American Countercultures is a useful supplement throughout the American History curriculum. It highlights the writings, recordings, and visual works produced by these movements to educate, inspire, and incite action in all eras of the nation's history.

Table of Contents

• Introduction: American Countercultures—Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History
• Abbey, Edward (1927–1989)
• Abolitionism
• Abraham Lincoln Brigade
• Absinthe
• Abstract Expressionism
• Acid Rock
• Advertising
• African Americans
• Afrocentrism
• Alcoholics Anonymous
• Alcott, Amos Bronson (1799–1888)
• Algonquin Round Table
• Ali, Muhammad (1942–)
• Alice's Restaurant
• Alison, Francis (1705–1779)
• Altamont Free Concert
• Amana Society
• American Indian Movement
• Amish
• Amphetamines and Speed Freaks
• Anarchism
• Anarchist Cookbook, The
• Anderson, Laurie (1947–)
• Anderson, Margaret (1886–1973)
• Andrews, Stephen Pearl (1812–1886)
• Anti-Freemasonry
• Anti-Globalization Movement
• Antinomianism
• Apocalypse Culture
• Apple Computer
• Armory Show
• Ashcan School
• Asian Pride
• Astrology
• Atheism
• Aurora Commune
• Austin, Texas
• Baby Boomers
• Backus, Isaac (1724–1806)
• Baez, Joan (1941–)
• Baker, Chet (1929–1988)
• Baker, Josephine (1906–1975)
• Baldwin, James (1924–1987)
• Baldwin, Roger (1884–1981)
• Baraka, Amiri (1934–)
• Barnes, Djuna (1892–1982)
• Barnum, P.T. (1810–1891)
• Beach, Sylvia (1887–1962)
• Beat Generation
• Beatles, The
• Bebop
• Be-Ins
• Bellamy, Edward (1850–1898)
• Ben & Jerry's
• Berkeley, California
• Berkman, Alexander (1870–1936)
• Berlin Heights Commune
• Berrigan, Daniel (1921–), and Philip Berrigan (1923–2002)
• Bethel Commune
• Bicycles
• Bierce, Ambrose (1842–1914?)
• Biker Culture
• Birth Control Pill
• Black Arts Movement
• Black Mountain College
• Black Muslims
• Black Panthers
• Black Power Movement
• Blavatsky, Helena (1831–1891)
• Bloggers
• Blue Man Group
• Blues Music
• Body Arts
• Bohemianism
• Bookstores, Alternative
• Boston Marriages
• Bowery B'hoys and G'hals
• Bowie, David (1947–)
• Branch Davidians
• Brando, Marlon (1924–2004)
• Brautigan, Richard (1935–1984)
• Brisbane, Albert (1809–1890)
• Broadside
• Brook Farm
• Brown, H. Rap (1943–)
• Brown Berets
• Brownson, Orestes (1803–1876)
• Bruce, Lenny (1925–1966)
• Buddhism
• Bukowski, Charles (1920–1994)
• Buntline, Ned (ca. 1823–1886)
• Burning Man Festival
• Burns, Otway (1775–1850)
• Burroughs, William S. (1914–1997)
• Cambridge, Massachusetts
• Carlin, George (1937–2008)
• Carmichael, Stokely (1941–1998)
• Carroll, Jim (1950–2009)
• Carson, Rachel (1907–1964)
• Cash, Johnny (1932–2003)
• Castaneda, Carlos (1925–1998)
• Catcher in the Rye, The
• Catholic Worker Movement
• CBGB
• Cedar Tavern
• Chautauqua Movement
• Chávez, César (1927–1993)
• Cheech and Chong
• Chelsea Hotel
• Cherry Lane Theatre
• Chicago Seven
• Chicano Moratorium
• Chicano Movement
• Chicano Theater
• Chick, Jack (1924–)
• Chomsky, Noam (1928–)
• Christian Science
• Circus and Carnival Culture
• City College of New York
• City Lights Books
• Civil Rights Movement
• Claflin, Tennessee (1846–1923)
• Clapp, Henry (1814–1875)
• Clare, Ada (ca. 1836–1874)
• Cocaine
• Coffeehouses
• COINTELPRO
• Collins, Judy (1939–)
• Columbia University
• Come-Outers
• Comics, Underground
• Communes
• Communism
• Communitarianism
• Con Artists
• Conceptual Art
• Conroy, Jack (1898–1990)
• Conscientious Objectors, Draft Dodgers, and Deserters
• Consciousness Raising
• Conspiracy Theories
• Cooperatives, Consumer
• Cooperatives, Producer
• Coyote, Peter (1941–)
• Crumb, Robert (1943–)
• Cults
• Cummings, E.E. (1894–1962)
• Cushman, Charlotte (1816–1876)
• Cyberpunk
• Daughters of Bilitis
• Davis, Andrew Jackson (1826–1910)
• Davis, Angela (1944–)
• Davis, Miles (1926–1991)
• Dean, James (1931–1955)
• Debs, Eugene V. (1855–1926)
• Deep Ecology
• Deganawidah (ca. 1500–ca. 1600)
• Delany, Martin R. (1812–1885)
• Democratic Party
• Dial, The
• Dick, Philip K. (1928–1982)
• Disco
• Doonesbury
• Douglass, Frederick (ca. 1818–1895)
• Draft, Military
• Drag
• Drifters
• Drug Culture
• Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963)
• Dyer, Mary (ca. 1611–1660)
• Dylan, Bob (1941–)
• East Village, New York City
• Eastman, Max (1883–1969), and Crystal Eastman (1881–1928)
• Easy Rider
• Eckankar
• Ecstasy
• Electrical Bananas
• Ellison, Harlan (1934–)
• Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–1882)
• Emo and Hardcore
• Encounter Groups
• Environmentalism
• Ephrata Cloister
• Erhard Seminars Training (est)
• Esalen Institute
• Eugene, Oregon
• Evergreen Review
• Existentialism
• Exorcism
• Extrasensory Perception and Parapsychology
• Farm, The
• Farmers’ Alliance
• Fashion
• Father Divine (ca. 1877–1965)
• Federal Art Project
• Federal Theatre Project
• Federal Writers’ Project
• Feminism, First-Wave
• Feminism, Second-Wave
• Feminism, Third-Wave
• Feminism, Social Justice
• Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1919–)
• Fetish Culture
• Film, Cult
• Film, Hollywood
• Film, Independent
• Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896–1940)
• Fitzgerald, Zelda (1900–1948)
• Flappers and Flapper Culture
• Flower Children
• Folk Music
• Foster, Charles H. (1838–1888)
• Fox, Kate (1838–1892), Leah Fox (1814–1890), and Margaret Fox (1833–1893)
• Freaks, Freak Shows, and Freakatoriums
• Free Love
• Free Speech Movement
• Free Universities
• Freemasonry
• Friedan, Betty (1921–2006)
• Fruitlands
• Fugs, The
• Fuller, Margaret (1810–1850)
• Fuller, R. Buckminster (1895–1983)
• Fundamentalism, Christian
• Gangs and Gang Culture
• Gangsta Rap
• Gangsters
• Garrison, William Lloyd (1805–1879)
• Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940)
• Gay Liberation Movement
• Gaye, Marvin (1939–1984)
• Generation Gap
• Generation X
• Generation Y
• Ghost Dance
• Ginsberg, Allen (1926–1997)
• Glam Rock
• Goldman, Emma (1869–1940)
• Gonzales, Rodolfo “Corky” (1928–2005)
• Gonzo Journalism
• Gorton, Samuel (ca. 1592–1677)
• Goth Culture
• Graffiti
• Graham, Sylvester (1794–1851)
• Grange, National
• Grateful Dead
• Gray Panthers
• Great Depression
• Greeley, Horace (1811–1872)
• Green Party
• Greening of America, The
• Greenwich Village, New York City
• Gregory, Dick (1932–)
• Groupies
• Grunge Rock
• Guerrilla Girls
• Guerrilla Theater
• Guthrie, Woody (1912–1967)
• Hackers
• Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
• Hair
• Happenings
• Hare Krishna
• Harlem Renaissance
• Harmonialism
• Harmony Society
• Harris, Thomas Lake (1823–1906)
• Hasidim and Hasidism
• Hatch, Cora Scott (1840–1923)
• Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804–1864)
• Haywood, William “Big Bill” (1869–1928)
• Health Foods
• Heaven's Gate
• Heavy Metal
• Hecker, Isaac (1819–1888)
• Hefner, Hugh (1926–)
• Hells Angels
• Hemingway, Ernest (1899–1961)
• Hendrix, Jimi (1942–1970)
• Heroin
• Hester, Carolyn (1937–)
• Hip-Hop
• Hippies
• Hitchhiking
• Hoffman, Abbie (1936–1989)
• Holiday, Billie (1915–1959)
• hooks, bell (1952–)
• Hopper, Dennis (1936–)
• Hot-Rodding
• Houdini, Harry (1874–1926)
• Hughes, Langston (1902–1967)
• Hurston, Zora Neale (ca. 1891–1960)
• Hutchinson, Anne (1591–1643)
• Huxley, Aldous (1894–1963)
• Icarians
• Indie Rock
• Industrial Workers of the World
• Ingersoll, Robert (1833–1899)
• Internet
• James, C.L.R. (1901–1989)
• Jazz
• Jefferson Airplane
• Jehovah's Witnesses
• Jemison, Mary (1743–1833)
• Jesus People
• Jews
• Jews for Jesus
• John Birch Society
• John Reed Clubs
• Joplin, Janis (1943–1970)
• Kerouac, Jack (1922–1969)
• Kesey, Ken (1935–2001)
• King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–1968)
• Kitchen, The
• Knights of the Golden Circle
• Ku Klux Klan
• Kunstler, William (1919–1995)
• Latino and Latina Culture
• Le Sueur, Meridel (1900–1996)
• Leary, Timothy (1920–1996)
• Lee, Ann (1736–1784)
• Lennon, John (1940–1980)
• Lesbian Culture
• Liberator, The
• Lippmann, Walter (1889–1974)
• Living Theatre
• London, Jack (1876–1916)
• Los Angeles, California
• Lost Generation
• Lovecraft, H.P. (1890–1937)
• Love-Ins
• Lowriders
• LSD Research and Advocacy
• Ludlow, Fitz Hugh (1836–1870)
• Luhan, Mabel Dodge (1879–1962)
• Lumpkin, Grace (ca. 1891–1980)
• Lyceum Movement
• Macfadden, Bernarr (1868–1955)
• MAD
• Madison, Wisconsin
• Mafia
• Magazines, Little
• Magic and Magicians
• Malcolm X
• Manson Family
• Mapplethorpe, Robert (1946–1989)
• Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979)
• Marijuana
• Masses, The
• Mattachine Society
• Max, Peter (1937–)
• MC5
• McCarthy, Eugene (1916–2005)
• McCarthyism
• McKenna, Terence (1946–2000)
• McLuhan, Marshall (1911–1980)
• McPherson, Aimee Semple (1890–1944)
• Me Decade
• Media, Alternative
• Medicine, Alternative
• Medieval Reenactment
• Menken, Adah Isaacs (1835–1868)
• Mennonites
• Men's Movements
• Merry Pranksters
• Mesmerism
• Millay, Edna St. Vincent (1892–1950)
• Miller, Henry (1891–1980)
• Miller, William (1782–1849)
• Mills, C. Wright (1916–1962)
• Mod
• Mod Squad, The
• Modern Times
• Mole People
• Moonies
• Moore, Michael (1954–)
• Moravians
• Mormonism
• Morrison, Jim (1943–1971)
• Morrison, Toni (1931–)
• Morton, Thomas (ca. 1576–1647)
• Mother Jones
• Movimiento Estudiantíl Chicano de Aztlán
• Ms.
• MTV
• Nader, Ralph (1934–)
• Naropa University
• Nation, The
• National Lampoon
• Native American Church
• Native Americans
• Neolin (ca. 1720–ca. 1766)
• New Age
• New Left
• New School, The
• New Thought
• Newport Folk Festival
• Newton, Huey (1942–1989)
• Noyes, John Humphrey (1811–1886)
• Nudism and Nudist Colonies
• Nuyorican Poets Café
• N.W.A.
• Oberlin College
• O'Brien, Fitz-James (1828–1862)
• Ochs, Phil (1940–1976)
• O'Keeffe, Georgia (1887–1986)
• Omphalism
• Oneida Community
• O'Neill, Eugene (1888–1953)
• Onion, The
• Organic Farming
• Outsider Art
• Outsider Music
• Owen, Robert Dale (1801–1877)
• Pacifica Radio
• Pacifism
• Palahniuk, Chuck (1962–)
• Palmer, Phoebe (1807–1874)
• Patchen, Kenneth (1911–1972)
• Peace and Freedom Party
• Pentecostalism
• People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
• Peoples Temple
• Perfectionist Movement
• Performance Art
• Performance Space 122
• Peter, Paul and Mary
• Peyote
• Pfaff's Cellar
• Phish
• Physical Culture Movement
• Pilgrims
• Piñero, Miguel (1946–1988)
• Pirate Radio
• Pirsig, Robert M. (1928–)
• Poe, Edgar Allan (1809–1849)
• Polar Bear Clubs
• Pop, Iggy (1947–)
• Pop Art
• Populism
• Pornography
• Poster Art
• Pound, Ezra (1885–1972)
• Presley, Elvis (1935–1977)
• Presses, Small Book
• Priestley, Joseph (1733–1804)
• Prohibition
• Provincetown Players
• Pryor, Richard (1940–2005)
• Pseudoscience
• Psychedelia
• Psychobilly
• Public Enemy
• Pulp Fiction
• Punk Rock
• Puritans
• Purple, Adam (ca. 1932–)
• Pynchon, Thomas (1937–)
• Quakers
• Queer Nation
• Radio
• Ramones, The
• Rand, Ayn (1905–1982)
• Randolph, A. Philip (1889–1979)
• Rankin, Jeannette (1880–1973)
• Rap Music
• Rastafari Movement
• Rave Culture
• Ray, Man (1890–1976)
• Realist, The
• Recycling
• Reed, John (1887–1920)
• Reed, Lou (1942–)
• Regulators
• Reich, Wilhelm (1897–1957)
• R.E.M.
• Rexroth, Kenneth (1905–1982)
• Rice, Thomas Dartmouth (1808–1860)
• Riot Grrrl
• Ripley, George (1802–1880)
• Rivers, Larry (1923–2002)
• Robbins, Tom (1936–)
• Robeson, Paul (1898–1976)
• Rock and Roll
• Rocky Horror Picture Show, The
• Role-Playing Games
• Rolling Stone
• Rolling Stones, The
• Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In
• Rubin, Jerry (1938–1994)
• Sacco and Vanzetti Case
• Salinger, J.D. (1919–2010)
• San Francisco, California
• Sanger, Margaret (1879–1966)
• Santería
• Saxton, Alexander P. (1919–)
• Schools, Alternative and Experimental
• Science Fiction
• Scientology
• Seattle, Washington
• Seeger, Pete (1919–)
• Settlement Houses
• Seven Arts, The
• Sex Trade and Prostitution
• Sexual Revolution
• Shakers
• Shakur, Tupac (1971–1996)
• Simpsons, The
• Sinclair, Upton (1878–1968)
• Ska
• Skateboarders
• Slang
• Slave Culture
• Sloan, John (1871–1951)
• Slow Movement
• Smith, Joseph (1805–1844)
• Smith, Patti (1946–)
• Smoking, Tobacco
• Smothers Brothers
• Snoop Dogg (1971–)
• Snyder, Gary (1930–)
• Social Gospel
• Socialism
• South Park
• Spiritualism
• Spock, Benjamin (1903–1998)
• Sports
• Squatters and Squatting
• Stein, Gertrude (1874–1946)
• Straight Edge Culture
• Streaking
• Students for a Democratic Society
• Studio 54
• Suffragists
• Surfing and Surfer Culture
• Surrealists
• Survivalists
• Swedenborgianism
• Talking Heads
• Taos, New Mexico
• Television
• Temperance Movement
• Theater, Alternative
• Theosophy
• Thoreau, Henry David (1817–1862)
• Tramps and Hoboes
• Transcendental Meditation
• Transcendentalism
• Transsexuals
• Transvestites
• Trekkies
• Turner, Nat (1800–1831)
• Twain, Mark (1835–1910)
• UFOs
• Unabomber
• Underground Railroad
• Unitarianism
• United Farm Workers
• Universal Negro Improvement Association
• Up Against the Wall Motherfucker
• Utopianism
• Vegetarianism
• Venice, California
• Vietnam War Protests
• Village Voice, The
• Volkswagen Beetle
• Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. (1922–2007)
• Voodoo, Hoodoo, and Conjure
• Vorse, Mary Heaton (1874–1966)
• Ward, Nancy (ca. 1738–1822)
• Warhol, Andy (1928–1987)
• Waters, John (1946–)
• Watson, Thomas E. (1856–1922)
• Watts, Alan (1915–1973)
• Wavy Gravy (1936–)
• Weathermen
• White Supremacists
• Whitman, Walt (1819–1892)
• Whole Earth Catalog
• Wilkinson, Jemima (1752–1819)
• Williams, Roger (ca. 1603–1683)
• Witchcraft and Wicca
• Woodhull, Victoria (1838–1927)
• Woodstock Music and Art Fair
• Woolman, John (1720–1772)
• Wright, Frances (1795–1852)
• Wright, Richard (1908–1960)
• X-Files, The
• Yippies
• Yoga
• Young, Brigham (1801–1877)
• Zappa, Frank (1940–1993)
• Zines
• Zoarites
• Zoot-Suiters
• Primary Documents
• The Trial of Anne Hutchinson (1637)
• John Woolman's Journal (1757)
• Message by Nancy Ward to the Cherokee Council (1817)
• The Confessions of Nat Turner (1832)
• “Plan of the West Roxbury Community” or Brook Farm (1842), Elizabeth Palmer Peabody
• The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
• “Where I Lived, and What I Lived For,” Walden (1854), Henry David Thoreau
• Hand-Book of the Oneida Community (1867)
• Woman's Christian Temperance Union “Do Everything” Policy (1893)
• Speech at Founding Convention of the Industrial Workers of the World (1905), Eugene V. Debs
• The Woman Rebel (1914), Margaret Sanger
• “I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier (1915)”
• “Anarchism: What It Really Stands For” (1917), Emma Goldman
• Harlem Renaissance Poetry (1922)
• House Committee on Un-American Activities, Testimony of Screenwriter Albert Maltz (1947)
• Port Huron Statement (1962)
• “I Have a Dream” (1963), Martin Luther King, Jr.
• “The Times They Are A-Changin’” (1964), Bob Dylan
• “An End to History” (1964), Mario Savio
• Unsafe at Any Speed (1965), Ralph Nader
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Position Paper: On Vietnam (1966)
• Black Panther Party Platform and Program (1966)
• National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose (1966)
• “A Walk on the Wild Side of Stonewall” (1969), Robert Amsel
• Master Bibliography
• Books and Articles
• Web Sites
• Filmography