Stream
• gull
• gully
• gully control dam
• guyot
• gymnosperms
• gypcrete
• Gypsisols
• gypsum
• gyre
• gyttja
• habitat
• habitat degradation
• habitat island
• habitat loss
• hadal
• Hadean (Priscoan)
• Hadley cell
• haematite
• Hale cycle
• half-life
• halocline
• halogenated hydrocarbons (halocarbons)
• halophyte
• haloturbation
• hanging valley
• Haralick texture measures
• hard engineering
• hardpan
• hard-water effect/error
• harrowing
• harvest records
• harvesting
• hazard
• hazardous substances
• hazardous waste
• head
• headcut erosion
• headward erosion
• heat balance/budget
• heat island
• heathland
• heavy metals
• heavy mineral analysis
• heavy oil
• hedgerow removal
• Heinrich events
• hemlock decline
• hepatitis
• herb
• herbivore
• heredity
• heritage
• herpetology
• herringbone cross-bedding
• heterotrophic organism
• heterozygosity
• heuristic algorithm
• hexapod
• hiatus
• hibernation
• hidden surface removal
• hierarchy theory
• hieroglyph
• High Arctic
• high nature value farmland
• high-activity clays
• high-precision dating
• high-resolution reconstructions
• highstand
• Himalayan uplift
• histogram
• historical archaeology
• historical climatology
• historical ecology
• historical evidence
• historical geography
• history
• Histosols
• holism
• holistic approach
• Holocene
• Holocene climatic mode
• Holocene domain
• Holocene environmental change
• Holocene thermal optimum
• Holocene timescale
• holocoenotic environment
• holokarst
• holomictic lake
• homeorhesis
• homeostasis
• hominid
• hominin
• hominisation
• homogeneous series
• homoiothermic organism
• horizon scanning
• horst
• horticulture
• Hortonian overland flow
• hotspot, in biodiversity
• hotspot, in geology
• hotspot, in remote sensing
• Hoxnian Interglacial
• hum
• human dimensions of environmental change
• human ecology
• human environment
• human evolution
• human evolution: climatic influences
• human geography
• human health hazards
• human impact on climate
• human impact on coasts
• human impact on environment
• human impact on hydrology
• human impact on landforms and geomorphic processes
• human impact on soil
• human impact on terrestrial vegetation
• human impact on vegetation history
• human migration
• human migration: ‘out of Africa’
• humanism
• humanities
• Humboldtian science
• humic acids
• humic substances
• humid tropics: ecosystem responses to environmental change
• humidity
• humification
• humin
• hummocky cross-stratification (HCS)
• hummocky moraine
• humus
• hunger
• hunting, fishing and gathering
• hybridisation
• hydration
• hydraulic conductivity
• hydraulic geometry
• hydric soils
• hydrocarbons
• hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
• hydroclimatology
• hydrocompaction
• hydrogen isotopes
• hydrogeology
• hydrograph
• hydro-isostasy
• hydrological balance/budget
• hydrological cycle
• hydrology
• hydrolysis
• hydrometeor
• hydromorphic soils
• hydrophobicity
• hydrophyte
• hydropower
• hydrosphere
• hydrostatic pressure
• hydrothermal
• hydrothermal vent
• hydrovolcanic eruption
• hygrophyte
• hygroscopicity
• hyperconcentrated flow
• hyperthermals
• hypothesis
• hypsometry
• hysteresis
• ice
• ice ages
• ice cores
• ice dome
• ice foot
• ice scars
• ice sheet
• ice shelf
• ice stream
• ice wedge
• Iceberg Drift Theory
• iceberg plough marks
• icebergs
• ice-contact fan/ramp
• ice-contact slope
• ice-core dating
• ice-cored moraine
• ice-dammed lake
• ice-directional indicators
• ice-flood history
• icehouse condition
• Iceman
• ice-margin indicators
• ice-melt layer
• ice-rafted debris (IRD)
• ice-sheet dynamics
• ice-sheet growth
• ichnofacies
• icing
• idealism
• identification (ID)
• idiographic science
• igneous rocks
• ignimbrite
• illite
• illuviation
• image classification
• image enhancement
• image interpretation
• image processing
• image texture
• imbrication
• impactite
• impacts of environmental change
• imperialism
• impermeable
• impervious
• impoundment
• impulse response
• inbreeding depression
• incised meanders
• inclination (I)
• incremental dating methods
• indeterminacy
• index fossil
• Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
• indicator species
• indigenous peoples
• individualistic concept
• indoor environmental change
• induction
• inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)
• inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
• induration
• industrial archaeology
• industrial ecology
• Industrial Revolution
• industrial waste
• industrialisation
• industry
• infant mortality rate
• infauna
• inferential statistic
• infiltration
• infiltration capacity
• influenza
• infochemical
• Information Age (IA)
• information technology (IT)
• infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating
• inheritance, in evolutionary context
• inheritance, in landscape context
• inhibition model
• inlier
• inorganic matter
• insect analysis
• inselberg
• in-situ conservation
• insolation
• insolation weathering
• instantaneous field of view (IFOV)
• instrument calibration
• instrumental data
• instrumental record
• interaction indicator
• Interactive Graphics Retrieval System (INGRES)
• interception
• interdisciplinary research
• interferometry
• intergenerational equity
• interglacial
• interglacial cycle
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
• interhemispheric see-saw
• intermediate disturbance hypothesis
• intermediate technology
• intermediate water
• intermediate-complexity modelling
• International Tree-Ring Database (ITRDB)
• internationalisation of research
• interpluvial
• interpolation
• interrill erosion
• interstadial
• intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
• intraplate earthquake
• intrazonal soil
• introduction
• intrusion
• invasive species
• inversion
• inverted relief
• invisible drought
• involutions
• ion
• iron (Fe)
• Iron Age
• iron cycle
• irradiance
• irrigation
• island arc
• island biogeography
• isochron technique
• isochrone
• isolated system
• isolation
• isolation basin
• isomer
• isomorphic substitution
• isopach
• isopleth
• isostasy
• isostatic decantation
• isothermal remanent magnetisation (IRM)
• isothermal remanent magnetism (IRM)
• isotope
• isotope dendrochronology
• isotope ratio
• isotopes as indicators of environmental change
• isotopic depletion
• isotopic enrichment
• isotopic fractionation
• isotopologues
• Jaramillo polarity event
• jet streams
• jetty
• join operation
• joint
• jökulhlaup
• jump dispersal
• Junge layer
• Jurassic
• juvenile water
• ka
• Kalman filter
• kame
• kame terrace
• Kampfzone
• kaolinite
• karoo
• karren
• karst
• Kastanozems
• K-cycles
• kettle hole
• keystone species
• kinetic temperature
• Kirchoff radiation law
• k-means clustering
• knickpoint
• knock and lochan topography
• knowledge
• knowledge-based systems
• komatiite
• koniology
• kriging
• Krummholz
• K-selection
• K-T boundary
• kurtosis
• La Niña
• label
• labile pool
• laboratory science
• lacustrine sediments
• lag deposit
• lag time
• lagoon
• lahar
• lake
• lake stratification and zonation
• lake terrace
• lake-chemistry reconstructions
• lake-level variations
• lakes as indicators of environmental change
• Lamarckism
• laminar flow
• laminated lake sediments
• laminated marine sediments
• lamination
• land
• land bridge
• land cover
• land degradation
• land drainage
• land evaluation
• land reclamation
• land restoration
• land subsidence
• (the) land system
• land transformation
• land uplift
• land-change science
• landfill
• landform
• landnám
• landscape
• landscape archaeology
• landscape architecture
• landscape ecology
• landscape evaluation
• landscape evolution
• landscape geochemistry
• landscape management
• landscape mosaic
• landscape science
• landscape sensitivity
• landscape units
• landslide
• landslide dam
• landslide frequency
• landslide hazard
• landsystem
• landuse
• landuse capability classification
• landuse change
• landuse impacts on hydrology
• landuse impacts on soils
• landuse planning and management
• lapilli
• lapse rate
• large igneous province (LIP)
• laser
• laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)
• Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
• Last Glaciation
• Last Interglacial
• Late Glacial environmental change
• late-Holocene climatic deterioration
• latent heat
• lateral accretion
• laterite
• Laurentian/Laurentide Ice Sheet
• lava
• lava dome
• lava flow
• lava plateau
• lava tube
• law
• leachate
• leaching
• lead (Pb)
• lead and lag
• lead isotopes
• lead-210 dating
• leaf area index (LAI)
• leaf physiognomy
• least squares regression
• Leptosols
• lessivage
• levée
• Libby half-life
• lichenometric dating
• LiDAR
• life assemblage
• life expectancy
• life form
• life zone
• life-cycle assessment (LCA)
• light rings
• lignin phenols
• liman
• limestone
• liming
• limiting factors
• limnic eruption
• limnogeology
• limnology
• line reduction
• lineage
• linear interpolation
• linear-mixture modelling
• lineation
• linguistic dating
• lipids
• liquefaction
• liquid limit
• liquidisation
• lithalsa
• lithic
• lithification
• lithofacies
• lithology
• lithosphere
• lithostratigraphy
• litter
• Little Ice Age
• littoral zone
• living fossil
• Lixisols
• loading
• local climate
• local glaciation
• local operator
• Loch Lomond Stadial
• lodgement till
• loess
• LOESS regression
• loess stratigraphy
• log
• logging
• logical positivism
• long waves
• longitudinal dune
• longshore drift
• look-up table
• loss on ignition (LOI)
• Low Arctic
• low-activity clays
• lowstand
• luminescence dating
• lunar cycles
• Lusitanean floral element
• Luvisols
• lynchet
• lysimeter
• lysocline
• Ma
• maar
• machair
• macroclimate
• macro-ecology
• macro-evolution
• macrofossil
• macronutrients
• Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO)
• made ground
• magma
• magnesium:calcium ratio (Mg:Ca)
• magnetic anomaly
• magnetic excursion
• magnetic field
• magnetic grain size
• magnetic hysteresis
• magnetic induction
• magnetic intensity
• magnetic moment
• magnetic remanence
• magnetic secular variation
• magnetic susceptibility
• magnetisation
• magnetite
• magnetometer
• magnetostratigraphy
• magnetozone
• magnitude-frequency concepts
• makatea island
• malacophyllous
• malaria
• Malthusian
• mammoth
• managed realignment
• management
• mangrove
• mangrove succession
• mangrove swamps: human impacts
• mangrove swamps: impact of tropical cyclones
• mangrove swamps: impact of tsunamis
• mantle
• mantle plume
• manufacturing industry
• map
• map generalisation
• map projection
• marching desert concept
• marginal areas
• marginal basins
• mariculture
• marine band
• marine cloud whitening (MCW)
• marine conservation
• marine geology
• marine isotopic stage (MIS)
• marine palaeoclimatic proxies
• marine pollution
• marine sediment cores
• marine sediment cores: results
• marine sediments
• marine-based ice sheet
• marker horizon
• Markov process
• marl
• marsh
• mass balance
• mass extinctions
• mass movement processes
• mass spectrometer
• mass wasting
• Massenerhebung effect
• massive
• master chronology
• material culture
• materials detoxification
• materials substitution
• matrix maturity
• Maunder minimum
• meadow
• mean annual air temperature (MAAT)
• mean lethal dose (L50)
• mean monthly temperature
• mean sea level
• meander cut-off
• meanders
• measurement
• mechanical denudation
• mechanical soil conservation measures
• Mediaeval Warm Period
• medical science
• Mediterranean environmental change and human impact
• Mediterranean landscape evolution
• Mediterranean-type climate
• Mediterranean-type vegetation
• megadrought
• megafan
• megafauna
• megafaunal extinction
• megaflood
• megafossil
• megalake
• megalith
• megaripple
• megathrust earthquake
• megaturbidite
• meltout till
• meltwater
• meltwater channel
• tocentry
• mercury (Hg)
• meridional flow
• meridional overturning circulation (MOC)
• mérokarst
• meromictic lake
• mesa
• mesoclimate
• mesocosm
• mesocratic phase
• Mesolithic
• Mesozoic
• Messinian
• metadata
• metaknowledge
• metal pollution
• metals in environmental history
• metamorphic rocks
• metapedogenesis
• metaphysics
• metapopulation model
• meteor
• meteorite
• meteorite impact
• meteoroids
• meteorological satellites
• meteorology
• meteotsunami
• methane variations
• methanogenesis
• methodology
• microatoll
• microclimate
• microcosm
• microdendroclimatology
• micro-erosion meter
• microfossil
• microfossil analysis
• microhabitats
• microlith
• micromorphological analysis of sediments
• micromorphological analysis of soils
• micromorphological analysis of till
• micronutrients
• micropalaeontology
• microresidual fraction
• microscopy
• microseism
• microvertebrate accumulations
• microwave radiometer
• microwave remote sensing (MRS)
• midden
• Middle Ages
• mid-ocean ridge (MOR)
• migration
• Migration Age
• Milankovitch theory
• military impacts on environment
• mineral
• mineral cycling
• mineral magnetism
• mineral resources
• mineralisation
• minerogenic sediment
• minimum critical size of ecosystems
• minimum viable population
• mining and mining impacts
• Miocene
• mires
• misfit meander
• Mississippian
• mitigation
• model
• moder
• modern
• modern analogue
• modernism
• Mohs’ scale
• molasse
• molecular stratigraphy
• molecule
• Mollusca analysis
• monochromatic
• monoculture
• monogenetic
• monolith sampling
• monsoon
• montane forest
• Monte Carlo methods
• monthly mean temperature
• montmorillonite
• moorland
• mor
• moraines
• morphoclimatic zones
• morphometry
• morphostratigraphy
• mosaicing
• motu
• mountain permafrost
• mountain regions: environmental change and human impact
• mud
• mud cracks
• mud drape
• mud volcano
• mudbelt/mudpatch
• mudlump
• mudrock
• mudslide
• mudstone
• mulching
• mull
• multicollinearity
• multiconvex landscape
• multidimensional scaling
• multidisciplinary
• multiple working hypotheses
• multiplicative model
• multiproxy approach
• multisol
• multitemporal analysis
• multivariate analysis
• multivariate regression trees (MRT)
• mummy
• museums
• muskeg
• mutagen
• mutation
• mutual climatic range (MCR) method
• mutualism
• mycorrhiza
• nadir point
• nanism
• nannofossils
• nanoscience
• nanosensors
• nanotechnology
• National Parks
• native
• natural
• natural archives
• natural areas concept
• natural capital
• natural capitalism
• natural change
• natural disaster
• natural environment
• natural environmental change
• natural environmental sciences
• natural experiment
• natural gamma radiation
• natural gas
• natural hazards
• natural networks
• natural remanent magnetism (NRM)
• natural resources
• natural resources management
• natural selection
• natural vegetation
• naturalisation
• naturalised species
• nature
• nature reserve
• NBS oxalic acid
• Neanderthal demise
• neap tide
• near-Earth object (NEO)
• nearest neighbour
• near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)
• nebkha
• needle ice
• negative feedback
• nekton/nektonic/nektic
• nemoral forest
• neocatastrophism
• neocolonialism
• neo-Darwinism
• neoecology
• neo-evolutionism
• Neogene
• neoglaciation
• Neolithic
• Neolithic Transition
• Neoproterozoic
• neotectonics
• nepheloid layer
• net primary productivity (NPP)
• net radiation
• network analysis
• neural network
• neutron activation analysis (NAA)
• new forestry
• newly industrialising countries (NICs)
• niche
• Nile floods
• NIMBY (Not-In-My-Backyard)
• Nitisols
• nitrate (NO3-)
• nitrogen cycle
• nitrogen dating
• nitrogen fixation
• nitrogen isotopes
• nitrogen oxides
• nitrogen/nitrate analysis
• nitrogen-profile dating
• nitrous oxide variations
• nival zone
• nivation
• niveo-aeolian deposits
• nodule
• noise
• noise pollution
• nomadism
• nomothetic science
• non-arboreal pollen (NAP)
• non-communicable disease (NCD)
• non-destructive sampling
• non-governmental organisation (NGO)
• non-linear behaviour/dynamics
• non-metric multidimensional scaling
• non-parametric statistics
• non-renewable resource
• noösphere
• normal distribution
• normal polarity
• normal science
• normalisation
• Norse Greenland Settlements
• North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
• notch
• nuclear accident
• nuclear energy
• nuclear war
• nuclear winter
• nuclide
• nudation
• nuée ardente
• number of looks
• numerical analysis
• numerical-age dating
• nunatak
• nunatak hypothesis
• nurse plant
• nutrient
• nutrient pool
• nutrient status
• oasis hypothesis
• object oriented
• objective knowledge
• objectivity
• obligate
• obliquity
• obrution
• observation
• observational data
• obsidian hydration dating
• occult deposition
• occupation layer/level
• ocean
• ocean acidification
• ocean basin
• ocean circulation
• ocean currents
• ocean fertilisation
• ocean freshening
• ocean palaeocirculation
• ocean palaeoproductivity
• ocean palaeotemperature
• ocean warming
• oceanic anoxic event
• oceanic crust
• oceanic forcing (of climate)
• Oceanic Polar Front (OPF)
• oceanic sediments
• oceanic trench
• oceanicity
• oceanography
• off-road vehicles
• oil fire
• oil shale
• oil spill
• Older Dryas Stadial
• old-growth forest
• Olduvai event
• Oligocene
• oligotrophication
• ombrotrophic mire
• ontogeny/ontogenesis
• ontology
• Oort minimum
• ooze
• open system
• optical emission spectroscopy (OES)
• optical remote-sensing instruments
• optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating
• optimisation
• oral history
• orbital forcing
• orbital tuning
• ordinate
• ordination
• Ordovician
• ore
• organic content
• organic farming
• organic sediment
• organochlorides
• organophosphates
• oribatid mites
• oriented thaw lake
• originality
• orogenesis
• orogenic belt (orogen)
• orogeny
• orographic
• orography
• osmosis
• osteology
• ostracod analysis
• otolith
• outbreak
• outgassing
• outlet glacier
• outlier
• outwash deposit
• outwelling
• overbank deposit
• overbank flow
• overcultivation
• overdeepening
• overfishing
• overflow channel
• overgrazing
• overhunting
• overkill hypothesis
• overland flow
• overlay analysis
• overpopulation
• overshoot
• overtopping/overwashing
• overturning
• oxidation
• oxygen
• oxygen cycle
• oxygen isotopes
• oxygen variations
• ozone
• ozone depletion
• Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
• Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection
• pack ice
• paddy soils
• pahoehoe
• palaeobiology
• palaeobotany
• palaeocean modelling
• palaeoceanography
• palaeoceanography: biological proxies
• palaeoceanography: physical and chemical proxies
• Palaeocene
• palaeochannel
• palaeoclimatic modelling
• palaeoclimatology
• palaeocommunity
• palaeocurrent
• palaeodata
• palaeodiet
• palaeodose
• palaeodrought
• palaeodunes
• palaeoecology
• palaeo-ENSO
• palaeo-entomology
• palaeoenvironment
• palaeoenvironmental indicator
• palaeoenvironmental reconstruction
• palaeo-ethnobotany
• palaeoflood
• Palaeogene
• palaeogeography
• palaeoglaciology
• palaeohydrology
• palaeokarst
• palaeolatitude
• palaeolimnology
• Palaeolithic
• Palaeolithic: human-environment relations
• palaeomagnetic dating
• palaeomagnetism
• palaeontology
• palaeoprecipitation proxies
• palaeosalinity
• palaeosciences
• palaeoseismicity
• palaeoslope
• palaeosol
• palaeotemperature proxies
• palaeotempestology
• palaeothermometry
• palaeovalley
• palaeovelocity
• palaeowind
• Palaeozoic
• palimpsest
• palinspastic map
• palsa
• paludification
• palustrine
• palynomorph
• pan
• panarchy
• pandemic
• Pangaea (Pangea)
• parabiosphere
• parabolic dune
• paradigm
• paraglacial
• paraglaciation
• paralic
• paralithic contact
• parallax
• parallel lamination
• parallel slope retreat
• paramagnetism
• parameteorology
• parameter
• parameterisation
• parametric statistics
• parasite
• parent material
• parietal art
• parna
• parsimony
• partial correlation coefficient
• particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE or PIGME)
• particulates
• passive continental margin
• passive microwave remote sensing
• Pastoral Neolithic
• pastoralism
• pasture
• patch dynamics
• pathogens
• patterned ground
• payload
• peat and peatlands
• peat erosion
• peat humification
• peat stratigraphy
• pebble
• ped
• pedalfer
• pedestal rock
• pediment
• pediplain/pediplanation
• pedocal
• pedogenesis
• pedology
• pedometrics
• pedon
• pedosphere
• pedotransfer function (PTF)
• pedoturbation
• pelagic organism
• pelagic sediment (pelagite)
• peneplain
• penetrability
• Pennsylvanian
• percolation
• perennial
• periglacial
• periglacial environments
• periglacial landforms and processes
• periglacial landscape evolution
• periglacial sediments
• periglacial trimline
• periglaciation
• periglaciofluvial system
• perihelion
• perimarine
• period
• periodicities
• peri-urban
• permafrost
• permafrost degradation
• permafrost table
• permanent drought
• permeable
• Permian
• Permo-Triassic
• peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
• persistence
• persistent organic compounds (POCs)
• perturbation
• pervection
• pervious
• pest
• pest control
• pest management
• pesticides
• petroglyph
• petrography
• petroleum
• petrology
• P-forms
• pH
• Phaeozems
• Phanerozoic
• phenology
• phenomenology
• phenotype
• phi (φ)
• -phile, -philous
• -phobe, -phobous
• phosphate (PO3-4)
• phosphate analysis
• phosphorite
• phosphorus (P)
• phosphorus cycle
• photochemical oxidant
• photochemical smog
• photochemistry
• photo-electronic erosion pin (PEEP)
• photogrammetry
• photon
• photoperiod
• photosynthesis
• photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
• phreatic zone
• phreatophyte
• phyletic gradualism
• phylogeography
• physical analysis of soils and sediments
• physical degradation
• physical geography
• physical oceanography
• physical weathering
• physiography
• phytogeography
• phytogeomorphology
• phyto-indication
• phytoliths
• phytometric dating
• phytoplankton
• phytosociology
• piedmont
• pigments: fossil
• pillow lava
• pilot survey
• pine decline
• pingo
• pinning point
• pioneers
• piosphere
• pipeflow
• piston sampler
• pixel
• placer deposit
• plagioclimax
• plague
• plane bed
• planet
• planetary boundaries
• planetary environmental change
• planetary geology
• planetary interest
• plankton/planktonic/planktic
• Planosols
• plant diseases
• plant geography
• plant macrofossil analysis
• plant pigment analysis
• plantation
• plastic limit
• plastics
• plate margin
• plate tectonics
• Pleistocene
• Pleniglacial
• plinthic horizon
• Plinthosols
• Pliocene
• Pliocene-Pleistocene transition
• plough layer
• plough pan/plow pan
• ploughing block
• ploughing/plowing
• plume
• pluridiscipliniarity
• pluvial
• poaching
• podzolisation
• Podzols
• point
• pointer years
• polar amplification
• polar desert
• polar front
• polar shore erosion
• polarimetry
• polarisation
• polarity chron
• poliomyelitis
• political ecology
• polje
• pollen accumulation rate
• pollen analysis
• pollen assemblage zone (PAZ)
• pollen concentration
• pollen rain
• pollen sum
• pollutant
• polluter-pays principle (PPP)
• pollution
• pollution adaptation
• pollution history
• polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
• polygenetic
• polygon analysis
• polymorphism
• Polynesian colonisation
• polyploidy
• population
• population cycles
• population dynamics
• population ecology
• population explosion
• population growth
• population pyramid
• population viability analysis (PVA)
• pore ice
• pore water pressure
• porous
• positivism
• possibilism
• postcolonialism
• postenvironmentalism
• posthole
• postindustrialisation
• postmediaeval archaeology
• postmodernism
• postnormal science
• post-structuralism
• potable water
• potassium (K)
• potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating
• potential evapotranspiration (PET)
• potential natural vegetation
• potentiation
• potentiometric surface
• potholes
• Preboreal
• Preboreal Oscillation (PBO)
• Precambrian
• precautionary principle
• precession
• precipitation
• precipitation variations
• precision
• predation
• predator-prey relationships
• prediction
• prehistoric
• prescribed fire
• presentism
• pressure group
• pressure melting point
• pressure release
• pretreatment
• prevailing wind
• primary forest
• primary mineral
• primary pollutant
• primary productivity
• primary succession
• primary woodland
• principal components analysis (PCA)
• principal components transform
• principal co-ordinates analysis
• prion
• probability
• probability distribution
• prod mark
• production
• productivity
• proglacial lake
• progradation
• progressive desiccation
• projection
• projective approach
• pronival rampart
• protected area approach
• protected areas
• Proterozoic
• Protista
• protohistory
• protohominid
• proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE)
• provenance
• provenience
• proximate cause
• proximity principle
• proxy climatic indicator
• proxy data/proxy evidence/proxy indicators/proxy records
• pseudokarst
• pseudomorph
• pseudo-proxy approach
• puddling
• pugging
• pull-apart basin
• pumice
• punctuated equilibria
• pyroclastic fall
• pyroclastic flow
• pyroclastic material
• pyroclastic surge
• pyrolysis
• pyrotechnology
• qanat
• qoz
• quad tree
• quality-of-life (QOL) indices
• quarrying
• quartz
• quartz grain surface textures
• quartzite
• Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO)
• quasi-periodic phenomena
• Quaternary
• Quaternary environmental change
• Quaternary science
• Quaternary timescale
• query language
• quick clay
• quickflow
• quicksand
• quota
• R software
• radar
• radar remote-sensing instruments
• radiance
• radiant temperature
• radiation
• radiation balance
• radiative transfer theory
• radioactive fallout
• radioactive waste
• radioactivity
• radiocarbon dating
• radiolaria
• radioluminescence dating
• radiometer
• radiometric dating
• radionuclide
• radiosonde
• radon emanation
• rain flushing
• rain forest
• rain shadow
• raindrop impact
• rainfall simulator
• raised mire/bog
• raised shorelines
• rampa
• random
• range
• range adjustment
• range management
• rangeland
• Ranker
• rapid environmental change
• rapid-onset hazards
• rare species
• rarefaction analysis
• raster
• rates of environmental change
• rationalism
• reaction time
• reactivation surface
• re-aeration
• realism
• reconnaissance survey
• recreation
• recurrence surface
• recycling
• red beds
• Red Data books
• redeposition
• reduction
• reductionism
• redundancy analysis
• reef
• reference area
• reference standard
• reflectance
• reforestation
• refuge theory in temperate regions
• refuge theory in the tropics
• refugium
• regelation
• regeneration
• regeneration complex
• regional climatic change
• regional climatic models (RCMs)
• regionalism
• Regionally Important Geological and Geomorphological Sites (RIGS)
• regolith
• Regosols
• regression, marine
• regression analysis
• rehabilitation
• rejuvenation
• relational database
• relative age
• relative density
• relative sea level
• relative-age dating
• relaxation
• relaxation time
• relict
• relief
• religious beliefs
• remediation
• remote sensing
• Renaissance
• Rendzina
• renewable energy
• renewable resources
• repeat photography
• replication
• reproducibility
• rescue archaeology
• research
• research design
• reserves
• reservoir effect
• reservoirs: environmental effects
• residence time
• residual
• residual deposit/landform
• residual strength
• residue
• resilience
• resilience framework
• resistance
• resolution, in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction
• resolution, in remote sensing
• resonance ionisation spectroscopy (RIS)
• resource
• respiration
• response function
• response time
• restoration
• resurgence
• retrodiction
• retrogressive succession
• return period
• reverse weathering
• revetment
• rheology
• rheotrophic mire
• rhexistasy
• rhizocretion
• rhizopod analysis
• rhizosphere
• rhythmite
• ria
• rickets
• ridge and furrow
• rift valley
• rill
• rip current
• riparian
• ripple
• riprap
• risk
• risk assessment
• risk management
• river basin management
• river capture
• river discharge variations
• river diversion
• river lake
• river regime
• river restoration
• river terrace
• roche moutonnée
• rock creep
• rock cycle
• rock flour
• rock glacier
• rock mass strength
• rock platform
• rock stream
• rock varnish
• RockEval
• rockfall
• rockshelter
• rock-varnish microlamination (VML) dating
• rodent midden
• Rodinia
• rogation index
• Rogen moraines
• Roman Period
• roundness
• r-selection
• rubification (rubefaction)
• rudaceous
• ruderal
• rudite
• ruminant
• runoff
• runoff coefficient
• runoff processes
• runout distance
• rural decline
• rural development
• R-value, in pollen calibration
• Saalian
• sabkha
• Sackung
• safe operating space
• Saffir-Simpson scale
• Saharan dust
• Sahel
• salcrete
• saline lakes
• saline water
• salinisation
• salinity
• salt
• salt caves
• salt dome
• salt weathering
• saltation
• saltmarsh
• saltwater intrusion
• sample
• sampling
• sand
• sand bypassing
• sand dune encroachment
• sand dune reactivation
• sand dunes
• sand ramp
• sand sea
• sand sheet
• sand volcano
• sand-bed river
• sandrock
• sandstone
• sandur
• sandwave
• sapping
• saprolite
• sapropel
• saprophyte
• sarsen
• satellite climatology
• satellite orbits
• satellite remote sensing
• saturation deficit
• saturation isothermal remanent magnetisation (SIRM)
• saturation overland flow
• savanna
• savannisation
• scale
• scale concepts: the palaeoecological context
• scale concepts in environmental change
• scalping
• scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
• scarification
• scattering
• Schmidt hammer
• Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD)
• scholarship
• science
• sciences
• scientific archaeology
• scientific method
• Scientific Revolution
• sclerochronology
• sclerophyllous
• scoria
• scour marks
• scrub
• scurvy
• sea
• sea ice
• sea wall
• sea-floor spreading
• sea-ice variations
• sea-level change
• sea-level change: past effects on coasts
• sea-level change: past effects on ecosystems
• sea-level indicators
• sea-level rise
• sea-level rise: potential future ecological impacts
• sea-level rise: potential future geomorphological impacts
• sea-level rise: potential future impacts on people
• seamount
• seasonal drought
• seasonality
• seasonality indicator
• seasonally frozen ground
• sea-surface temperature (SST)
• seawater composition
• secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)
• secondary laterite
• secondary mineral
• secondary pollutant
• secondary productivity
• secondary succession
• secondary woodland
• secular variation
• sedentary organism
• sedentism
• sediment
• sediment budget
• sediment coupling
• sediment delivery ratio
• sediment drifts
• sediment fingerprinting
• sediment flux
• sediment focusing
• sediment gravity flow
• sediment influx
• sediment load
• sediment routing
• sediment sources
• sediment storage
• sediment transport
• sediment trap
• sediment types
• sediment yield
• sedimentary basin
• sedimentary deposit
• sedimentary rocks
• sedimentary structures
• sedimentation
• sedimentological evidence of environmental change
• sedimentology
• seed bank/depository
• seep
• segregated ice/segregation ice
• seiche
• seismic
• seismic belt
• seismic gap
• seismic reflection surveying
• seismic refraction surveying
• seismic stratigraphy
• seismic surveying
• seismic waves
• seismicity
• seismology
• seismometer
• selection pressure
• selective breeding
• selective cutting
• self-organisation
• self-regulation
• semi-arid
• semi-natural vegetation
• sensitive clays
• sensitivity
• sensitivity experiments
• sequence stratigraphy
• seral community
• sere
• seriation
• series
• service industries
• set-aside scheme
• sewage history
• shale
• shale gas
• shape
• shape box
• shard
• shear strength
• sheet erosion
• shell midden
• shell pavement
• shifting cultivation
• shingle beach
• ship log book records
• shore displacement
• shore zone
• shoreline
• shrinkage methods
• shrub
• shrubland
• SI units
• sidereal date
• side-scan sonar
• sieve deposition
• signal strength
• signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
• significance level
• silcrete
• silica
• silicate minerals
• silicon (Si)
• silicon cycle
• silt
• siltation
• siltstone
• Silurian
• silviculture
• simulation model
• single large or several small reserves (SLOSS debate)
• singularity
• sink
• site formation processes
• site-catchment analysis
• Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)
• skewness
• slant range
• slope decline
• slope evolution models
• slope replacement
• slope stability
• slope zonation models
• slopewash
• sludge
• slump
• slush flow
• small-island states (SIS)
• smallpox
• smectite
• smog
• snow and snow cover
• snow avalanche
• snow line
• snow-avalanche deposits
• snow-avalanche impact landforms
• snowball Earth
• snowbed/snowbank/snowpatch
• snowmelt
• snowpack
• social construction
• social impact assessment (SIA)
• social sciences
• societal benefit areas (SBAs)
• socio-ecological/environmental models
• socio-environmental dynamics
• sodium chloride
• soft engineering
• soft-sediment deformation
• soil
• soil age
• soil biota
• soil classification
• soil conservation
• soil creep
• soil dating
• soil degradation
• soil development
• soil drainage
• soil emissions
• soil erosion
• soil erosion history
• soil exhaustion
• soil geography
• soil horizon
• soil loss
• soil loss tolerance
• soil microprofiling device
• soil mining
• soil moisture
• soil moisture deficit (SMD)
• soil pollution
• soil profile
• soil quality
• soil radioactivity
• soil reclamation
• soil regeneration
• soil resilience
• soil series
• soil stratigraphy
• soil structure
• Soil Taxonomy
• soil texture
• soil vulnerability
• soil water content
• soil water retention
• soil-forming factors
• soil-forming processes
• soilmarks
• solar constant
• solar cycle
• solar energy
• solar flare
• solar forcing
• solar radiation
• solar radiation management (SRM)
• solar wind
• sole marks
• solifluction
• solifluction terrace
• solodisation
• Solonchak
• Solonetz
• solstice
• solubility
• solum
• solute
• sorption
• sorting
• Southern Oscillation (SO)
• space agencies
• space-based sunshade
• spaghetti data
• spatial analysis
• spatial coherence
• spatial filtering
• spatial variation
• speciation
• species concept
• species richness
• species translocation
• species-area relationship
• specific heat
• speckle
• spectral analysis
• Spectral Mapping Project timescale (SPECMAP)
• spectrophotometer
• specular reflection
• speleology
• speleothems
• Sphagnum
• sphericity
• spheroid
• spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP)
• spheroidal weathering
• spit
• splash pedestal
• spline function
• Spörer minimum
• spores
• spread, vectors of
• spring
• spring tide
• stability concepts: ecological contexts
• stable isotope
• stable isotope analysis
• stadial
• stage
• Stagnosols
• stand
• standard method
• standard substance
• standardisation
• standing crop
• stasis
• statistical analysis
• statistical uncertainty
• statistical-learning methods
• stemflow
• stenotopic organism
• steppe
• stepped-combustion radiocarbon dating
• stereoscopic vision
• sterilisation
• stewardship concept
• stillstand
• stochasticity
• stomach content
• stomata
• stomatal analysis
• stomatal conductance
• Stone Age
• stone line
• storm beach
• storm hydrograph
• storm surge
• storminess
• storms
• strandflat
• strandline
• strange attractor
• strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
• strath terrace
• stratification
• stratigraphical column
• stratigraphical record
• stratigraphy
• stratosphere
• stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)
• streamflow
• striation
• strike
• strip cropping
• strip lynchet
• stripping phase
• stromatolite
• strontium (Sr) isotope ratio
• strontium isotopes
• strontium/calcium palaeothermometry
• structural adjustment
• structuralism
• structuration theory
• structuring
• sturzström
• subarctic
• Subatlantic
• Subboreal
• subclimax
• subcutaneous flow
• subduction
• subfossil
• subglacial
• subglacial basin
• subglacial lake
• sublimation
• submarine canyon
• submarine fan
• submarine landslide
• submergent coast
• sub-Milankovitch
• subsidence
• subsistence agriculture
• subsurface temperature
• subtropical environments
• succession
• Suess effect
• suffosion
• sulfation
• sulfidic soils
• sulfur cycle
• sulfur dioxide
• sulfur isotopes
• sunspot cycles
• super bounding surface
• super eruption
• supercontinent
• supercooling
• superficial deposits
• supergroup
• superimposed drainage
• superimposed ice
• supersaturation
• support vector machine (SVM)
• supraglacial
• surface displacement
• surface pollen
• surface roughness
• surface sediment sampler
• surface tension
• surface water
• surface-age dating
• surveying
• suspended load
• suspended-load river
• sustainability
• sustainability science
• sustainability transition
• sustainable agriculture
• sustainable consumption
• sustainable development
• sustainable fisheries
• sustainable forestry
• sustainable production
• sustainable yield
• suture
• swamp
• swath
• symbiosis
• synchronisation
• synchronous
• synergism
• synfuel
• syngenetic
• synoptic catalogues
• synoptic climatology
• synthesis indicator
• synthetic biology
• system
• system (stratigraphical)
• systems analysis
• tabula rasa
• taele gravels
• tafoni
• tailings
• talik
• talus
• taphonomy
• tar sands
• taxon cycle
• taxonomy
• technocentrism
• technological change
• technological paradox
• Technosols
• tectonic uplift–climatic change interaction
• tectonics
• teeth
• tektite
• teleconnection
• teleology
• tell
• temperate climates
• temperate forests
• temperate glacier
• temperate grasslands
• temperature
• temporal change detection
• ten-to twelve-year oscillation (TTO)
• tensiometer
• tephra
• tephra analysis
• tephrochronology
• tephrochronometry
• tephrology
• tephrostratigraphy
• teratology
• termination
• termites
• terra fusca
• terra preta
• terra rossa
• terracette
• terracing
• terrain
• terrane
• terrestrial environment
• terrestrial radiation
• terrestrialisation
• terricolous
• terrigenous
• terrorism
• Tertiary
• testate amoebae
• Tethys
• tetrapod
• texture (in sediments and rocks)
• theory
• thermal analysis
• thermal capacity
• thermal contraction cracking
• thermal erosion
• thermal expansion of the oceans
• thermal pollution
• thermal remote sensing
• thermal-ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS)
• thermochronometry
• thermocline
• thermohaline circulation
• thermokarst
• thermoluminescence (TL) dating
• thermophilous
• thermoremanent magnetisation (TRM)
• thin-section analysis
• thixotropy
• threatened species
• Three-Age System
• threshold
• throughflow
• thrust fault
• thúfur
• tidal bore
• tidal bundles
• tidal energy
• tidal rhythmite
• tidalite
• tide gauge records
• tides
• tidewater glacier
• tiering
• till
• tillage
• tillite
• tilth
• time transgressive
• time-series analysis
• tin (Sn)
• tipline
• tipping point
• tolerance
• tolerance model
• tombolo
• tomography
• tool marks
• topoclimate
• topography
• toponymy
• tor
• tornado
• tourism
• towed vehicles
• tower karst
• toxicant
• toxin
• trace element
• trace fossil
• trace gas
• tracer
• tracers: in the oceans
• tracheidogram
• trackway
• trade
• Trade Winds
• tradeable emissions permits
• tradition
• trafficability
• tragedy of the commons
• training area
• training set
• trampling
• transfer function
• transform fault
• transgenic organism
• transgression, marine
• transhumance
• transhumanity
• transient response
• translatent strata
• transport impacts
• transport policy
• transport-limited erosion
• trap
• tree line/limit
• tree migration/spreading
• tree of life
• tree ring
• tree-line variations
• tree-ring index
• trend
• triangular irregular network (TIN)
• triangulation system
• Triassic
• tributary
• trimline
• tritium-helium dating
• trophic cascade
• trophic level
• trophic-dynamic approach
• tropical and subtropical forests
• Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV)
• tropical cyclone
• tropical cyclones: impact on ecosystems
• tropical cyclones: impact on geomorphology
• tropical cyclones: impact on people
• tropical cyclones: mitigation and adaptation
• tropical cyclones: prediction
• tropical forest fires
• tropical grassland
• tropical karst
• tropical peatlands
• tropical rain forest
• tropical seasonal forest
• tropical/tropical climate
• tropopause/troposphere
• truncated soil
• truth
• tsetse fly
• tsunami
• tuberculosis (TB)
• tufa
• tuff
• tumulus
• tundra
• tundra vegetation: human impact
• tunnel valley
• turbidite
• turbidity
• turbidity current
• turbulent flow
• turnover rate
• two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN)
• typological sequencing
• ultimate causes
• ultrafiltration
• umbrella species
• Umbrisols
• uncertainty
• uncertainty principle
• unconformity
• unconventional petroleum
• underfit stream
• uniclinal shifting
• uniformitarianism
• universality
• unloading
• unnatural
• upfreezing of clasts
• uplands
• uplift
• upscaling
• upwelling
• upwelling radiolarian index (URI)
• uranium-series dating
• uranium-thorium dating
• urban agriculture
• urban and rural planning
• urban climate
• urban ecology
• urban environmental change
• urban origins
• urban sustainability
• urbanisation
• urbanisation impacts on hydrology
• Urstromtäler
• U-shaped valley
• vadose zone
• validation
• valley bulging
• valley-fill deposits
• Van’t Hoff’s rule
• variable
• variance
• variance partitioning
• variogram
• varve
• varve chronology
• vector
• vector data model
• vegetation
• vegetation canopy
• vegetation formation
• vegetation formation type
• vegetation history
• vegetation indices
• ventifact
• ventilation
• verification
• vermiculite
• vertebrates
• vertical farming
• Vertisols
• vesicle
• vicariance
• vicious circle principle (VCP)
• Viking Age
• vine harvests
• virtual water
• virus
• vitrinite reflectance
• volatiles
• volatilisation
• volcanic aerosols
• volcanic ash
• volcanic block
• volcanic bomb
• volcanic eruption
• volcanic explosivity index (VEI)
• volcanic forcing
• volcanic gases
• volcanic glass
• volcanic impacts on climate
• volcanic impacts on people
• volcanic impacts on vegetation
• volcanic plume
• volcanicity
• volcaniclastic
• volcanism
• volcano
• volcanology
• volume scattering
• vortex
• vorticity
• V-shaped valley
• vulnerability
• vulnerability science
• vulnerable species
• wacke
• wadi
• Walker circulation
• Wallace’s Line
• Walther’s law
• war and environmental change
• washload
• waste
• waste management
• waste mining
• waste recycling
• wasteland
• water balance/budget
• water erosion
• water footprint
• water harvesting
• water mass
• water pollution
• water quality
• water repellency
• water resources
• water security
• water spreading
• water table
• water vapour
• water-based disease
• waterborne diseases
• waterfall
• water-related vector
• watershed
• water-use efficiency (WUE)
• wave base
• wave energy
• wave refraction
• wave ripple
• weather
• weather diaries
• weather types
• weathering
• weathering front
• weathering indices
• weathering limits
• weathering profile
• weathering rates
• weathering rind
• weed
• welded tuff
• well
• Westerlies
• wet deposition
• wetland
• wetland classification
• wetland conservation and management
• wetland loss
• wetting front
• whaling and sealing
• width-depth ratio
• wiggle matching
• wilderness concept
• wildfire
• wildlife conservation
• wildlife corridor
• Wildwood
• Wilson cycle
• wilting point
• wind energy
• wind erosion
• wind ripple
• wind shadow
• wind-driven circulation
• Windermere Interstadial
• windthrow
• wine quality and quantity
• Wolf minimum
• wood anatomy
• wood pasture
• woodland conservation
• woodland management practices
• World Heritage Sites
• World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB)
• world system
• xenobiotics
• xeriscaping
• xerophyte
• X-radiography
• X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)
• X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF)
• yardangs
• yellow fever
• yield
• yield gap
• Younger Dryas Stadial
• zeugen
• zinc (Zn)
• zonal index
• zonal soil
• zonation
• zoning
• zooarchaeology
• zoogeography
• zoogeomorphology
• zoological gardens (zoos)
• zoom
• zoonoses
• zooplankton