The Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, Second Edition develops from the first edition, covering all areas of neurological sciences through over 1000 entries focused on a wide variety of topics in neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry and other related areas of neuroscience.

Table of Contents

• Editors-in-chief
• Associate Editors
• Preface
• Permission Acknowledgments
• Volume 1
• A
• Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)
• Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL, Bassen–Kornzweig Disease)
• Abnormal Illness Behaviors
• Abscess, Brain and Spine
• Abulia
• Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
• Acetylcholine
• Acoustic Neuroma – Contemporary Management of Sporadic Vestibular Schwannomas
• Acoustic Neuroma, Treatment of
• Acrylamide and Related α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Derivatives
• Acrylonitrile
• Actigraphy
• Action Potential, Generation of
• Action Potential, Regeneration of
• Activities of Daily Living
• Acute Motor and Motor–Sensory Neuropathy (Axonal Subtypes of Guillain–Barré Syndrome), Immunology of
• Adams, Raymond
• Addison's Disease
• Adenoviruses
• Adrenal Gland
• Adrenoleukodystrophy
• Adrian, Edgar Douglas
• Ageusia
• Aging and Sleep
• Aging, Overview
• Agnosia
• Agrammatism
• Agraphia
• Agrypnia
• AIDS/HIV and Neurological Disease
• Airy, George and Hubert
• Akathisia
• Akinesia
• Akinetic Mutism
• Alertness (Crude Consciousness)
• Alexander's Disease
• Alexia
• Alien Limb
• Alpers’ Disease (Progressive Infantile Poliodystrophy)
• Aluminum
• Alzheimer, Alois
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Alzheimer's Disease; Epidemiology
• American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
• Amino Acid Disorders
• Ammonia
• Amphetamines
• Amygdala
• Amygdalohippocampectomy
• Amyloidosis
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Analgesics, Other
• Anencephaly
• Anesthetics
• Aneurysms, Intracranial
• Aneurysms, Surgery
• Angiography (Arteriography)
• Angular Gyrus Syndrome
• Anomia
• Anosognosia
• Anterior Spinal Artery Occlusion
• Antianxiety Pharmacology
• Antibiotics, β-Lactam
• Anticancer Agents
• Anticoagulant Treatment
• Antidepressants, Pharmacology of
• Antiepileptic Drug Therapy
• Antiphospholipid Antibodies
• Antiplatelet Therapy
• Anxiety
• Aphasia: Overview
• Apraxia
• Apraxia, Limb
• Aqueduct of Sylvius
• Arachnoid Cysts
• Arachnoiditis
• Arbovirus Encephalitis
• Argyll Robertson, Douglas
• Arsenic
• Art and the Brain
• Arteriovenous Fistulas
• Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM), Surgical Treatment of
• Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
• Asterixis
• Astrocytes
• Astrocytes
• Ataxia
• Ataxia Telangiectasia
• Athetosis
• Attention
• Attention
• Attentional Mechanisms
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Auditory System, Central
• Auditory System, Peripheral
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Autoimmune Encephalitis Affecting Synaptic Proteins
• Autonomic Dysreflexia
• Autonomic Nervous System and the Heart
• Autonomic Nervous System, Heart Rate and
• Autonomic Nervous System; Overview
• Autophagy
• Awareness
• Axelrod, Julius
• Axons
• B
• Babinski, Joseph Francois Felix
• Babinski Sign
• Bacterial Abscess, Cerebral
• Baker, Abraham (Abe) B
• Balance
• Balint's Syndrome
• Ballism
• Bárány, Robert
• Bartholow, Roberts
• Bartonella Infections
• Basal Ganglia
• Basal Ganglia, Diseases of
• Basilar Artery Thrombosis
• Bastian, Henry Charlton
• Beard, George Miller
• Békésy, Georg von
• Bell, Charles
• Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
• Berger, Hans
• Beri-Beri
• Bernard, Claude
• Betz Cells
• Bipolar Disorder
• Bladder Disorders
• Blepharospasm
• Blood–Brain Barrier
• Boll, Franz
• Bonnet, Charles
• Borna Disease Virus
• Botulism
• Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
• Brachial Plexopathies
• Brain Anatomy
• Brain Banking
• Brain Death
• Brain Development, Normal Postnatal
• Brain Evolution
• Brain Herniation; Surgical Management
• Brain Imaging, Physiological
• Brain Injury, Traumatic: Epidemiological Issues
• Brain Ischemic Edema
• Brain Mapping and Quantitative Electroencephalogram
• Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs)
• Brainstem Syndromes
• Brain Stimulation Therapy in Psychiatry
• Brain Trauma, Contrecoup
• Brain Trauma: Intensive Care Unit Management
• Brain Tumors; Biology
• Brain Tumors; Clinical Aspects
• Brain Tumors; Genetics
• Breath-Holding Spells
• Breuer, Josef
• Broca, Paul
• Broca's Area
• Brodmann, Korbinian
• Brodmann's Areas
• Brown, Alexander Crum
• Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard
• Brown-Séquard's Syndrome
• Brudziński, Józef
• Brudzinski's Sign
• Burn Encephalopathy
• Bypass Surgery
• C
• CADASIL
• Cairns, Hugh
• Calcium
• Callosotomy
• Canavan's Disease
• Cannon, Walter Bradford
• Capacity and Consent
• Capillary Telangiectasia
• Carbon Dioxide Narcosis
• Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation
• Cardiac Drugs
• Cardiovascular Regulation
• Carnitine Deficiency
• Carotid Artery
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Casál, Gaspar
• Castle, William
• Cataplexy
• Caton, Richard
• Cauda Equina
• Cauda Equina Syndrome and Neurogenic Claudication
• Caudate Nucleus
• Cavernous Malformations
• Cavernous Sinus Disorders
• Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
• Cell and Tissue Culture
• Cell Death
• Central Nervous System, Overview
• Cerebellar Disorders
• Cerebellum
• Cerebral Arteries
• Cerebral Blood Flow, Measurement of
• Cerebral Cortex
• Cerebral Edema
• Cerebral Hemispheric Interactions
• Cerebral Malformations, Surgical Treatment of
• Cerebral Metabolism and Blood Flow
• Cerebral Microcirculation
• Cerebral Palsy
• Cerebral Protection
• Cerebral Vasculitis
• Cerebral Vasospasm, Treatment of
• Cerebral Veins and Venous Sinuses
• Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Pressure Change and Headaches
• Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
• Cerebrovascular Disease
• Cervical Dystonia
• Cervical Spine Stabilization
• Cervical Spine Stabilization; Technical Aspects
• Cervicogenic Headache
• Channelopathies; Clinical Manifestations
• Channelopathies; Genetics
• Charcot, Jean-Martin
• Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease
• Chemokines
• Chiari Malformations
• Chickpea Intoxication
• Child Abuse; Head Injuries
• Childhood Brain Tumors
• Child Neurology, History of
• Chorea
• Choreoathetosis
• Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)
• Chronic Pain Rehabilitation Programs, Interdisciplinary
• Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
• Cingulotomy
• Circle of Willis
• Clonus
• Coagulopathies and Stroke
• Cocaine
• Cognition, Social
• Cognition, Spatial
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy
• Collins, Joseph
• Coma
• Coma, Hyperosmolar
• Coma, Postoperative
• Coma Scales
• Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
• Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Treatment of
• Computational Neuroscience
• Computed Tomography
• Concussion
• Conduction Block
• Consciousness
• Conus Medullaris Syndrome
• Cordotomy
• Corning, James Leonard
• Corpus Callosum
• Corpus Striatum
• Cortical Histogenesis
• Corticospinal/Corticobulbar Tracts
• Cough and Exertional Headache, Primary
• Cramps, Muscle
• Cranial Nerve Palsies, Surgery
• Craniectomy
• Craniofacial Neuralgia
• Craniosynostosis
• Craniotomy
• Creutzfeldt, Hans
• Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD)
• Cushing, Harvey
• Cushing's Disease
• Cushing's Syndrome
• Cyanides
• Cytokines
• D
• Dale, Henry Hallett
• Dalton, John
• Dana, Charles Loomis
• Dandy–Walker Syndrome
• Dandy, Walter Edward
• Dax, Marc
• Decerebrate Rigidity
• Decorticate Rigidity
• Decortication
• Dedlow, George
• Deep Brain Stimulation
• Déjerine, Jules
• Déjerine-Klumpke, Augusta
• Delirium (Acute Confusional State)
• Delusions
• Dementia
• Dendrites
• Denervation
• Denny-Brown, Derek
• Depression and Dysthymia
• Depression and Psychosis, Postpartum
• Dercum, Francis
• Descartes, René
• Diabetes Insipidus
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Diaschisis
• Diastematomyelia
• Diffuse Axonal Injury
• Dioxins
• Diplopia and Strabismus
• Disconnection Syndromes
• Disk Arthroplasty
• Diskectomy
• Dissection, Arterial
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
• Domoic Acid
• Dopamine
• Dorsal Root Ganglion
• Down's Syndrome
• Dreaming
• Drowsiness
• du Bois-Reymond, Emil
• Duchenne, Guillaume
• Dura Mater
• Dysarthria
• Dysequilibrium Syndrome
• Dyskinesias
• Dyslexia, Developmental
• Dystonia
• Dystrophin and Dystrophin-Associated Proteins
• E
• Eating Disorders
• Eccles, John
• Economo, Constantin von
• Ecstasy
• Edinger, Ludwig
• Ehrlichiosis
• Ehrlich, Paul
• Eijkman, Christiaan
• Electrocorticogram (ECOG)
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Electroencephalographic Spikes and Sharp Waves
• Electromyography (EMG)
• Electronystagmogram (ENG)
• Electroretinogram (ERG)
• Electrostimulation
• Elevated Intracranial Pressure, Management of
• Volume 2
• E
• Embolism, Cardiac and Aortic
• Embolization, Therapeutic, Surgical
• Emotion, Neural Mechanisms of
• Emotions
• Encephalitis/Leukoencephalitis, Acute Hemorrhagic
• Encephalitis, Viral
• Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated
• Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial
• Encephalopathy, Anoxic–Ischemic
• Enders, John Franklin
• Endocannabinoids
• Endonasal Surgery, Expanded
• Endoscopic Microsurgery
• Endovascular Therapy
• Endovascular Treatment of Aneurysms
• Endozepines and Coma
• Enteroviruses
• Ependyma
• Epidemiology, Overview
• Epidermal Nerve Fibers
• Epidural Empyema, Cranial
• Epilepsy; Antiepileptic Drug Profiles
• Epilepsy; Basic Mechanisms
• Epilepsy; Comorbidity
• Epilepsy, Diagnosis of
• Epilepsy; Drug Treatment Principles
• Epilepsy; Epidemiology
• Epilepsy; Experimental Models
• Epilepsy, Gender Issues and
• Epilepsy; Genetics
• Epilepsy, Invasive Monitoring for
• Epilepsy; Overview
• Epilepsy Pathology
• Epilepsy; Precipitating Factors
• Epilepsy; Prognosis
• Epilepsy, Psychiatric Comorbidities of
• Epilepsy; Risk Factors
• Epilepsy; Social Consequences
• Epilepsy; Surgery
• Epilepsy; Temporal Lobe
• Epilepsy Treatment Strategies
• Epileptic Seizures
• Epileptic Syndromes and Diseases
• Epileptogenesis
• Episodic Ataxias
• Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)
• Erb, Wilhelm Heinrich
• Erection, Penile; Sleep-Related
• Erlanger, Joseph
• Essential Tremor
• Ethanol
• Ethical Issues
• Euler, Ulf von
• Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
• Evoked Potentials
• Ewald, J Richard
• Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
• Executive Function
• Executive Function
• Eyelids
• Eye Movement Recording
• Eye Movements; Overview
• Eye Movements; Saccades
• Eye Movements; Smooth Pursuit
• Eye Movements; Vergence
• F
• Fabry's Disease
• Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
• Falls and Drops
• Familial Dysautonomia
• Fasciculations
• Fatigue
• Febrile Seizures
• Femoral Nerves
• Ferrier, David
• Fibromyalgia
• Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve
• Filters, Analog/Digital
• Fisher's Syndrome and Bickerstaff's Encephalitis; Immunology of
• Fixation and Processing of Central Nervous System Tissue
• Fixation and Processing of the Peripheral Nervous System
• Flourens, Marie-Jean-Pierre
• Focal Cortical Dysplasia
• Foerster, Otfrid
• Foot Drop
• Ford, Frank R
• Forel, Auguste-Henri
• Forster, Francis
• Freeman II, Walter Jackson
• Freud, Sigmund
• Frey, Łucja
• Friedreich, Nikolaus
• Friedreich's Ataxia
• Frontal Lobes
• Frontotemporal Dementia
• Functional Electrical Stimulation
• Fungal Abscess, Cerebral
• Funk, Casimir
• G
• GABAA Receptor Channels; Properties and Regulation
• Gage, Phineas
• Gait and Gait Disorders
• Gajdusek, D. Carleton
• Galactosemia
• Galen
• Gall, Franz Joseph
• Galvani, Luigi (Aloisio)
• Ganglionectomy
• Gangliosidoses
• Gap Junctions in the Nervous System
• Gasser, Herbert Spencer
• Gastrointestinal Functions
• Gaucher's Disease
• Genetic Testing, Molecular
• Genitofemoral Nerve
• Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker Syndrome
• Geschwind, Norman
• Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis
• Gilles de la Tourette, Georges
• Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome
• Glial Tumors
• Globus Pallidus
• Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)
• Glycogen Storage Diseases
• GM1 Gangliosidosis
• Goldberger, Joseph
• Golgi, Camillo
• Goltz, Friedrich Leopold
• Gowers, William Richard
• Gräfe, Albrecht von
• Granit, Ragnar
• Grasp Reflex
• Graves’ Orbitopathy
• Griesinger, Wilhelm
• Grijns, Gerrit
• Guillain–Barré Syndrome
• Guillain, Georges
• Guttmann, Ludwig
• H
• Hall, Marshall
• Hallpike, Charles Skinner
• Hallucinations, Visual and Auditory
• Hammond, William A
• Handedness and Cerebral Laterality
• Hartline, Haldan Keffer
• Headache and Craniofacial Neuralgias
• Headache, Hypnic
• Headache, Posttraumatic
• Headache, Tension-Type
• Head, Henry
• Head Trauma, Overview
• Hearing Loss
• Helmholtz, Hermann
• Hemangiomas
• Hemiatrophy
• Hemifacial Spasm
• Hemispherectomy
• Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
• Hering, Ewald
• Herniation Syndromes
• Herpesviruses, Human
• Hess, Walter
• Heterotrimeric G Proteins
• Hexosaminidase Deficiency
• Hippocampus
• Hippocrates
• His Sr., Wilhelm
• Histochemical Staining of CNS Tissue
• Hitzig, Eduard
• HIV Infection, Neurological Complications of
• H.M. (Henry Gustav Molaison)
• Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd
• Hoffmann H-Reflex
• Hoffmann, Johann
• Hoffmann, Paul
• Hoffmann's Sign
• Holmes, Gordon
• Horner, Johann Friedrich
• Horner's Syndrome
• Horsley, Victor
• Horton, Bayard Taylor
• Hounsfield, Godfrey N
• Human African Trypanosomiasis
• Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLVs)
• Hun, Henry
• Huntington, George
• Huntington's Disease
• Hunt, James Ramsay
• Hydrocephalus
• Hyperglycemia and Coma
• Hyperhidrosis
• Hyperthermia
• Hypnotics
• Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)
• Hypoglycemia
• Hypomelanosis of Ito
• Hypothermia
• Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest
• Hypotonic Infant
• I
• Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
• Immune System, Adaptive; Overview
• Immune System, Innate; Overview
• Immunohistochemistry and Brain Tumors
• Immunology of Demyelinating Immune Neuropathies
• Impulse Conduction: Molecular Perspectives
• Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP)
• Inferior Colliculus
• Influenza Virus
• Inouye, Tatsuji
• In Situ Hybridization
• Insomnia
• Insomnia, Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of
• Insomnia, Fatal
• Intercostal Nerve
• Interferons
• Intervertebral Disk
• Intoxication
• Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Primary
• Intracranial Hypertension
• Intracranial Pressure
• Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
• Ion Channels, Overview
• Isaacs’ Syndrome
• Ischemic Cell Death; Mechanisms
• Ischemic Stroke; Acute Treatment
• Ischemic Stroke; Animal Models
• Itard, Jean-Marc Gaspard
• J
• Jackson, John Hughlings
• Jakob, Alfons
• James, William
• JC (Crawford, John)
• Jendrassik, Ernö
• Jet Lag
• Jewell, James Stewart
• K
• Katz, Bernard
• Keen, William Williams
• Kennedy's Disease
• Kenny, ‘Sister’ Elizabeth
• Kernicterus
• Kernig's Sign
• Kernig, Vladimir
• Korsakoff, Sergei
• Krabbe's Disease
• Kühne, Wilhelm (Willy) Friedrich
• Kussmaul Breathing
• L
• Lacunar Infarcts
• Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
• Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS), Immunology of
• Lambert, Edward
• Laminectomy
• Langdon Down, John
• Langley, John Newport
• Language and Discourse
• Language Disorders, Overview
• Lasègue, Charles
• Lashley, Karl Spencer
• Lateral Spine Surgery, Direct (Extreme)
• Lauterbur, Paul
• Lead
• Leão, Aristides
• Learning Disability: Overview
• Lennox, William Gordon
• Leprosy
• Leptin
• Leptomeninges; Arachnoid and Pia
• Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome
• Leukodystrophy
• Leukoencephalopathy
• Lewis, Morris J
• Lewy, Fritz Heinrich
• Lhermitte, Jean
• Lhermitte's Symptom
• Light Therapy
• Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
• Limbic System
• Lipidoses
• Lipoprotein Disorders
• Little, William John
• Lobectomy
• Lobectomy, Temporal
• Lobotomy
• Localization
• Locked-In Syndrome
• Lorente de Nó, Rafael
• Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
• Lumbar Plexopathy
• Lumbar Puncture, Ventriculostomy, and Ventriculitis
• Lumbar Spine Stabilization
• Luria, Alexander Romanovich
• Luys, Jules Bernard
• Lyme Disease
• Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV)
• Lysosomal Storage Disorders
• M
• MacEwen, William
• Mach, Ernst
• Magendie, François
• Magnetic Resonance Angiography of Cervical and Intracranial Vessels
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Intraoperative
• Magnetic Resonance (MR); Overview
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Magnetic Stimulation
• Magnetoencephalography
• Malaria
• Malformations of Central Nervous System
• Manganese
• Maple Syrup Urine Disease
• Marie, Pierre
• Marinescu, Gheorghe
• Mass Effect
• Measles Virus, Neurological Complications of
• Median Nerve and Neuropathy
• Medulla Oblongata
• Megalencephaly
• Melatonin
• Membrane Potential
• Memory, Autobiographical
• Memory, Episodic
• Memory, Explicit/Implicit
• Memory, Overview
• Memory, Semantic
• Memory, Working
• Ménière, Prosper
• Ménière's Disease
• Meningiomas
• Meningitis, Bacterial
• Meningitis, Eosinophilic
• Meningitis, Fungal
• Meningitis, Viral
• Menkes Disease
• Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability
• Mental Status Testing
• Meralgia Paresthetica
• Mercury
• Merritt, H. Houston
• Mesmer, Franz
• Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (Sulfatide Lipidosis)
• Metastases, Brain
• Methanol
• Meynert, Theodore Hermann
• Volume 3
• M
• Microcephaly
• Microglia
• Microneurography
• Microneurosurgery
• Microscopy
• Microvascular Pathology
• Micturition
• Midbrain
• Migraine, Children and
• Migraine; Clinical Aspects
• Migraine; Genetics
• Migraine, Ischemic Stroke and
• Migraine, Medical Treatment of
• Migraine, Medication Overuse Headache and
• Migraine; Menstruation, Pregnancy and Lactation
• Migraine, Neurostimulation Treatment of
• Migraine, Pathophysiology of
• Mild Cognitive Impairment
• Mills, Charles Karsner
• Minot, George R and Murphy, William P
• Mitchell, Silas Weir
• Mitochondrial Disorders: Metabolic and Genetic Basis
• Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke (MELAS)
• Monakow, Constantin von
• Moniz, Egaz
• Mononeuropathy Multiplex
• Monro, Alexander
• Moro, Ernst
• Moro Reflex
• Motor Control, Peripheral
• Motor Cortex
• Motor Evoked Potentials
• Motor System; Overview
• Motor Unit Potential
• Movement Disorders; Cognitive and Behavioral Characteristics
• Movement Disorders; Overview
• Moyamoya Disease
• MPTP Neurotoxicity
• Mucopolysaccharidoses
• Müller, Johannes
• Multifocal Motor Neuropathy
• Multiple Sclerosis and Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Immunology
• Multiple Sclerosis; Diagnosis
• Multiple Sclerosis; Epidemiology
• Multiple Sleep Latency Test
• Multiple System Atrophy
• Multisystem Atrophy (MSA)
• Münchausen by Proxy
• Muscle Biopsy
• Muscle Biopsy; Processing and Evaluation
• Muscle Contraction; Overview
• Muscle Strength, Assessment of
• Muscle Tone
• Muscular Dystrophy, Becker and Duchenne
• Muscular Dystrophy: Emery–Dreifuss, Facioscapulohumeral, Scapuloperoneal, and Bethlem Myopathy
• Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal
• Musculocutaneous Nerve
• Musical Brain
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Myasthenia Gravis, Immunology of
• Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital
• Myelin
• Myelin Disorders
• Myelin Proteins
• Myelomeningocele
• Myoclonus
• Myokymia
• Myopathy, Congenital
• Myopathy, Endocrine
• Myopathy, Metabolic
• Myopathy, Mitochondrial
• Myopathy; Overview
• Myopathy, Toxic
• Myositis, Inflammatory
• Myotonia
• Myotonic Disorders
• Myotonic Dystrophy
• N
• Nansen, Fridtjof
• Narcolepsy
• Neglect Disorders
• Neonatal Seizures
• Nerve and Joint Blocks/Lesioning
• Nerve Conduction Studies
• Nerve Injury
• Nerve Regeneration
• Nerve Repair
• Nerve Roots
• Nerve Sheath Tumors
• Nervous System, Neuroembryology of
• Neural Tube Defects
• Neuroacanthocytosis
• Neurocardiogenic Syncope
• Neurocognitive Function, Autoimmune Disorders and
• Neurocysticercosis
• Neuroepidemiology, Overview
• Neurofibromatosis
• Neurogenetics, Overview
• Neuroimaging, Headache Disorders and
• Neuroimaging, Overview
• Neurointervention, Embolization Materials for
• Neurolysis
• Neuromodulation Techniques, Pain and
• Neuromuscular Disorders; Overview
• Neuromuscular Disorders, Sleep and
• Neuromuscular Junction, Normal
• Neuromuscular Transmission Disorders: Electrodiagnostic Tests
• Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders, Immunology of
• Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses
• Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection after Stroke and Brain Trauma
• Neuronal Inclusions
• Neurons, Overview
• Neuro-Oncology Overview
• Neuro-Ophthalmology
• Neuropathic Pain and Its Management
• Neuropathies, Amyloid
• Neuropathies, Autonomic
• Neuropathies, Diabetic
• Neuropathies, Entrapment
• Neuropathies, Iatrogenic
• Neuropathies, Idiopathic
• Neuropathies, Instrumental
• Neuropathies, Nutritional
• Neuropathies, Overview
• Neuropathy, Anti-Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein
• Neuropathy, Axillary
• Neuropathy, Toxic
• Neuropeptides; Overview
• Neurophysiology, Intraoperative
• Neuropsychology, Developmental
• Neuropsychology; Overview
• Neuroradiology, Diagnostic
• Neurosyphilis
• Neurotology
• Neurotoxicology; Overview
• Neurotransmitter Receptors
• Neurotransmitters; Overview
• Neurotrophic Signals, Axonal Transport of
• Neurotrophins
• Newton, Isaac
• Nicotinic Receptors
• Niemann–Pick Disease
• Nightmares
• Nissl, Franz
• Nitric Oxide
• Nodes of Ranvier
• Non-REM (Thalamocortical) Sleep
• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs; Acetaminophen
• Norepinephrine
• Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusions and Oscillations
• O
• Obesity
• Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
• Occipital Lobe
• Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)
• Oldendorf, William
• Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
• Oligodendrocytes
• Onufrowicz (Onuf), Bronislav
• Ophthalmoplegia
• Opioids
• Oppenheim, Hermann
• Optical Coherence Tomography
• Optic Chiasm and Tract
• Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)
• Optic Nerve Disorders
• Optic Neuritis
• Optokinetic Nystagmus
• Organic Acid Disorders
• Organic Solvents
• Organophosphates and Carbamates
• Orthostatic Hypotension
• Osler–Weber–Rendu Syndrome
• Osler, William
• P
• Paget's Disease
• Pain, Acute and Postoperative
• Pain: Antidepressant, Anticonvulsants
• Pain, Arthritic
• Pain, Autonomic Dysfunction and
• Pain; Basic Mechanisms
• Pain, Cancer
• Pain, Children and
• Pain; Complementary and Alternative Therapies
• Pain, Deafferentation
• Pain, Impaired Communicative Ability and
• Pain Management; Future Directions
• Pain, Nociceptive vs. Neuropathic
• Pain, Older Adults and
• Pain, Pelvic
• Pain; Psychiatric and Psychological Interventions
• Pain Relief in Substance Abusers
• Pain, Spine and Radicular
• Pain; Surgical Management
• Pallidotomy
• PANDAS-Like Illnesses
• Papez, James W
• Papilledema
• Paralysis
• Paraneoplastic Neurologic Disorders: Central
• Paraparesis and Paraplegia
• Paraquat and Parkinson's Disease (PD)
• Parasites and Neurological Disease; Overview
• Parasomnias
• Parasympathetic System; Overview
• Paresis
• Parietal Lobe
• Parkinsonism
• Parkinson, James
• Parkinson's Disease
• Parkinson's Disease; Epidemiology
• Paroxysmal Movement Disorders
• Pasteur, Louis
• Pavlov, Ivan
• Peduncular Hallucinosis
• Pelizaeus–Merzbacher Disease
• Penfield, Wilder
• Perception and Perceptual Disorders
• Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep (PLMS)
• Peripheral Nerve Vasculitis, Immunology of
• Peroxisomal Diseases
• Persistent Vegetative State
• Personality Disorders
• Phantom Limb Pain
• Pharmacology, Antipsychotic
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Phobias
• Phonology
• Phrenic Nerve
• Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
• Pick, Arnold
• Pituitary Tumors
• Placebo Effect
• POEMS Syndrome
• Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
• Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
• Polymyalgia Rheumatica
• Polysomnography, Clinical
• Polysomnography; Technique
• Pons
• Pontine Nuclei
• Porphyria
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• Postictal Manifestations
• Post-Polio Syndrome
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
• Pregnancy and Neurological Disorders
• Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
• Problem Solving
• Procháska, Georg (Jiří)
• Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
• Prosopagnosia
• Pseudotumor Cerebri (PTC)
• Psychiatry Diagnosis
• Psychogenic Unresponsiveness
• Psychosocial and Demographic Factors in Pain
• Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic
• Ptosis
• Pulvinotomy
• Pupillary Disorders, Afferent
• Pupillary Disorders, Efferent
• Pupils
• Purkinje, Jan
• Putnam, James Jackson
• Q
• Quadriplegia
• Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QSART)
• Quincke, Heinrich Irenäus
• R
• Rabies Virus
• Radiculopathy
• Radiculopathy, Cervical
• Radiculopathy, Lumbosacral
• Radiosurgery
• Radiosurgery – Gamma Knife and Cyberknife
• Radiotherapy and Antineoplastic Drugs, Neurological Complications of
• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago
• Volume 4
• R
• Recklinghausen, Friedrich Daniel von
• Reflexes, Spinal Cord and Blink
• Refractory Period
• Remak, Robert
• REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
• Respiration
• Respiratory Chain Disorders
• Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
• Retina
• Rett's Syndrome
• Revascularization, Cerebral
• Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome
• Reye's Syndrome
• Rhabdomyolysis and Myoglobinuria
• Rhizotomy
• Rickettsial Infections
• Riddoch, George
• Rigidity
• Rippling Muscle Disease
• Risk Assessment for Suicide and Violence
• Rodbell, Martin
• Rolando, Luigi
• Romberg, Moritz
• Rosettes and Pseudorosettes
• Rotenone
• Rubella Virus
• Rusk, Howard A
• S
• Sabin, Albert
• Sachs, Bernard
• Salk, Jonas
• Saphenous Nerve
• Sarcoidosis
• Schistosomiasis
• Schizophrenia/Psychosis
• Schwann Cell Immunology
• Schwann, Theodor
• Sciatic Nerve
• Scoliosis
• Secondary Axotomy
• Séguin, Édouard
• Seguin, Edward Constant
• Self-Awareness
• Sensation
• Sensation, Assessment of
• Sensory Neuronopathy, Paraneoplastic
• Sensory Receptors; Overview
• Sensory System; Overview
• Sensory Testing, Quantitative
• Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy
• Serotonin
• Sex Headache, Primary
• Sexual Dysfunction
• Sherrington, Charles Scott
• Shunts, Neurosurgical
• Silent Period
• Single-Fiber EMG
• Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
• Sjögren–Larsson Syndrome
• Skull
• Sleep and Epilepsy
• Sleep, Condition of
• Sleep Disorders
• Sleep Medicine, History of
• Sleep; Overview
• Sleep Paralysis
• Sleep–Wake Cycle
• Slit Ventricle Syndrome
• Smell
• Smith–Lemli–Opitz Syndrome
• Smoking and Nicotine
• Snake Venoms
• Snoring
• Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
• Sömmerring, Samuel Thomas von
• Spasms
• Spasticity
• Speech Disorders; Overview
• Sperry, Roger
• Sphincter Disturbances
• Spiller, William Gibson
• Spinal Cord Anatomy
• Spinal Cord Diseases
• Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality
• Spinal Cord Transection
• Spinal Cord Tumors, Biology of
• Spinal Cord Tumors, Treatment of
• Spinal Muscular Atrophy
• Spinal Roots
• Spinal Stroke
• Spine Surgery, Minimally Invasive
• Spitzka, Edward Charles
• Spondylosis, Cervical and Lumbar
• Spurzheim, Johann Gaspar
• Startle Syndromes
• Status Epilepticus
• Stem Cells and Neurogenesis
• Stenosis, Lumbar
• Stereotactic Biopsy
• Stereotactic Surgery
• Steroids, Overview
• Stiff Person Syndrome
• Stroke; Epidemiology
• Stroke Imaging/Diffusion–Perfusion MRI
• Stroke; Overview
• Stroke Risk Factors
• Stroke Units
• Stupor
• Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy
• Subdural Empyema
• Substance Abuse
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Superior Colliculus
• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
• Suprascapular Nerve
• Sweating Disorders
• Swedenborg, Emanuel
• Sydenham's Chorea
• Sydenham, Thomas
• Sylvius, Franciscus
• Sympathectomy
• Sympathetic System; Overview
• Syncope
• Syringomyelia
• Syrinx
• T
• Tabes Dorsalis
• Takaki, Kanehiro
• Takayasu's Arteritis
• Tardive Dyskinesia
• Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
• Taste
• Taylor, John Madison
• Tay–Sachs Disease
• Temporal Lobes
• Temporomandibular Disorders
• Temporomandibular Disorders and Headache
• Tetanus
• Tetany
• Tetrodotoxin
• Thalamotomy
• Thalamus
• Therapeutic Neuroradiology; Angioplasty and Stenting
• Therapeutic Neuroradiology; Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis
• Thermoregulatory Sweating
• Thiamine (Vitamin B1) and Beri-Beri
• Thoracic Nerve, Long
• Thoracic Outlet Syndromes
• Thoracic Spine Stabilization
• Thunderclap Headache
• Thyroid and Thyroid Disorders
• Tibial Nerve
• Tic Disorders
• Tinel, Jules
• Tinnitus
• Todd, Robert Bentley
• Toxic Encephalopathy
• Toxoplasmosis
• Transient Epileptic Amnesia
• Transient Global Amnesia
• Transposition, Surgical, of Vertebral Artery
• Traumatic Brain Injury, Mild
• Traumatic Brain Injury; Overview
• Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) – Cluster Headache
• Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) – Hemicrania Continua
• Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) – Paroxysmal Hemicrania
• Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) – SUNCT/SUNA
• Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V)
• Trigeminal Neuralgia
• Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders
• Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV)
• Tropical Neurology
• Tuberculosis
• Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
• Tumors, Central Nervous System; Epidemiology of
• Turner's Syndrome
• U
• Ulnar Neuropathy
• Ultrasound, Carotid
• Ultrasound, Transcranial Doppler
• Uncus
• Upper Motor Neuron Lesions
• Uremic Encephalopathy
• V
• Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)
• Valsalva Maneuver
• Van Gehuchten, Arthur
• Vanishing White Matter Disease (CACH Syndrome)
• Varicella-Zoster Virus
• Vascular Steal
• Vasculitic Neuropathy
• Vasculitis, Cerebral; Surgery
• Vasculitis, Nervous System; Immunology of
• Vasomotor Reflexes, Skin
• Venous Malformation
• Vertebrate Nervous System, Development of the
• Vertigo and Dizziness
• Vesalius, Andreas
• Vestibular Loss
• Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis
• Vestibular Reflexes
• Vestibular System
• Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)
• Viral Vaccines and Antiviral Therapy
• Virchow, Rudolph
• Visceral Pain
• Visual Color and Form Perception
• Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs)
• Visual Field
• Visual Loss, Cerebral
• Visual Loss; Overview
• Visual Loss, Transient
• Visual Motion and Space Perception
• Visual Pathways; Anatomy and Field Defects
• Visual System, Central
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin D
• Vitamins; Overview
• Vogt, Cécile and Oskar
• Volume Conduction
• Vomiting Center
• von Hippel–Lindau Disease
• W
• Wakefulness
• Wald, George
• Walker, Mary Broadfoot
• Wallenberg, Adolf
• Waller, Augustus Volney
• Wepfer, Johannes Jacob
• Wernicke, Carl
• Wernicke's Area
• Wernicke's Encephalopathy
• Westphal, Carl
• Whipple's Disease
• White Matter
• Whytt, Robert
• Willis, Thomas
• Wilson, Samuel Alexander Kinnier
• Wilson's Disease
• Wilson's Disease, History of
• Wollaston, William Hyde
• Women's Health, Neurology of
• Writer's Cramp/Tremor
• Y
• Young, Thomas