The Princeton Guide to Evolution is a comprehensive, concise, and authoritative reference to the major subjects and key concepts in evolutionary biology, from genes to mass extinctions.

Table of Contents

• Section I Introduction
• What Is Evolution?
• 1. What is evolution?
• 2. Evolution: Pattern versus process
• 3. Evolution: More than changes in the gene pool
• 4. In the light of evolution
• 5. Critiques and the evidence for evolution
• 6. The pace of evolution
• 7. Evolution, humans, and society
• The History of Evolutionary Thought
• 1. Species and the origins of diversity in the ancient world
• 2. The eighteenth century and ideas of the transmutation of species
• 3. The rise of natural history
• 4. The development of geology in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
• 5. Ideas of transmutation of species before Darwin
• 6. Charles Darwin and On the Origin of Species (1809-1859)
• 7. Post-Darwinian controversies and the “eclipse of Darwinism,” 1890-1920
• 8. Heredity and evolution: Mendelism, Darwinism, and the “evolutionary synthesis”
• 9. Evolutionary theory in the era of molecular biology
• The Evidence for Evolution
• 1. The fossil record
• 2. Comparative biology
• 3. Biogeography
• 4. Evolution in action
• 5. Evolution as fact and theory
• From DNA to Phenotypes
• 1. What is a gene?
• 2. Descriptions of genetic variation
• 3. A multiplicity of forms of inheritance
• Section II Phylogenetics and the History of Life
• Preface
• Interpretation of Phylogenetic Trees
• 1. Introduction to phylogenetic trees
• 2. Misreading trees with species-poor lineages
• 3. Reading trees correctly: Ancestral state reconstruction
• 4. Understanding the process of evolution: We are all cousins
• Phylogenetic Inference
• 1. Logical and statistical inference
• 2. The parsimony approach
• 3. Likelihood-based approaches
• 4. Distance-based approaches
• 5. Computational aspects of tree estimation
• 6. Statistical support for clades
• 7. Bayesian inference
• Molecular Clock Dating
• 1. The molecular evolutionary clock
• 2. Molecular clock dating
• 3. Testing the molecular clock
• 4. Statistical methods for divergence time estimation
• 5. Maximum likelihood estimation of divergence times
• 6. Bayesian estimation of divergence times
• 7. Fossil calibrations
• 8. Relaxed clocks and prior model of rate drift
• 9. Perspectives
• Historical Biogeography
• 1. Early developments
• 2. Cladistic biogeography
• 3. Inferring ancestral areas
• 4. A fresh look at old patterns
• 5. Beyond the standoff
• Phylogeography
• 1. Direct interpretation of single-locus gene genealogies
• 2. Comparative phylogeography
• 3. Lineage sorting and the coalescent
• 4. Multilocus gene genealogies
• 5. Testing models of population history
• Concepts in Character Macroevolution: Adaptation, Homology, and Evolvability
• 1. Darwinism and character variation
• 2. Evolutionary analysis of character homology
• 3. Testing hypotheses of character adaptation
• 4. Character evolvability
• Using Phylogenies to Study Phenotypic Evolution: Comparative Methods and Tests of Adaptation
• 1. Phylogeny and the comparative method
• 2. Ancestral state reconstruction
• 3. Model-based inferences of trait evolution
• 4. Analysis of multiple traits: Correlated evolution and phylogenetic tests of adaptation
• 5. Trait evolution and lineage diversification
• 6. Accuracy and confidence in ancestral inferences
• 7. Future directions for comparative methods
• Taxonomy in a Phylogenetic Framework
• 1. Taxonomy in historical context
• 2. Incorporating an evolutionary perspective
• 3. Species in a phylogenetic framework
• 4. Concerns about and misunderstanding of phylogenetic nomenclature
• 5. The future of phylogenetic nomenclature
• The Fossil Record
• 1. Fossilization and taphonomy
• 2. The nature of the fossil record
• 3. Marine diversity in the Phanerozoic
• 4. The value of the fossil record
• The Origin of Life
• 1. Defining life in evolutionary terms
• 2. Plausible sites for the origin of life
• 3. Conditions required for life's origin
• 4. Self-assembly of boundary membranes and compartments
• 5. Prebiotic polymerization reactions
• 6. How could evolution begin?
• 7. Evolution in the laboratory
• Evolution in the Prokaryotic Grade
• 1. What is a prokaryote?
• 2. Archaea and Bacteria
• 3. Rooting the tree of life
• 4. Symbiosis, syntrophy, and eukaryotic origins
• 5. Horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of prokaryotes
• 6. Darwin's coral of life
• 7. Biased gene transfer
• 8. Sex, recombination, and procreation
• 9. Transfer of genes within and between groups
• 10. Biochemical innovation as a result of horizontal gene transfer
• Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes
• 1. Origin of eukaryotes
• 2. Timing of the origin and diversification of eukaryotes
• 3. A brief history of eukaryotic classification
• 4. Major clades of eukaryotes
• 5. Distribution of photosynthesis in eukaryotes
• 6. Extant symbioses
• 7. Genome diversity in microbial eukaryotes
• 8. Origins of multicellularity
• Major Events in the Evolution of Land Plants
• 1. Phylogenetic framework
• 2. Origin and diversification of early land plants
• 3. Origin and diversification of vascular plants
• 4. Origin and diversification of seed plants
• 5. Origin and diversification of angiosperms
• 6. Innovation in the land plant body
• 7. Innovation in land plant reproduction
• 8. Coevolution with animals
• 9. Patterns of extinction
• Major Events in the Evolution of Fungi
• 1. Fungi in the tree of life
• 2. Losses of flagella and diversity of the “basal fungal lineages”
• 3. Evolution of the dikaryon and multicellular fruiting bodies
• 4. Evolution of decayers and plant pathogens
• 5. Evolution of mycorrhizae, lichens, and endophytes
• 6. Evolution of animal pathogens and mutualists
• 7. The age of Fungi
• Origin and Early Evolution of Animals
• 1. The Cambrian explosion and the origin of animal phyla
• 2. Animal phylogeny
• 3. Multicellularity and the origin of sponges (phylum Porifera)
• 4. The origin of the nervous system and the evolution of sensory structures in Cnidaria
• 5. The origins of Bilateria and the phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora, Acoela, Myxozoa, and Placozoa
• 6. Animal diversity
• Major Events in the Evolution of Arthropods
• 1. Arthropod origins
• 2. Phylogenetic framework
• 3. Colonization of land
• 4. Evolution of flight
• 5. Complete metamorphosis
• 6. Life history specializations
• Major Features of Tetrapod Evolution
• 1. Tetrapod ancestry
• 2. The fish-tetrapod transition
• 3. Amniote origins
• 4. Synapsids
• 5. Diapsids: Lepidosaurs and their relatives
• 6. Diapsids: Archosaurs
• Human Evolution
• 1. Origin of the hominins
• 2. Early Homo
• 3. Neanderthals and the origin of modern humans
• 4. Recent human evolution
• Section III Natural Selection and Adaptation
• Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Fitness: Overview
• 1. Natural selection explains adaptation
• 2. Concepts are tools
• 3. Definitions and complications
• 4. Fitness and units of selection
• 5. Connecting selection to fitness in hierarchies
• 6. Polished adaptations or rough history
• 7. Adaptationist storytelling
• 8. How to recognize selection and adaptation
• 9. Can we do without these concepts? Absolutely not.
• Units and Levels of Selection
• 1. The group selection controversy
• 2. Kin selection, inclusive fitness, and the gene's-eye view
• 3. Species selection
• 4. Major evolutionary transitions
• Theory of Selection in Populations
• 1. An example of natural selection
• 2. Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection
• 3. Patterns of selection
• 4. Components of selection
• 5. Maintenance of polymorphism
• 6. Selection and other processes
• 7. Synthesis and conclusions
• Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness
• 1. The problem of altruism
• 2. Inclusive fitness and Hamilton's rule
• 3. Kinds of social selection
• 4. Comparative evidence in social insects
• 5. Experimental evidence in microbes
• 6. Kin recognition
• 7. Challenges to kin selection
• Phenotypic Selection on Quantitative Traits
• 1. How selection works
• 2. Selection is a statistical process
• 3. The genetic response to selection
• 4. Modes of selection
• 5. The multidimensional phenotype
• 6. Indirect selection and misleading covariances
• 7. Genetic correlations and correlated response to selection
• Responses to Selection: Experimental Populations
• 1. Will adaptation evolve?
• 2. How fast will adaptation evolve?
• 3. Does sex accelerate adaptation?
• 4. Is adaptation gradual or saltational?
• 5. What is the limit to adaptation?
• 6. Is adaptation based on gain or loss of function?
• 7. Is adaptation repeatable?
• 8. Is adaptation predictable?
• 9. Is adaptation reversible?
• 10. How do ancestry, selection, and chance contribute to adaptation?
• 11. How can selection maintain diversity?
• 12. What limits the extent of specialization?
• Responses to Selection: Natural Populations
• 1. Measuring selection in natural populations
• 2. Strength and patterns of phenotypic selection
• 3. Microevolution in natural populations
• 4. Local adaptation and population divergence
• 5. Limits to selection and evolutionary responses
• Evolutionary Limits and Constraints
• 1. Lack of genetic variation as a limit and constraint
• 2. Trade-offs
• 3. Multivariate selection
• 4. Gene flow in marginal populations limiting range expansion
• 5. Limits and constraints: biodiversity and conservation
• Evolution of Modif ier Genes and Biological Systems
• 1. Evolution of biological systems
• 2. Evolution of dominance
• 3. Direct versus indirect selection
• 4. The evolution of genetic transmission
• 5. The evolution of the mutation rate
• 6. The evolution of sex and recombination
• 7. The evolution of haploidy versus diploidy
• 8. On evolution and optimization
• Evolution of Reaction Norms
• 1. Two major features of the genotype-phenotype map
• 2. Induced responses: Examples of adaptive plasticity
• 3. Robust traits: Examples of canalization
• 4. Reaction norms: Phenotypic plasticity and canalization
• 5. The evolutionary significance of plasticity and canalization
• 6. The Baldwin effect and genetic assimilation
• Evolution of Life Histories
• 1. What is the life history and why is it of interest?
• 2. The theory of life history evolution: A sampler
• 3. Other aspects of life history evolution
• 4. What have we learned?
• 5. Future research
• Evolution of Form and Function
• 1. Form and function in organismal design
• 2. Measuring the evolution of form and function
• 3. Key features of life's functional systems: Multi-functionality, genes, and complexity
• 4. General principles of the evolution of complex functional systems
• Biochemical and Physiological Adaptations
• 1. Physiological diversity
• 2. How do we know that physiological variation is adaptive?
• 3. Biochemical mechanisms inform models of physiological adaptation
• 4. Adaptive variation in tolerance
• 5. Adaptive variation in regulation
• 6. Adaptive acclimation
• 7. Constraints on physiological adaptation
• 8. Implications for global change biology
• Evolution of the Ecological Niche
• 1. Natural history, niches, and evolution
• 2. What is an ecological “niche”?
• 3. Complexities in the niche concept
• 4. The issue of genetic variation in niches
• 5. Demographic constraints on niche evolution
• 6. Niches evolving in communities
• Adaptation to the Biotic Environment
• 1. Defining adaptation to the biotic environment
• 2. Differences between adaptation to biotic versus abiotic environments
• 3. Factors that influence adaptation to the biotic environment, and our ability to detect them
• 4. Conflicting selection and community complexity complicate detection of biotic adaptation
• 5. Lessons from introduced species
• 6. Changing relative abundances of species may alter selection from the biotic environment
• Section IV Evolutionary Processes
• Genetic Drift
• 1. Genetic drift
• 2. Effective population size
• 3. Neutral theory
• 4. Coalescence
• 5. Future directions
• Mutation
• 1. The meaning of mutation
• 2. Types of mutations
• 3. Causes of mutation
• 4. Mutation and evolution: Basic principles
• 5. How random is mutation?
• 6. Variation in mutation rate: Among taxa
• 7. Variation in mutation rate: Within the genome
• 8. The mutational spectrum and mutational bias
• 9. Mutation, genome size, and genomic complexity
• 10. Mutation and extinction
• 11. Mutation and evolution: Other long-term consequences
• Geographic Variation, Population Structure, and Migration
• 1. The causes of spatial structure in genetic diversity
• 2. Individuals and their genes move around
• 3. Gene flow shapes patterns of spatial genetic structure
• 4. Evolution in spatially structured populations
• 5. Implications for conservation
• Recombination and Sex
• 1. Molecular recombination
• 2. Rates of recombination
• 3. Linkage disequilibrium
• 4. What generates linkage disequilibria?
• 5. Recombination facilitates selection
• Genetic Load
• 1. Genetic load
• 2. Mutation load
• 3. Other types of load
• 4. Consequences of load
• Inbreeding
• 1. Inbreeding
• 2. Measuring the degree of inbreeding
• 3. Measuring inbreeding coefficients and rates of self-fertilization and other inbreeding
• 4. Long- and short-term consequences of inbreeding
• 5. Consequences of inbreeding for molecular evolution and genome evolution
• 6. Inbreeding depression, heterosis, and purging
• Selfish Genetic Elements and Genetic Conflict
• 1. What are selfish genetic elements?
• 2. Diversity of selfish genetic elements
• 3. Selfish genetic elements and genome evolution
• 4. Selfish genetic elements and population variation
• 5. Selfish genetic elements and speciation
• 6. Applied uses of selfish genetic elements
• Evolution of Mating Systems: Outcrossing versus Selfing
• 1. Definitions and measurement
• 2. Variation in mating patterns
• 3. Evolution of self-fertilization
• 4. Mechanisms of selection
• 5. The problem of mixed mating
• 6. Evolutionary history
• Section V Genes, Genomes, Phenotypes
• Molecular Evolution
• 1. What is molecular evolution and why does it occur?
• 2. Origins of molecular evolution, the molecular clock, and the neutral theory
• 3. Predictions of the neutral theory for variation within and between species
• 4. The impact of natural selection on molecular variation and evolution
• 5. Biological insights from the study of molecular evolution
• 6. Conclusions
• Genome Evolution
• 1. Evolution of genome architecture
• 2. Genome expansion and restructuring
• 3. Drivers of genome evolution
• Comparative Genomics
• 1. Comparative genomics and genome evolution
• 2. Evolution of gene number
• 3. Identifying regulatory regions
• 4. Copy number variation
• 5. Rapidly evolving regions
• 6. Ultraconserved elements
• 7. The future of comparative genomics
• Evolution of Sex Chromosomes
• 1. Origin of sex chromosomes
• 2. Y (W)-chromosome degeneration
• 3. Dosage compensation of the X
• 4. Gene content evolution of sex chromosomes
• 5. Diversity of sex determination
• Gene Duplication
• 1. Mechanisms of gene duplication
• 2. Fixation of duplicate genes
• 3. Pseudogenization after duplication
• 4. Stable retention of duplicate genes
• 5. Rate of gene duplication
• 6. Determinants of gene duplicability
• 7. Functional redundancy among duplicate genes
• 8. Functional diversification of duplicate genes
• 9. Future directions in the study of gene duplication
• Evolution of New Genes
• 1. Mutational mechanisms to generate new genes
• 2. Rates of new gene origination
• 3. Patterns of new gene evolution
• 4. Evolutionary forces acting on new genes
• 5. Functions and phenotypic effects of new genes
• Evolution of Gene Expression
• 1. The importance of regulatory evolution: A historical perspective
• 2. Finding expression differences within and between species
• 3. Genomic sources of regulatory evolution
• 4. Enhancer evolution
• 5. Evolution of transcription factors and transcription factor binding
• 6. Evolutionary forces responsible for expression divergence
• Epigenetics
• 1. The concept of epigenetics
• 2. The history of epigenetics
• 3. Epigenetics and gene regulation
• 4. Molecular epigenetics
• 5. Epigenetic processes
• 6. Transgenerational epigenetic effects
• 7. Lamarckism and neo-Lamarckism
• 8. Epigenetics and evolution
• 9. Plasticity and assimilation
• 10. Epilogue
• Evolution of Molecular Networks
• 1. Network representations of biological data
• 2. Global organization of biological networks
• 3. Evolution of global network organization
• 4. Local organization and dynamics of biological networks
• 5. Evolution of local network organization
• 6. The future of evolutionary systems biology
• Evolution and Development: Organisms
• 1. Evolution of form and function
• 2. The rise of evolutionary developmental biology
• 3. Evolutionary constraints and patterns of allometry
• 4. Patterns of parallel evolution
• 5. The paradox of morphological stasis
• 6. Opportunities for future research
• Evolution and Development: Molecules
• 1. The goals of molecular studies in evolutionary developmental biology
• 2. Mapping genotype to phenotype during development
• 3. Mapping genotype to phenotype during evolution
• 4. The evolution of novel traits and their underlying gene regulatory networks
• 5. Future areas of research in evolutionary developmental biology
• Genetics of Phenotypic Evolution
• 1. Genetic architecture of phenotypic evolution
• 2. Molecular basis of phenotypic evolution
• 3. Using genotypes to test whether phenotypes are adaptive
• 4. Genetic basis of repeated phenotypic evolution
• 5. Prospects for future research
• Dissection of Complex Trait Evolution
• 1. Genetic variation in complex traits
• 2. Using laboratory crosses to map the mutations responsible for phenotypic evolution
• 3. Using association testing to map the mutations responsible for phenotypic evolution
• 4. Current challenges and prospects for future research
• Searching for Adaptation in the Genome
• 1. Evolution as mutation and change in allele frequencies
• 2. The neutral theory of molecular evolution
• 3. The McDonald-Kreitman test
• 4. Population genomics approaches for detecting and quantifying adaptation
• 5. Remaining challenges
• Ancient DNA
• 1. Beginnings
• 2. The importance of being clean
• 3. Name that bone: Inserting extinct species into molecular phylogenies
• 4. Ancient population genetics and phylogeography
• 5. Ancient genomics
• 6. The future of ancient DNA
• Section VI Speciation and Macroevolution
• Species and Speciation
• 1. Species concepts and definitions
• 2. Speciation as the evolution of intrinsic barriers to gene exchange
• 3. Classifying barriers to gene exchange
• 4. Studying speciation
• Speciation Patterns
• 1. Testing the nature of species
• 2. Speciation patterns in sexual eukaryotes
• 3. Speciation patterns in asexuals
• 4. Speciation patterns in prokaryotes
• 5. Speciation and global diversity patterns
• 6. Linking patterns with process
• Geography, Range Evolution, and Speciation
• 1. Geographic patterns of species and speciation
• 2. The geography of speciation
• 3. Island patterns and their implications
• 4. Speciation and area
• 5. Geographic and geological triggers of speciation
• 6. Challenges and prospects
• Speciation and Natural Selection
• 1. Types of natural selection contributing to reproductive isolation
• 2. Types of reproductive barriers and the effect of selection on their evolution
• 3. Considerations when studying natural selection and speciation
• 4. Reinforcement
• 5. Future directions
• Speciation and Sexual Selection
• 1. Can sexual selection generate diversity?
• 2. Patterns of speciation by sexual selection
• 3. The mechanisms of sexual selection that cause speciation
• 4. Sexual selection and postmating isolation
• Gene Flow, Hybridization, and Speciation
• 1. Gene flow leads to species cohesion
• 2. Gene flow and the origin of species
• 3. Hybridization: A common phenomenon
• 4. Evolutionary outcomes of hybridization
• 5. How to think about species in the context of gene flow and hybridization
• Coevolution and Speciation
• 1. Coevolution and the divergence of species interactions
• 2. Speciation with character displacement
• 3. Predators, parasites, and diversification
• 4. Mutualistic networks and speciation
• 5. Coevolved symbionts and speciation
• 6. Escape-and-radiate coevolution
• 7. Cospeciation
• 8. Conclusions
• Genetics of Speciation
• 1. Genetics of prezygotic isolation
• 2. Genetics of postzygotic isolation
• 3. Summary
• Speciation and Genome Evolution
• 1. From beanbags to genomes
• 2. Geography and gene flow
• 3. Primary versus secondary geographic contact
• 4. Selection-recombination antagonism and genomic heterogeneity
• 5. Empirical data and patterns
• 6. Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation
• 7. Polyploidy and speciation
• 8. Sex chromosomes and speciation
• Adaptive Radiation
• 1. Biodiversity
• 2. Origin and development of the concept
• 3. The ecological theory
• 4. Speciation
• 5. Ecological opportunity
• 6. Species interactions
• 7. Intrinsic factors: Key innovations
• 8. Hybridization
• 9. Testing the ideas
• 10.Future prospects
• Macroevolutionary Rates
• 1. How “fast” is evolution?
• 2. Rates of speciation and extinction
• 3. Rates of trait evolution
• 4. Are there relationships between rates of trait evolution and diversification?
• Macroevolutionary Trends
• 1. Directionality in evolution
• 2. The scope of trends
• 3. Trend mechanisms
• 4. Examples of trend hypotheses
• Causes and Consequences of Extinction
• 1. Species extinction
• 2. Some definitions: Extinction styles and magnitudes
• 3. Mass extinctions
• 4. Declining extinction risk and resetting the clock
• 5. Extinction and the drivers of macroevolution
• Species Selection
• 1. Concepts and consequences
• 2. History and controversy
• 3. Empirical tests
• Key Evolutionary Innovations
• 1. Key innovation concepts in evolutionary biology
• 2. Where do key evolutionary innovations originate?
• 3. How do key innovations lead to evolutionary diversity?
• 4. Testing hypotheses of key innovation
• 5. Problems with the idea of key innovations
• Evolution of Communities
• 1. What are communities?
• 2. Microevolutionary change and community evolution
• 3. Macroevolutionary change and community evolution
• 4. Geography of speciation and extinction
• Section VII Evolution of Behavior, Society, and Humans
• Genes, Brains, and Behavior
• 1. Genes and behavior
• 2. “Nature versus nurture”
• 3. What is a “behavioral gene”?
• 4. Analyzing behavior: Natural variations versus mutations
• 5. Genomes and systems genetics
• 6. The future of behavioral genetics: The behavioral epigenome
• Evolution of Hormones and Behavior
• 1. Hormonal mechanisms and phenotypic variation
• 2. Hormones and phenotypic integration
• 3. Hormones and microevolution
• 4. Hormones and macroevolution
• 5. Summary and future directions
• Game Theory and Behavior
• 1. The basic ideas
• 2. Examples
• 3. Issues for consideration
• 4. Applications
• 5. Future directions
• Sexual Selection and Its Impact on Mating Systems
• 1. What are mating systems and why are they important?
• 2. Measures of mating systems
• 3. Plastic, continuous mating systems and the evolution of behavior
• 4. Mating systems and evolutionary potential
• 5. Applied relevance of the study of the evolution of mating systems
• Sexual Selection: Male-Male Competition
• 1. Why are males most often the competing sex and females the choosy sex?
• 2. The processes of sexual selection
• 3. Male-male competition in the big and small
• 4. Weapon evolution
• 5. Additional forms of male-male competition
• 6. Male-male competition in plants
• 7. Total sexual selection
• 8. Sexual selection and ecological context
• Sexual Selection: Mate Choice
• 1. Why does mate choice fascinate evolutionary biologists?
• 2. What counts as mate choice?
• 3. Choosiness lowers the breeding rate, and there are other costs
• 4. The rewards of being choosy
• 5. Why do the sexes differ in choosiness?
• Evolution of Communication
• 1. Elements of animal communication
• 2. What communication is
• 3. How does communication originate and how does it evolve?
• 4. Evolutionary trajectories: Four examples
• 5. On the reliability of animal communication
• Evolution of Parental Care
• 1. Natural diversity in forms of parental care
• 2. Origin and evolution of parental care
• 3. Evolutionary maintenance of parental care
• 4. Genetics and epigenetics of parental care
• 5. Sociality beyond family
• Cooperation and Conflict: Microbes to Humans
• 1. What is cooperation and why is it so important?
• 2. Fraternal and egalitarian cooperation
• 3. Fraternal cooperation is explained by kin selection
• 4. Egalitarian cooperation requires direct benefits
• 5. Conflict and control of conflict in fraternal cooperative systems
• 6. Conflict and control of conflict in egalitarian cooperative systems
• 7. Organismality results from high cooperation and low conflict
• Cooperative Breeding
• 1. Ecology and evolution of cooperative breeding
• 2. The evolution of helping
• 3. Individual differences in helping behavior
• 4. Reproductive conflict
• Human Behavioral Ecology
• 1. Development of human behavioral ecology
• 2. Problems and criticism
• 3. New focus on evolution in the modern societies
• 4. What can human behavioral ecology contribute to the general study of evolution?
• Evolutionary Psychology
• 1. The Darwinian background for evolutionary psychology
• 2. The modern-day program of evolutionary psychology
• 3. Psychological evidence
• 4. The application of evolutionary models in evolutionary psychology
• 5. Evolutionary alternatives
• Evolution of Eusociality
• 1. Eusociality: A highly integrated form of social organization
• 2. What drives eusociality?
• 3. Working together
• 4. Intragroup conflicts and their resolution
• Cognition: Phylogeny, Adaptation, and By-Products
• 1. What are we measuring?
• 2. The space of possibilities
• 3. Novel possibilities and unanticipated outcomes
• 4. Evolving limitless options
• Evolution of Apparently Nonadaptive Behavior
• 1. What is apparently nonadaptive behavior?
• 2. Behavior as a transaction
• 3. Random mutation versus adaptation: Cannibalism
• 4. Manipulation: Imposter birds and zombie snails
• 5. Evolution does not equal perfection: Sexual cannibalism
• 6. Same-sex sexual behavior: A case study
• 7. Insights from apparently nonadaptive behavior
• Aging and Menopause
• 1. A natural history of aging
• 2. Theories for the evolution of aging
• 3. Menopause
• 4. Pressing questions on the evolution of aging
• Section VIII Evolution and Modern Society
• Evolutionary Medicine
• 1. Evolution and medicine
• 2. Pathogens
• 3. Defense mechanisms
• 4. Trade-offs in human traits
• 5. Mismatches to modernity
• 6. Implications of evolutionary medicine
• Evolution of Parasite Virulence
• 1. Defining virulence
• 2. The phase model of virulence
• 3. The trade-off model
• 4. Vertically transmitted parasites
• 5. How well do optimality models predict virulence?
• Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
• 1. A medical miracle—and how to ruin it
• 2. Origins of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance mechanisms
• 3. Transmission of resistant bacteria
• 4. Persistence and reversibility of resistance
• 5. Can resistance evolution be slowed or even stopped?
• 6. Will antibiotics become a footnote to medical history?
• Evolution and Microbial Forensics
• 1. Evolutionary thinking, molecular epidemiology, and microbial forensics
• 2. The uses of DNA in human and microbial forensics
• 3. Genetic technology and the significance of a “match”
• 4. The Kameido Aum Shinrikyo anthrax release
• 5. The Ames strain and the 2001 anthrax letters
• 6. From molecular epidemiology to microbial forensics and back
• Domestication and the Evolution of Agriculture
• 1. Domestication
• 2. Evolution under domestication
• 3. Agriculture as a mutualism
• 4. Agriculture in ants
• 5. Conclusions
• Evolution and Conservation
• 1. Evolution, genetics, and conservation
• 2. Process versus pattern and why both matter
• 3. The enemies to watch out for
• 4. What genomics brings to the table
• 5. Concluding thoughts and prospectus
• Directed Evolution
• 1. Directed evolution of nucleic acids
• 2. Directed evolution of proteins
• 3. Directed evolution of cells
• 4. The future of directed evolution
• Evolution and Computing
• 1. Unexpected links and shared principles
• 2. How evolutionary biology joined forces with computer science
• 3. How evolutionary computation is helping evolutionary biology
• 4. Evolutionary computation takes off
• 5. The future of evolution and computing
• Linguistics and the Evolution of Human Language
• 1. What is language?
• 2. When did language evolve?
• 3. Why did language evolve?
• 4. The evolution of human languages
• 5. Languages adapt to speakers
• 6. The future of language evolution
• Cultural Evolution
• 1. What cultural evolution is not
• 2. Memetics
• 3. Cultural evolution
• 4. Nonhuman animal cultural evolution
• 5. Defining culture
• Evolution and Notions of Human Race
• 1. The biological meaning of race
• 2. Do biological races exist in chimpanzees?
• 3. Do biological races exist in humans?
• 4. Do adaptive traits define human races?
• 5. Do human races exist: The answer
• The Future of Human Evolution
• 1. Can we predict how humans will evolve?
• 2. Has human evolution stopped?
• 3. Future nonadaptive evolution
• 4. Future adaptive evolution
• 5. Eugenics and genetic engineering
• Evolution and Religion
• 1. Natural theology and the Bridgewater Treatises
• 2. Darwin's revolution
• 3. Evolution and the Bible
• 4. The problem of evil
• 5. Evolution: Imperfect design, not intelligent design
• 6. Evolution and religion: Coda
• Creationism and Intelligent Design
• 1. What kind of creationist?
• 2. The creation-evolution continuum
• 3. Intelligent design
• 4. What does the future hold?
• Evolution and the Media
• 1. Evolution and the birth of modern science communication
• 2. Evolution and creationism: The dangers of false balance
• 3. Evolution and the rise of new media
• 4. The Darwinius affair: A cautionary tale
• 5. Conclusion