The Princeton Guide to Evolution
The Princeton Guide to Evolution
Editor: Losos, Jonathan B.
Publication Year: 2013
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Price: Core Collection Only

ISBN: 978-0-69-114977-6
Category: Science - Biology
Image Count:
237
Book Status: Available
Table of Contents
The Princeton Guide to Evolution is a comprehensive, concise, and authoritative reference to the major subjects and key concepts in evolutionary biology, from genes to mass extinctions.
This book is found in the following Credo Collections:
Table of Contents
- Section I Introduction
- What Is Evolution?
- 1. What is evolution?
- 2. Evolution: Pattern versus process
- 3. Evolution: More than changes in the gene pool
- 4. In the light of evolution
- 5. Critiques and the evidence for evolution
- 6. The pace of evolution
- 7. Evolution, humans, and society
- The History of Evolutionary Thought
- 1. Species and the origins of diversity in the ancient world
- 2. The eighteenth century and ideas of the transmutation of species
- 3. The rise of natural history
- 4. The development of geology in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
- 5. Ideas of transmutation of species before Darwin
- 6. Charles Darwin and On the Origin of Species (1809-1859)
- 7. Post-Darwinian controversies and the “eclipse of Darwinism,” 1890-1920
- 8. Heredity and evolution: Mendelism, Darwinism, and the “evolutionary synthesis”
- 9. Evolutionary theory in the era of molecular biology
- The Evidence for Evolution
- 1. The fossil record
- 2. Comparative biology
- 3. Biogeography
- 4. Evolution in action
- 5. Evolution as fact and theory
- From DNA to Phenotypes
- 1. What is a gene?
- 2. Descriptions of genetic variation
- 3. A multiplicity of forms of inheritance
- Section II Phylogenetics and the History of Life
- Preface
- Interpretation of Phylogenetic Trees
- 1. Introduction to phylogenetic trees
- 2. Misreading trees with species-poor lineages
- 3. Reading trees correctly: Ancestral state reconstruction
- 4. Understanding the process of evolution: We are all cousins
- Phylogenetic Inference
- 1. Logical and statistical inference
- 2. The parsimony approach
- 3. Likelihood-based approaches
- 4. Distance-based approaches
- 5. Computational aspects of tree estimation
- 6. Statistical support for clades
- 7. Bayesian inference
- Molecular Clock Dating
- 1. The molecular evolutionary clock
- 2. Molecular clock dating
- 3. Testing the molecular clock
- 4. Statistical methods for divergence time estimation
- 5. Maximum likelihood estimation of divergence times
- 6. Bayesian estimation of divergence times
- 7. Fossil calibrations
- 8. Relaxed clocks and prior model of rate drift
- 9. Perspectives
- Historical Biogeography
- 1. Early developments
- 2. Cladistic biogeography
- 3. Inferring ancestral areas
- 4. A fresh look at old patterns
- 5. Beyond the standoff
- Phylogeography
- 1. Direct interpretation of single-locus gene genealogies
- 2. Comparative phylogeography
- 3. Lineage sorting and the coalescent
- 4. Multilocus gene genealogies
- 5. Testing models of population history
- Concepts in Character Macroevolution: Adaptation, Homology, and Evolvability
- 1. Darwinism and character variation
- 2. Evolutionary analysis of character homology
- 3. Testing hypotheses of character adaptation
- 4. Character evolvability
- Using Phylogenies to Study Phenotypic Evolution: Comparative Methods and Tests of Adaptation
- 1. Phylogeny and the comparative method
- 2. Ancestral state reconstruction
- 3. Model-based inferences of trait evolution
- 4. Analysis of multiple traits: Correlated evolution and phylogenetic tests of adaptation
- 5. Trait evolution and lineage diversification
- 6. Accuracy and confidence in ancestral inferences
- 7. Future directions for comparative methods
- Taxonomy in a Phylogenetic Framework
- 1. Taxonomy in historical context
- 2. Incorporating an evolutionary perspective
- 3. Species in a phylogenetic framework
- 4. Concerns about and misunderstanding of phylogenetic nomenclature
- 5. The future of phylogenetic nomenclature
- The Fossil Record
- 1. Fossilization and taphonomy
- 2. The nature of the fossil record
- 3. Marine diversity in the Phanerozoic
- 4. The value of the fossil record
- The Origin of Life
- 1. Defining life in evolutionary terms
- 2. Plausible sites for the origin of life
- 3. Conditions required for life's origin
- 4. Self-assembly of boundary membranes and compartments
- 5. Prebiotic polymerization reactions
- 6. How could evolution begin?
- 7. Evolution in the laboratory
- Evolution in the Prokaryotic Grade
- 1. What is a prokaryote?
- 2. Archaea and Bacteria
- 3. Rooting the tree of life
- 4. Symbiosis, syntrophy, and eukaryotic origins
- 5. Horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of prokaryotes
- 6. Darwin's coral of life
- 7. Biased gene transfer
- 8. Sex, recombination, and procreation
- 9. Transfer of genes within and between groups
- 10. Biochemical innovation as a result of horizontal gene transfer
- Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes
- 1. Origin of eukaryotes
- 2. Timing of the origin and diversification of eukaryotes
- 3. A brief history of eukaryotic classification
- 4. Major clades of eukaryotes
- 5. Distribution of photosynthesis in eukaryotes
- 6. Extant symbioses
- 7. Genome diversity in microbial eukaryotes
- 8. Origins of multicellularity
- Major Events in the Evolution of Land Plants
- 1. Phylogenetic framework
- 2. Origin and diversification of early land plants
- 3. Origin and diversification of vascular plants
- 4. Origin and diversification of seed plants
- 5. Origin and diversification of angiosperms
- 6. Innovation in the land plant body
- 7. Innovation in land plant reproduction
- 8. Coevolution with animals
- 9. Patterns of extinction
- Major Events in the Evolution of Fungi
- 1. Fungi in the tree of life
- 2. Losses of flagella and diversity of the “basal fungal lineages”
- 3. Evolution of the dikaryon and multicellular fruiting bodies
- 4. Evolution of decayers and plant pathogens
- 5. Evolution of mycorrhizae, lichens, and endophytes
- 6. Evolution of animal pathogens and mutualists
- 7. The age of Fungi
- Origin and Early Evolution of Animals
- 1. The Cambrian explosion and the origin of animal phyla
- 2. Animal phylogeny
- 3. Multicellularity and the origin of sponges (phylum Porifera)
- 4. The origin of the nervous system and the evolution of sensory structures in Cnidaria
- 5. The origins of Bilateria and the phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora, Acoela, Myxozoa, and Placozoa
- 6. Animal diversity
- Major Events in the Evolution of Arthropods
- 1. Arthropod origins
- 2. Phylogenetic framework
- 3. Colonization of land
- 4. Evolution of flight
- 5. Complete metamorphosis
- 6. Life history specializations
- Major Features of Tetrapod Evolution
- 1. Tetrapod ancestry
- 2. The fish-tetrapod transition
- 3. Amniote origins
- 4. Synapsids
- 5. Diapsids: Lepidosaurs and their relatives
- 6. Diapsids: Archosaurs
- Human Evolution
- 1. Origin of the hominins
- 2. Early Homo
- 3. Neanderthals and the origin of modern humans
- 4. Recent human evolution
- Section III Natural Selection and Adaptation
- Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Fitness: Overview
- 1. Natural selection explains adaptation
- 2. Concepts are tools
- 3. Definitions and complications
- 4. Fitness and units of selection
- 5. Connecting selection to fitness in hierarchies
- 6. Polished adaptations or rough history
- 7. Adaptationist storytelling
- 8. How to recognize selection and adaptation
- 9. Can we do without these concepts? Absolutely not.
- Units and Levels of Selection
- 1. The group selection controversy
- 2. Kin selection, inclusive fitness, and the gene's-eye view
- 3. Species selection
- 4. Major evolutionary transitions
- Theory of Selection in Populations
- 1. An example of natural selection
- 2. Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection
- 3. Patterns of selection
- 4. Components of selection
- 5. Maintenance of polymorphism
- 6. Selection and other processes
- 7. Synthesis and conclusions
- Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness
- 1. The problem of altruism
- 2. Inclusive fitness and Hamilton's rule
- 3. Kinds of social selection
- 4. Comparative evidence in social insects
- 5. Experimental evidence in microbes
- 6. Kin recognition
- 7. Challenges to kin selection
- Phenotypic Selection on Quantitative Traits
- 1. How selection works
- 2. Selection is a statistical process
- 3. The genetic response to selection
- 4. Modes of selection
- 5. The multidimensional phenotype
- 6. Indirect selection and misleading covariances
- 7. Genetic correlations and correlated response to selection
- Responses to Selection: Experimental Populations
- 1. Will adaptation evolve?
- 2. How fast will adaptation evolve?
- 3. Does sex accelerate adaptation?
- 4. Is adaptation gradual or saltational?
- 5. What is the limit to adaptation?
- 6. Is adaptation based on gain or loss of function?
- 7. Is adaptation repeatable?
- 8. Is adaptation predictable?
- 9. Is adaptation reversible?
- 10. How do ancestry, selection, and chance contribute to adaptation?
- 11. How can selection maintain diversity?
- 12. What limits the extent of specialization?
- Responses to Selection: Natural Populations
- 1. Measuring selection in natural populations
- 2. Strength and patterns of phenotypic selection
- 3. Microevolution in natural populations
- 4. Local adaptation and population divergence
- 5. Limits to selection and evolutionary responses
- Evolutionary Limits and Constraints
- 1. Lack of genetic variation as a limit and constraint
- 2. Trade-offs
- 3. Multivariate selection
- 4. Gene flow in marginal populations limiting range expansion
- 5. Limits and constraints: biodiversity and conservation
- Evolution of Modif ier Genes and Biological Systems
- 1. Evolution of biological systems
- 2. Evolution of dominance
- 3. Direct versus indirect selection
- 4. The evolution of genetic transmission
- 5. The evolution of the mutation rate
- 6. The evolution of sex and recombination
- 7. The evolution of haploidy versus diploidy
- 8. On evolution and optimization
- Evolution of Reaction Norms
- 1. Two major features of the genotype-phenotype map
- 2. Induced responses: Examples of adaptive plasticity
- 3. Robust traits: Examples of canalization
- 4. Reaction norms: Phenotypic plasticity and canalization
- 5. The evolutionary significance of plasticity and canalization
- 6. The Baldwin effect and genetic assimilation
- Evolution of Life Histories
- 1. What is the life history and why is it of interest?
- 2. The theory of life history evolution: A sampler
- 3. Other aspects of life history evolution
- 4. What have we learned?
- 5. Future research
- Evolution of Form and Function
- 1. Form and function in organismal design
- 2. Measuring the evolution of form and function
- 3. Key features of life's functional systems: Multi-functionality, genes, and complexity
- 4. General principles of the evolution of complex functional systems
- Biochemical and Physiological Adaptations
- 1. Physiological diversity
- 2. How do we know that physiological variation is adaptive?
- 3. Biochemical mechanisms inform models of physiological adaptation
- 4. Adaptive variation in tolerance
- 5. Adaptive variation in regulation
- 6. Adaptive acclimation
- 7. Constraints on physiological adaptation
- 8. Implications for global change biology
- Evolution of the Ecological Niche
- 1. Natural history, niches, and evolution
- 2. What is an ecological “niche”?
- 3. Complexities in the niche concept
- 4. The issue of genetic variation in niches
- 5. Demographic constraints on niche evolution
- 6. Niches evolving in communities
- Adaptation to the Biotic Environment
- 1. Defining adaptation to the biotic environment
- 2. Differences between adaptation to biotic versus abiotic environments
- 3. Factors that influence adaptation to the biotic environment, and our ability to detect them
- 4. Conflicting selection and community complexity complicate detection of biotic adaptation
- 5. Lessons from introduced species
- 6. Changing relative abundances of species may alter selection from the biotic environment
- Section IV Evolutionary Processes
- Genetic Drift
- 1. Genetic drift
- 2. Effective population size
- 3. Neutral theory
- 4. Coalescence
- 5. Future directions
- Mutation
- 1. The meaning of mutation
- 2. Types of mutations
- 3. Causes of mutation
- 4. Mutation and evolution: Basic principles
- 5. How random is mutation?
- 6. Variation in mutation rate: Among taxa
- 7. Variation in mutation rate: Within the genome
- 8. The mutational spectrum and mutational bias
- 9. Mutation, genome size, and genomic complexity
- 10. Mutation and extinction
- 11. Mutation and evolution: Other long-term consequences
- Geographic Variation, Population Structure, and Migration
- 1. The causes of spatial structure in genetic diversity
- 2. Individuals and their genes move around
- 3. Gene flow shapes patterns of spatial genetic structure
- 4. Evolution in spatially structured populations
- 5. Implications for conservation
- Recombination and Sex
- 1. Molecular recombination
- 2. Rates of recombination
- 3. Linkage disequilibrium
- 4. What generates linkage disequilibria?
- 5. Recombination facilitates selection
- Genetic Load
- 1. Genetic load
- 2. Mutation load
- 3. Other types of load
- 4. Consequences of load
- Inbreeding
- 1. Inbreeding
- 2. Measuring the degree of inbreeding
- 3. Measuring inbreeding coefficients and rates of self-fertilization and other inbreeding
- 4. Long- and short-term consequences of inbreeding
- 5. Consequences of inbreeding for molecular evolution and genome evolution
- 6. Inbreeding depression, heterosis, and purging
- Selfish Genetic Elements and Genetic Conflict
- 1. What are selfish genetic elements?
- 2. Diversity of selfish genetic elements
- 3. Selfish genetic elements and genome evolution
- 4. Selfish genetic elements and population variation
- 5. Selfish genetic elements and speciation
- 6. Applied uses of selfish genetic elements
- Evolution of Mating Systems: Outcrossing versus Selfing
- 1. Definitions and measurement
- 2. Variation in mating patterns
- 3. Evolution of self-fertilization
- 4. Mechanisms of selection
- 5. The problem of mixed mating
- 6. Evolutionary history
- Section V Genes, Genomes, Phenotypes
- Molecular Evolution
- 1. What is molecular evolution and why does it occur?
- 2. Origins of molecular evolution, the molecular clock, and the neutral theory
- 3. Predictions of the neutral theory for variation within and between species
- 4. The impact of natural selection on molecular variation and evolution
- 5. Biological insights from the study of molecular evolution
- 6. Conclusions
- Genome Evolution
- 1. Evolution of genome architecture
- 2. Genome expansion and restructuring
- 3. Drivers of genome evolution
- Comparative Genomics
- 1. Comparative genomics and genome evolution
- 2. Evolution of gene number
- 3. Identifying regulatory regions
- 4. Copy number variation
- 5. Rapidly evolving regions
- 6. Ultraconserved elements
- 7. The future of comparative genomics
- Evolution of Sex Chromosomes
- 1. Origin of sex chromosomes
- 2. Y (W)-chromosome degeneration
- 3. Dosage compensation of the X
- 4. Gene content evolution of sex chromosomes
- 5. Diversity of sex determination
- Gene Duplication
- 1. Mechanisms of gene duplication
- 2. Fixation of duplicate genes
- 3. Pseudogenization after duplication
- 4. Stable retention of duplicate genes
- 5. Rate of gene duplication
- 6. Determinants of gene duplicability
- 7. Functional redundancy among duplicate genes
- 8. Functional diversification of duplicate genes
- 9. Future directions in the study of gene duplication
- Evolution of New Genes
- 1. Mutational mechanisms to generate new genes
- 2. Rates of new gene origination
- 3. Patterns of new gene evolution
- 4. Evolutionary forces acting on new genes
- 5. Functions and phenotypic effects of new genes
- Evolution of Gene Expression
- 1. The importance of regulatory evolution: A historical perspective
- 2. Finding expression differences within and between species
- 3. Genomic sources of regulatory evolution
- 4. Enhancer evolution
- 5. Evolution of transcription factors and transcription factor binding
- 6. Evolutionary forces responsible for expression divergence
- Epigenetics
- 1. The concept of epigenetics
- 2. The history of epigenetics
- 3. Epigenetics and gene regulation
- 4. Molecular epigenetics
- 5. Epigenetic processes
- 6. Transgenerational epigenetic effects
- 7. Lamarckism and neo-Lamarckism
- 8. Epigenetics and evolution
- 9. Plasticity and assimilation
- 10. Epilogue
- Evolution of Molecular Networks
- 1. Network representations of biological data
- 2. Global organization of biological networks
- 3. Evolution of global network organization
- 4. Local organization and dynamics of biological networks
- 5. Evolution of local network organization
- 6. The future of evolutionary systems biology
- Evolution and Development: Organisms
- 1. Evolution of form and function
- 2. The rise of evolutionary developmental biology
- 3. Evolutionary constraints and patterns of allometry
- 4. Patterns of parallel evolution
- 5. The paradox of morphological stasis
- 6. Opportunities for future research
- Evolution and Development: Molecules
- 1. The goals of molecular studies in evolutionary developmental biology
- 2. Mapping genotype to phenotype during development
- 3. Mapping genotype to phenotype during evolution
- 4. The evolution of novel traits and their underlying gene regulatory networks
- 5. Future areas of research in evolutionary developmental biology
- Genetics of Phenotypic Evolution
- 1. Genetic architecture of phenotypic evolution
- 2. Molecular basis of phenotypic evolution
- 3. Using genotypes to test whether phenotypes are adaptive
- 4. Genetic basis of repeated phenotypic evolution
- 5. Prospects for future research
- Dissection of Complex Trait Evolution
- 1. Genetic variation in complex traits
- 2. Using laboratory crosses to map the mutations responsible for phenotypic evolution
- 3. Using association testing to map the mutations responsible for phenotypic evolution
- 4. Current challenges and prospects for future research
- Searching for Adaptation in the Genome
- 1. Evolution as mutation and change in allele frequencies
- 2. The neutral theory of molecular evolution
- 3. The McDonald-Kreitman test
- 4. Population genomics approaches for detecting and quantifying adaptation
- 5. Remaining challenges
- Ancient DNA
- 1. Beginnings
- 2. The importance of being clean
- 3. Name that bone: Inserting extinct species into molecular phylogenies
- 4. Ancient population genetics and phylogeography
- 5. Ancient genomics
- 6. The future of ancient DNA
- Section VI Speciation and Macroevolution
- Species and Speciation
- 1. Species concepts and definitions
- 2. Speciation as the evolution of intrinsic barriers to gene exchange
- 3. Classifying barriers to gene exchange
- 4. Studying speciation
- Speciation Patterns
- 1. Testing the nature of species
- 2. Speciation patterns in sexual eukaryotes
- 3. Speciation patterns in asexuals
- 4. Speciation patterns in prokaryotes
- 5. Speciation and global diversity patterns
- 6. Linking patterns with process
- Geography, Range Evolution, and Speciation
- 1. Geographic patterns of species and speciation
- 2. The geography of speciation
- 3. Island patterns and their implications
- 4. Speciation and area
- 5. Geographic and geological triggers of speciation
- 6. Challenges and prospects
- Speciation and Natural Selection
- 1. Types of natural selection contributing to reproductive isolation
- 2. Types of reproductive barriers and the effect of selection on their evolution
- 3. Considerations when studying natural selection and speciation
- 4. Reinforcement
- 5. Future directions
- Speciation and Sexual Selection
- 1. Can sexual selection generate diversity?
- 2. Patterns of speciation by sexual selection
- 3. The mechanisms of sexual selection that cause speciation
- 4. Sexual selection and postmating isolation
- Gene Flow, Hybridization, and Speciation
- 1. Gene flow leads to species cohesion
- 2. Gene flow and the origin of species
- 3. Hybridization: A common phenomenon
- 4. Evolutionary outcomes of hybridization
- 5. How to think about species in the context of gene flow and hybridization
- Coevolution and Speciation
- 1. Coevolution and the divergence of species interactions
- 2. Speciation with character displacement
- 3. Predators, parasites, and diversification
- 4. Mutualistic networks and speciation
- 5. Coevolved symbionts and speciation
- 6. Escape-and-radiate coevolution
- 7. Cospeciation
- 8. Conclusions
- Genetics of Speciation
- 1. Genetics of prezygotic isolation
- 2. Genetics of postzygotic isolation
- 3. Summary
- Speciation and Genome Evolution
- 1. From beanbags to genomes
- 2. Geography and gene flow
- 3. Primary versus secondary geographic contact
- 4. Selection-recombination antagonism and genomic heterogeneity
- 5. Empirical data and patterns
- 6. Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation
- 7. Polyploidy and speciation
- 8. Sex chromosomes and speciation
- Adaptive Radiation
- 1. Biodiversity
- 2. Origin and development of the concept
- 3. The ecological theory
- 4. Speciation
- 5. Ecological opportunity
- 6. Species interactions
- 7. Intrinsic factors: Key innovations
- 8. Hybridization
- 9. Testing the ideas
- 10.Future prospects
- Macroevolutionary Rates
- 1. How “fast” is evolution?
- 2. Rates of speciation and extinction
- 3. Rates of trait evolution
- 4. Are there relationships between rates of trait evolution and diversification?
- Macroevolutionary Trends
- 1. Directionality in evolution
- 2. The scope of trends
- 3. Trend mechanisms
- 4. Examples of trend hypotheses
- Causes and Consequences of Extinction
- 1. Species extinction
- 2. Some definitions: Extinction styles and magnitudes
- 3. Mass extinctions
- 4. Declining extinction risk and resetting the clock
- 5. Extinction and the drivers of macroevolution
- Species Selection
- 1. Concepts and consequences
- 2. History and controversy
- 3. Empirical tests
- Key Evolutionary Innovations
- 1. Key innovation concepts in evolutionary biology
- 2. Where do key evolutionary innovations originate?
- 3. How do key innovations lead to evolutionary diversity?
- 4. Testing hypotheses of key innovation
- 5. Problems with the idea of key innovations
- Evolution of Communities
- 1. What are communities?
- 2. Microevolutionary change and community evolution
- 3. Macroevolutionary change and community evolution
- 4. Geography of speciation and extinction
- Section VII Evolution of Behavior, Society, and Humans
- Genes, Brains, and Behavior
- 1. Genes and behavior
- 2. “Nature versus nurture”
- 3. What is a “behavioral gene”?
- 4. Analyzing behavior: Natural variations versus mutations
- 5. Genomes and systems genetics
- 6. The future of behavioral genetics: The behavioral epigenome
- Evolution of Hormones and Behavior
- 1. Hormonal mechanisms and phenotypic variation
- 2. Hormones and phenotypic integration
- 3. Hormones and microevolution
- 4. Hormones and macroevolution
- 5. Summary and future directions
- Game Theory and Behavior
- 1. The basic ideas
- 2. Examples
- 3. Issues for consideration
- 4. Applications
- 5. Future directions
- Sexual Selection and Its Impact on Mating Systems
- 1. What are mating systems and why are they important?
- 2. Measures of mating systems
- 3. Plastic, continuous mating systems and the evolution of behavior
- 4. Mating systems and evolutionary potential
- 5. Applied relevance of the study of the evolution of mating systems
- Sexual Selection: Male-Male Competition
- 1. Why are males most often the competing sex and females the choosy sex?
- 2. The processes of sexual selection
- 3. Male-male competition in the big and small
- 4. Weapon evolution
- 5. Additional forms of male-male competition
- 6. Male-male competition in plants
- 7. Total sexual selection
- 8. Sexual selection and ecological context
- Sexual Selection: Mate Choice
- 1. Why does mate choice fascinate evolutionary biologists?
- 2. What counts as mate choice?
- 3. Choosiness lowers the breeding rate, and there are other costs
- 4. The rewards of being choosy
- 5. Why do the sexes differ in choosiness?
- Evolution of Communication
- 1. Elements of animal communication
- 2. What communication is
- 3. How does communication originate and how does it evolve?
- 4. Evolutionary trajectories: Four examples
- 5. On the reliability of animal communication
- Evolution of Parental Care
- 1. Natural diversity in forms of parental care
- 2. Origin and evolution of parental care
- 3. Evolutionary maintenance of parental care
- 4. Genetics and epigenetics of parental care
- 5. Sociality beyond family
- Cooperation and Conflict: Microbes to Humans
- 1. What is cooperation and why is it so important?
- 2. Fraternal and egalitarian cooperation
- 3. Fraternal cooperation is explained by kin selection
- 4. Egalitarian cooperation requires direct benefits
- 5. Conflict and control of conflict in fraternal cooperative systems
- 6. Conflict and control of conflict in egalitarian cooperative systems
- 7. Organismality results from high cooperation and low conflict
- Cooperative Breeding
- 1. Ecology and evolution of cooperative breeding
- 2. The evolution of helping
- 3. Individual differences in helping behavior
- 4. Reproductive conflict
- Human Behavioral Ecology
- 1. Development of human behavioral ecology
- 2. Problems and criticism
- 3. New focus on evolution in the modern societies
- 4. What can human behavioral ecology contribute to the general study of evolution?
- Evolutionary Psychology
- 1. The Darwinian background for evolutionary psychology
- 2. The modern-day program of evolutionary psychology
- 3. Psychological evidence
- 4. The application of evolutionary models in evolutionary psychology
- 5. Evolutionary alternatives
- Evolution of Eusociality
- 1. Eusociality: A highly integrated form of social organization
- 2. What drives eusociality?
- 3. Working together
- 4. Intragroup conflicts and their resolution
- Cognition: Phylogeny, Adaptation, and By-Products
- 1. What are we measuring?
- 2. The space of possibilities
- 3. Novel possibilities and unanticipated outcomes
- 4. Evolving limitless options
- Evolution of Apparently Nonadaptive Behavior
- 1. What is apparently nonadaptive behavior?
- 2. Behavior as a transaction
- 3. Random mutation versus adaptation: Cannibalism
- 4. Manipulation: Imposter birds and zombie snails
- 5. Evolution does not equal perfection: Sexual cannibalism
- 6. Same-sex sexual behavior: A case study
- 7. Insights from apparently nonadaptive behavior
- Aging and Menopause
- 1. A natural history of aging
- 2. Theories for the evolution of aging
- 3. Menopause
- 4. Pressing questions on the evolution of aging
- Section VIII Evolution and Modern Society
- Evolutionary Medicine
- 1. Evolution and medicine
- 2. Pathogens
- 3. Defense mechanisms
- 4. Trade-offs in human traits
- 5. Mismatches to modernity
- 6. Implications of evolutionary medicine
- Evolution of Parasite Virulence
- 1. Defining virulence
- 2. The phase model of virulence
- 3. The trade-off model
- 4. Vertically transmitted parasites
- 5. How well do optimality models predict virulence?
- Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
- 1. A medical miracle—and how to ruin it
- 2. Origins of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance mechanisms
- 3. Transmission of resistant bacteria
- 4. Persistence and reversibility of resistance
- 5. Can resistance evolution be slowed or even stopped?
- 6. Will antibiotics become a footnote to medical history?
- Evolution and Microbial Forensics
- 1. Evolutionary thinking, molecular epidemiology, and microbial forensics
- 2. The uses of DNA in human and microbial forensics
- 3. Genetic technology and the significance of a “match”
- 4. The Kameido Aum Shinrikyo anthrax release
- 5. The Ames strain and the 2001 anthrax letters
- 6. From molecular epidemiology to microbial forensics and back
- Domestication and the Evolution of Agriculture
- 1. Domestication
- 2. Evolution under domestication
- 3. Agriculture as a mutualism
- 4. Agriculture in ants
- 5. Conclusions
- Evolution and Conservation
- 1. Evolution, genetics, and conservation
- 2. Process versus pattern and why both matter
- 3. The enemies to watch out for
- 4. What genomics brings to the table
- 5. Concluding thoughts and prospectus
- Directed Evolution
- 1. Directed evolution of nucleic acids
- 2. Directed evolution of proteins
- 3. Directed evolution of cells
- 4. The future of directed evolution
- Evolution and Computing
- 1. Unexpected links and shared principles
- 2. How evolutionary biology joined forces with computer science
- 3. How evolutionary computation is helping evolutionary biology
- 4. Evolutionary computation takes off
- 5. The future of evolution and computing
- Linguistics and the Evolution of Human Language
- 1. What is language?
- 2. When did language evolve?
- 3. Why did language evolve?
- 4. The evolution of human languages
- 5. Languages adapt to speakers
- 6. The future of language evolution
- Cultural Evolution
- 1. What cultural evolution is not
- 2. Memetics
- 3. Cultural evolution
- 4. Nonhuman animal cultural evolution
- 5. Defining culture
- Evolution and Notions of Human Race
- 1. The biological meaning of race
- 2. Do biological races exist in chimpanzees?
- 3. Do biological races exist in humans?
- 4. Do adaptive traits define human races?
- 5. Do human races exist: The answer
- The Future of Human Evolution
- 1. Can we predict how humans will evolve?
- 2. Has human evolution stopped?
- 3. Future nonadaptive evolution
- 4. Future adaptive evolution
- 5. Eugenics and genetic engineering
- Evolution and Religion
- 1. Natural theology and the Bridgewater Treatises
- 2. Darwin's revolution
- 3. Evolution and the Bible
- 4. The problem of evil
- 5. Evolution: Imperfect design, not intelligent design
- 6. Evolution and religion: Coda
- Creationism and Intelligent Design
- 1. What kind of creationist?
- 2. The creation-evolution continuum
- 3. Intelligent design
- 4. What does the future hold?
- Evolution and the Media
- 1. Evolution and the birth of modern science communication
- 2. Evolution and creationism: The dangers of false balance
- 3. Evolution and the rise of new media
- 4. The Darwinius affair: A cautionary tale
- 5. Conclusion