The most readable, comprehensive work covering all aspects of Health Economics, from illness causation to healthcare and econometrics.

Table of Contents

• Editorial Board
• Guide to Using the Encyclopedia
• Subject Classification
• Preface
• Permission Acknowledgments
• A
• Abortion
• Access and Health Insurance
• Addiction
• Adoption of New Technologies, Using Economic Evaluation
• Advertising as a Determinant of Health in the USA
• Advertising Health Care: Causes and Consequences
• Aging: Health at Advanced Ages
• Alcohol
• Ambulance and Patient Transport Services
• Analysing Heterogeneity to Support Decision Making
• B
• Biopharmaceutical and Medical Equipment Industries, Economics of
• Biosimilars
• Budget-Impact Analysis
• C
• Collective Purchasing of Health Care
• Comparative Performance Evaluation: Quality
• Competition on the Hospital Sector
• Cost Function Estimates
• Cost Shifting
• Cost-Effectiveness Modeling Using Health State Utility Values
• Cost-Value Analysis
• Cross-National Evidence on Use of Radiology
• D
• Decision Analysis: Eliciting Experts' Beliefs to Characterize Uncertainties
• Demand Cross Elasticities and ‘Offset Effects’
• Demand for and Welfare Implications of Health Insurance, Theory of
• Demand for Insurance That Nudges Demand
• Dentistry, Economics of
• Development Assistance in Health, Economics of
• Diagnostic Imaging, Economic Issues in
• Disability-Adjusted Life Years
• Dominance and the Measurement of Inequality
• Dynamic Models: Econometric Considerations of Time
• E
• Economic Evaluation of Public Health Interventions: Methodological Challenges
• Economic Evaluation, Uncertainty in
• Education and Health
• Education and Health in Developing Economies
• Education and Health: Disentangling Causal Relationships from Associations
• Efficiency and Equity in Health: Philosophical Considerations
• Efficiency in Health Care, Concepts of
• Emerging Infections, the International Health Regulations, and Macro-Economy
• Empirical Market Models
• Equality of Opportunity in Health
• Ethics and Social Value Judgments in Public Health
• Evaluating Efficiency of a Health Care System in the Developed World
• F
• Fertility and Population in Developing Countries
• Fetal Origins of Lifetime Health
• G
• Global Health Initiatives and Financing for Health
• Global Public Goods and Health
• H
• Health and Health Care, Macroeconomics of
• Health and Health Care, Need for
• Health and Its Value: Overview
• Health Care Demand, Empirical Determinants of
• Health Econometrics: Overview
• Health Insurance and Health
• Health Insurance in Developed Countries, History of
• Health Insurance in Historical Perspective, I: Foundations of Historical Analysis
• Health Insurance in Historical Perspective, II: The Rise of Market-Oriented Health Policy and Healthcare
• Health Insurance in the United States, History of
• Health Insurance Systems in Developed Countries, Comparisons of
• Health Labor Markets in Developing Countries
• Health Microinsurance Programs in Developing Countries
• Health Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Financing, Payment, and Provision
• Health Status in the Developing World, Determinants of
• Healthcare Safety Net in the US
• Health-Insurer Market Power: Theory and Evidence
• Heterogeneity of Hospitals
• HIV/AIDS, Macroeconomic Effect of
• HIV/AIDS: Transmission, Treatment, and Prevention, Economics of
• Home Health Services, Economics of
• I
• Illegal Drug Use, Health Effects of
• Impact of Income Inequality on Health
• Income Gap across Physician Specialties in the USA
• Incorporating Health Inequality Impacts into Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
• Incorporation of Concerns for Fairness in Economic Evaluation of Health Programs: Overview
• Infectious Disease Externalities
• Infectious Disease Modeling
• Inference for Health Econometrics: Inference, Model Tests, Diagnostics, Multiple Tests, and Bootstrap
• Information Analysis, Value of
• Instrumental Variables: Informing Policy
• Instrumental Variables: Methods
• Interactions Between Public and Private Providers
• Intergenerational Effects on Health - In Utero and Early Life
• Internal Geographical Imbalances: The Role of Human Resources Quality and Quantity
• International E-Health and National Health Care Systems
• International Movement of Capital in Health Services
• International Trade in Health Services and Health Impacts
• International Trade in Health Workers
• L
• Latent Factor and Latent Class Models to Accommodate Heterogeneity, Using Structural Equation
• Learning by Doing
• Long-Term Care
• Long-Term Care Insurance
• M
• Macroeconomic Causes and Effects of Noncommunicable Disease: The Case of Diet and Obesity
• Macroeconomic Dynamics of Health: Lags and Variability in Mortality, Employment, and Spending
• Macroeconomic Effect of Infectious Disease Outbreaks
• Macroeconomy and Health
• Managed Care
• Mandatory Systems, Issues of
• Market for Professional Nurses in the US
• Markets in Health Care
• Markets with Physician Dispensing
• Measurement Properties of Valuation Techniques
• Measuring Equality and Equity in Health and Health Care
• Measuring Health Inequalities Using the Concentration Index Approach
• Measuring Vertical Inequity in the Delivery of Healthcare
• Medical Decision Making and Demand
• Medical Malpractice, Defensive Medicine, and Physician Supply
• Medical Tourism
• Medicare
• Mental Health, Determinants of
• Mergers and Alliances in the Biopharmaceuticals Industry
• Missing Data: Weighting and Imputation
• Modeling Cost and Expenditure for Healthcare
• Models for Count Data
• Models for Discrete/Ordered Outcomes and Choice Models
• Models for Durations: A Guide to Empirical Applications in Health Economics
• Monopsony in Health Labor Markets
• Moral Hazard
• Multiattribute Utility Instruments and Their Use
• Multiattribute Utility Instruments: Condition-Specific Versions
• N
• Noncommunicable Disease: The Case of Mental Health, Macroeconomic Effect of
• Nonparametric Matching and Propensity Scores
• Nurses' Unions
• Nutrition, Economics of
• Nutrition, Health, and Economic Performance
• O
• Observational Studies in Economic Evaluation
• Occupational Licensing in Health Care
• Organizational Economics and Physician Practices
• P
• Panel Data and Difference-in-Differences Estimation
• Patents and Other Incentives for Pharmaceutical Innovation
• Patents and Regulatory Exclusivity in the USA
• Pay for Prevention
• Pay-for-Performance Incentives in Low- and Middle-Income Country Health Programs
• Peer Effects in Health Behaviors
• Peer Effects, Social Networks, and Healthcare Demand
• Performance of Private Health Insurers in the Commercial Market
• Personalized Medicine: Pricing and Reimbursement Policies as a Potential Barrier to Development and Adoption, Economics of
• P
• Pharmaceutical Company Strategies and Distribution Systems in Emerging Markets
• Pharmaceutical Marketing and Promotion
• Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade: Legal, Policy, and Economic Issues
• Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Regulation in Europe
• Pharmaceuticals and National Health Systems
• Pharmacies
• Physician Labor Supply
• Physician Management of Demand at the Point of Care
• Physician Market
• Physician-Induced Demand
• Physicians’ Simultaneous Practice in the Public and Private Sectors
• Policy Responses to Uncertainty in Healthcare Resource Allocation Decision Processes
• Pollution and Health
• Preferred Provider Market
• Preschool Education Programs
• Prescription Drug Cost Sharing, Effects of
• Price Elasticity of Demand for Medical Care: The Evidence since the RAND Health Insurance Experiment
• Pricing and Reimbursement of Biopharmaceuticals and Medical Devices in the USA
• Pricing and User Fees
• Primary Care, Gatekeeping, and Incentives
• Primer on the Use of Bayesian Methods in Health Economics
• Priority Setting in Public Health
• Private Insurance System Concerns
• Problem Structuring for Health Economic Model Development
• Production Functions for Medical Services
• Public Choice Analysis of Public Health Priority Setting
• Public Health in Resource Poor Settings
• Public Health Profession
• Public Health: Overview
• Q
• Quality Assessment in Modeling in Decision Analytic Models for Economic Evaluation
• Quality Reporting and Demand
• Quality-Adjusted Life-Years
• R
• Rationing of Demand
• Regulation of Safety, Efficacy, and Quality
• Research and Development Costs and Productivity in Biopharmaceuticals
• Resource Allocation Funding Formulae, Efficiency of
• Risk Adjustment as Mechanism Design
• Risk Classification and Health Insurance
• Risk Equalization and Risk Adjustment, the European Perspective
• Risk Selection and Risk Adjustment
• S
• Sample Selection Bias in Health Econometric Models
• Searching and Reviewing Nonclinical Evidence for Economic Evaluation
• Sex Work and Risky Sex in Developing Countries
• Smoking, Economics of
• Social Health Insurance - Theory and Evidence
• Spatial Econometrics: Theory and Applications in Health Economics
• Specialists
• Specification and Implementation of Decision Analytic Model Structures for Economic Evaluation of Health Care Technologies
• State Insurance Mandates in the USA
• Statistical Issues in Economic Evaluations
• Supplementary Private Health Insurance in National Health Insurance Systems
• Supplementary Private Insurance in National Systems and the USA
• Survey Sampling and Weighting
• Switching Costs in Competitive Health Insurance Markets
• Synthesizing Clinical Evidence for Economic Evaluation
• T
• Theory of System Level Efficiency in Health Care
• Time Preference and Discounting
• U
• Understanding Medical Tourism
• Unfair Health Inequality
• Utilities for Health States: Whom to Ask
• V
• Vaccine Economics
• Value of Drugs in Practice
• Value of Information Methods to Prioritize Research
• Value-Based Insurance Design
• Valuing Health States, Techniques for
• Valuing Informal Care for Economic Evaluation
• W
• Waiting Times
• Water Supply and Sanitation
• Welfarism and Extra-Welfarism
• What Is the Impact of Health on Economic Growth - and of Growth on Health?
• Willingness to Pay for Health