This title provides the definitive reference resource on terrorism throughout the world from Ancient Greece and Rome to the post-September 11 world.

Table of Contents

• Introduction: The Problem and Meaning of World Terrorism
• A-Z Entries
• A
• Afghanistan: Rise of the Taliban, 1990s
• Afghanistan: Soviet War, 1979–1989
• Afghanistan: Terrorist Haven Under the Taliban, 1994–2001
• Afghanistan: U.S. Invasion and War, 2001–Present
• Airport Security, U.S., Post–9/11
• Algeria: Fundamentalist Conflict, 1980s–Present
• Algeria: Liberation War Against France, 1954–1962
• Al-Qaeda
• Ancient World: Greece and Rome
• Angola: Civil and Separatist Wars, 1975–2000s
• Anti-Muslim Sentiment, Post–9/11
• Argentina: Leftist Terrorism and the “Dirty War,” 1960s–1980s
• Asia, Middle Ages: Mongols
• Asia and the Pacific: Japanese Occupation, 1931–1945
• Assassination
• Asymmetric Warfare
• B
• Bahrain: Shiite Struggle, 1980s–Present
• Bin Laden, Osama
• Bin Laden, Osama: Pursuit and Death of, 1998–2011
• Bosnia: Civil Conflict, 1991–1995
• Brazil: Military Dictatorship, 1964–1985
• British Empire: Counterterrorism Before 1945
• C
• Cambodia: Genocide and Civil Conflict, 1975–1978
• Canada: International Terrorism, 1970s–Present
• Canada: Quebec Separatism, 1960s–1970s
• Central Asian Republics: Islamist Terrorism, 1991–Present
• Chile: Coup and Dictatorship, 1965–1989
• China: Uighur and Muslim Unrest, 1990s–Present
• Civil Liberties, Civil Rights, and National Security, Post –9/11
• Cleanup and Rebuilding, Post–9/11
• Collaboration Among Terrorists
• Colombia: Guerrilla Warfare and Narco-Terrorism, 1960s–Present
• Counterterrorism (Overview)
• Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare
• Cyprus: Anti-British Struggle, 1954–1958
• D
• Definitions, Views, and Categories of Terrorism (Overview)
• Domestic vs. International Terrorism
• Drone Attacks and Assassinations, Counterterrorist
• Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime Connections
• E
• Eastern Europe and Soviet Union: Anti-German Resistance, 1939–1945
• Eastern Europe and Soviet Union: German Occupation, 1939–1945
• Economic Impact of 9/11, Global
• Economic Impact of 9/11, U.S.
• Egypt: Fundamentalist Struggle, 1980s–2000s
• El Salvador: Civil War, 1970s–1992
• Emergency Response to 9/11: Police, Firefighters, Medical Personnel
• Eritrea: Anti-Ethiopian Struggle and Somali Civil War, 1961–2000s
• Ethnonationalist Terrorism
• Europe: Holocaust, 1933–1945
• Europe, Middle Ages
• Europe and Japan: German and Allied Bombing, 1939–1945
• European Colonial Conquests, 18th–20th Centuries
• F
• Financial Counterterrorism
• Finland: Civil War, 1918
• France: Anarchism, 1880s–1890s
• France: Anti-German Resistance, 1940–1945
• France: Ethnic, Nationalist, and Separatist Struggles, 1960s–1990s
• France: Islamist Terrorism, 1990s
• France: Left-Wing Terrorism and Activism, 1970s–2000s
• France: Paris Commune, 1871
• France: Response to Anti-Colonial Struggles, 1946–1962
• France: Revolution, 1789–1815
• France: Right-Wing Terrorism, 1960s–1990s
• France and Italy: German Occupation, 1940–1945
• Freelance, Contract, and Lone Zealot Terrorists
• G
• Germany: Waffen SS, 1939–1945
• Germany: World War II Atrocities and Crimes, 1939–1945
• Germany, West: Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Gang), 1960s–1980s
• Germany and Japan: War Crimes Trials, 1945–1948
• Greece: Civil War, 1944–1953
• Greece: Domestic and International Terrorism, 1973–2000s
• Guatemala: Civil War, 1960s–1996
• H
• Hijackers, 9/11
• Hijacking
• Historical Roots—Terrorism Through World War II (Overview)
• Homeland Defense, U.S.: Organization and Policy, Post–9/11
• Hostage Negotiations
• Hunt for al-Qaeda and Terrorist Networks, 2001–Present
• I
• Ideological Orientation in Modern Terrorism: Anti-Western and Anti-U.S.
• Immigration Policy and Border Defense, U.S., Post–9/11
• Imprisonment and Legal Status of Detainees, Post–9/11
• India: Anti-British Struggle, 1900–1947
• India: Kashmir Struggle, 1947–Present
• India: Sikh Nationalism, 1970s–1990s
• Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam): Anti-French Conflict, 1946–1954
• Indonesia: Islamist Militancy, 1990s–Present
• Intelligence Community, U.S.: Pre-9/11 Failures and Successes
• Intelligence Community, U.S.: Response to 9/11
• Intelligence, Counterterrorist
• International Cooperation Against Terrorism
• International Law and the War on Terrorism
• Internet, Terrorist Use of
• Iran: Revolution and Post-Revolution Violence, 1970s–Present
• Iran: State Sponsorship of Terrorism, 1980s–Present
• Iraq: Saddam Hussein Regime, 1968–2003
• Iraq: State Terrorism Against the Kurds, 1968–2003
• Iraq: U.S. Invasion and Post–Saddam Hussein Era, 2003–Present
• Ireland: Independence Struggle, 1916–1923
• Islamist Fundamentalist Terrorism
• Israel: Raid on Entebbe, 1976
• Israel: Raids on the PLO, 1960s–1980s
• Israel: Response to Terrorism, 1948–Present
• Israel: War of Independence, 1948–1949
• Israel/Palestine: Jewish Terrorism, 1940s–Present
• Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1960s–Present
• Italy: Red Brigades, 1969–1984
• J
• Japan: Atomic Bomb, 1945
• Japan: Aum Shinrikyo Terrorism, 1980s–1990s
• Japan: Radical Attacks, 1960s–1980s
• Jordan: Palestinian Nationalism and Islamic Fundamentalism, 1960s–2000s
• K
• Kenya: Mau Mau Uprising, 1952–1956
• Kenya and Tanzania: U.S. Embassy Bombings, 1998
• Kidnapping and Extortion
• Korea: Korean War, 1950–1953
• Korea, North: WMD Threat, 1980s–Present
• L
• Law Enforcement, Counterterrorist
• Lebanon: Civil War, 1975–1990
• Lebanon: Hezbollah, 1982–Present
• Lebanon: Post–Civil War Era, 1987–Present
• Left-Wing and Revolutionary Terrorism
• Libya: State Sponsorship of Terrorism, 1970s–2000s
• M
• Macedonia: Anti-Turkish Resistance, 1893–1939
• Malaysia (Malaya): Anti-British Conflict, 1948–1960
• Mass-Casualty Attacks and Strategic Targets
• Media and Propaganda in Counterterrorism
• Media Coverage and Manipulation in Modern Terrorism
• Media Coverage of 9/11
• Mexico: Narco-Terrorism, 2000s–Present
• Mexico: Zapatista Uprising, 1994–2000s
• Middle East, Middle Ages: Assassins’ Cult
• Modern Terrorism—Post–World War II Era (Overview)
• Money: Raising, Laundering, and Transfer
• N
• Namibia: Anti–South African Struggle, 1960–1990
• National Political Response to 9/11, U.S.
• Nepal: Maoist Uprising, 1996–2006
• New York City and State Response to 9/11
• Nicaragua: Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1974–1990
• Nigeria: Antigovernment Violence and Christmas Day Bomber, 1960s–2000s
• Norway: German Occupation, 1940–1945
• O
• Organization of Terrorist Groups
• Ottoman Empire (Turkey): Armenian Massacres and Genocide, 1894–1896, 1914–1916
• P
• Pakistan: Islamist Struggle, 1947–Present
• Palestine: Beginning of International Terrorism, 1968–1970
• Palestine: Birth of Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization, 1948–1969
• Palestine, British: 1920–1947
• Palestine: First Intifada, 1987–1992
• Palestine: Islamist Fundamentalism, 1980s–Present
• Palestine: PLO and the Arab States, 1970s–Present
• Palestinian Terrorism: Hijacking of the Achille Lauro, 1985
• Palestinian Terrorism: Raids on Kiryat Shmona and Ma'alot, 1974
• Peru: Shining Path and Leftist Uprisings, 1970s–2000s
• Philippines: Marxist and Islamist Struggles, 1940s–2000s
• Portuguese Africa (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique): Liberation Struggles, 1961–1975
• Privacy Issues and Government Spying, Post–9/11
• Psychology of Terrorists
• R
• Recruitment and Training of Terrorists
• Religious (Non-Islamist) Terrorism
• Right-Wing and Reactionary Terrorism
• Romania: Nazi Collaboration, 1940–1942
• Russia: Anarchism, 1878–1881
• Russia: Chechnya Conflict, 1994–Present
• Russia: Civil War, 1917–1921
• Russia/Soviet Union: Ethnic and Nationalist Conflict in the Transcaucasus Region and Ukraine, 1980s–2000s
• Rwanda: Genocide, 1994–2000s
• S
• Safe Havens, Terrorist
• Saudi Arabia: Domestic and International Terrorism, 1980s–2000s
• Security and Defense Legislation, U.S., Post–9/11
• September 11, 2001: Attacks and Response (Overview)
• September 11, 2001: International Reaction (Overview)
• September 11, 2001: Political, Legal, and Social Issues (Overview)
• September 11, 2001: Security and Defense Responses (Overview)
• Serbia: Kosovo Conflict, 1990s
• Shock and Mourning, Post–9/11
• Sierra Leone: Civil War, 1997–2002
• Somalia: Failed State Conflict and Rise of Islamist Militants, 1977–2000s
• South Africa: Antiapartheid Struggle, 1948–1994
• South Africa: Postapartheid Violence, 1994–2000s
• Soviet Union: Stalinism, 1928–1953
• Soviet Union: Wartime Atrocities and Crimes, 1941–1945
• Spain: Conflict with ETA, 1959–2000s
• Spain: Islamist Terrorism, 2004
• Special Events Security, Post–9/11
• Special Operations, Counterterrorist
• Sri Lanka: Tamil Tiger Uprising, Late 1970s–2009
• State vs. Nonstate Terrorism
• State-Sponsored Terrorism
• Sudan: Conflicts in South Sudan and Darfur, Late 1950s–2000s
• Sudan: Terrorist Haven, 1989–2000s
• Suicide Attacks
• Syria: State Sponsorship of Terrorism, 1979–2000s
• T
• Tactics, Methods, and Aims of Modern Terrorism (Overview)
• Technology, Terrorist and Counterterrorist
• Terror Threat Warnings, Post–9/11
• Timor Leste (East Timor): Independence Struggle, 1975–2002
• Torture, Prisoner Abuse, and Extraordinary Rendition
• Turkey: Kurdish Struggle, 1984–2000s
• U
• Uganda: Lord's Resistance Army and Other Terrorist Groups, 1996–2001
• Uganda: State Terrorism Under Idi Amin, 1971–1979
• United Kingdom: Decolonization and Post-Decolonization Struggles, 1945–1970s
• United Kingdom: Islamist Terrorism, 2000s
• United Kingdom: Northern Ireland Troubles, 1968–2000s
• United States: Animal Rights, 1970s–2000s
• United States: Anthrax Attacks, 2001
• United States: Antiabortion Violence, 1973–Present
• United States: Aryan Nations and White Supremacists, 1970s–2000s
• United States: Black Panther Violence, 1966–1971
• United States: Ecoterrorism, 1980s–2000s
• United States: Indian Wars, 17th-19th Centuries
• United States: Ku Klux Klan Violence, 1865–1990s
• United States: Millennium Bomb Plot, 1999
• United States: Molly Maguires, 1860s–1870s
• United States: Oklahoma City Bombing and the Militia Movement, 1990s
• United States: Puerto Rican Separatism, 1950s–1980s
• United States: Response to Terrorism Before September 11: 1960s–2001
• United States: Symbionese Liberation Army Violence, 1970s
• United States: Tax Protesters, 1970s–Present
• United States: Weathermen Violence, 1960s–1970s
• United States: World Trade Center Bombing, 1993
• Urban vs. Rural Terrorism
• Uruguay: Tupamaro Uprising, 1960s–1985
• U.S. Armed Forces Missions, Post–9/11
• U.S. Foreign Policy, Post–9/11
• U.S. Foreign Relations, Post–9/11
• U.S. National Guard Missions, Post–9/11
• V
• Venezuela: Guerrilla Uprising, 1962–1979
• Victim Relief, Post–9/11
• Victims, Use of by Terrorists
• Victims and Survivors of 9/11
• Vietnam: U.S. War, 1959–1975
• W
• Weapons, Chemical and Biological
• Weapons, Conventional
• Weapons, Nuclear and Radiological
• World War I: Assassination at Sarajevo, 1914
• World War I: Atrocities, 1914–1918
• Y
• Yemen: Civil War and Islamist Terrorism, 1990s–2000s
• Yugoslavia: Anti-German Resistance, 1941–1945
• Z
• Zimbabwe (Rhodesia): Liberation Struggle and Postliberation Violence, 1965–2000s
• Primary Documents
• Josephus's Account of the Sicarii (ca. C.E. 75)
• Crusader Tactics, Excerpt from d'Aguilers's History (1099)
• The Ismaili Assassins, Account by Marco Polo (ca. 1271)
• Massacre at Lenthall, Account by Oliver Cromwell (ca. 1649)
• Robespierre's Reign of Terror, Miscellaneous Documents (1793–1794)
• John Brown's Raid, A Recollection (1859)
• The Sand Creek Massacre, Excerpt from the Congressional Testimony of John S. Smith (1865)
• Pogroms Against Russian Jews, News Dispatches (1881)
• August Spies and the Haymarket Riots, Excerpt from An Autobiographical Sketch (1886)
• Colonial Terror in the Congo Free State, Report of the British Consul (1904)
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, A Firsthand Account (1914)
• Occupation of Belgium in World War I, Report on German Outrages (1914)
• Armenian Massacres in the Ottoman Empire, Excerpt from the Bryce Report (1916)
• Russia's Red Terror, Miscellaneous Documents (1918–1919)
• Irish Declaration of Independence (1919)
• Zionist Manifesto, “The Iron Wall,” by Vladimir Jabotinsky (1923)
• Kristallnacht, Nazi Germany, Miscellaneous Documents (1938)
• Israeli Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance (1948) and Amendments (1980, 1986, 1993)
• Tokyo Convention on Offenses Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)
• An American Nazi Manifesto, by George Lincoln Rockwell (1965)
• Palestinian National Charter (1968)
• French Canadian Separatism, FLQ Manifesto (1970)
• The Hague Convention on the Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)
• OAS Convention to Prevent and Punish Acts of Terrorism (1971)
• Montreal Convention on Civil Aviation Safety (1971)
• Symbionese Liberation Army Manifesto (1973)
• Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons (1973)
• Convention on Biological and Toxin Weapons (1975)
• European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (1977)
• UN Resolution 3034, Measures to Prevent International Terrorism (1977)
• UN Resolution 425, on the Withdrawal of Israeli Forces from Lebanon (1978)
• International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)
• Nuclear Material Convention (1980)
• Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act, India (1984)
• UN Resolution 39/159, on State Terrorism (1984)
• SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism (1987)
• Supplement to the Montreal Convention of 1971 (1988)
• Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)
• Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988)
• Covenant of Hamas, Islamic Resistance Movement (1988)
• Montreal Convention on Plastic Explosives (1991)
• UN Resolution 731, on Libya's Support of Terrorism (1992)
• UN Resolution 748, Imposing Economic and Political Sanctions on Libya
• Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), Statement of Principles (1992)
• Executive Order 12947, Prohibiting Transactions with Specially Designated Terrorists (1995)
• ETA Manifesto to the Basque Country (1995)
• Presidential Decision Directive 39, on Domestic Counterterrorism (1995)
• Unabomber Manifesto (1995)
• Ottawa Ministerial Declaration on Countering Terrorism (1995)
• UN Resolution 1044, on the Assassination Attempt on the Egyptian President (1996)
• Summit of Peacemakers: Sharm el-Sheikh Final Statement (1996)
• Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Summary (1996)
• UN Resolution 1054, Imposing Sanctions in Connection with Resolution 1044 (1996)
• G-7 Declaration on Terrorism, Lyon, France (1996)
• Church Arson Prevention Act (1996)
• G-7/P-8 Ministerial Conference on Terrorism, Paris, Agreement (1996)
• UN Resolution 51/210, Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (1996)
• International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)
• World Islamic Front Statement, Osama bin Laden (1998)
• League of Arab States Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism (1998)
• UN Resolution 1189, Condemning the U.S. Embassy Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania (1998)
• UN Resolution 1193, on the Situation in Afghanistan and the Ruling Taliban (1998)
• UN Resolution 1214, on the Worsening Situation in Afghanistan (1998)
• New Year Statement, Irish Republican Army (1999)
• Convention of the Organization of the Islamic Conference on Combating International Terrorism (1999)
• UN Resolution 1267, Demanding the Extradition of Osama bin Laden from Afghanistan (1999)
• UN Resolution 1269, on the Responsibility of the Security Council in the Maintenance of International Peace and Security (1999)
• International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999)
• UN Resolution 1333, on the Continuing Situation in Afghanistan (2000)
• Statement of Explanation, Oklahoma City Bombing, Timothy McVeigh (2001)
• UN Resolution 56/1, Condemnation of Terrorist Attacks in the United States (2001)
• UN Resolution 1368, on Threats to International Peace and Security Caused by Terrorist Acts (2001)
• Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, President George W. Bush, September 20, 2001
• OAS Resolution, Strengthening Hemispheric Cooperation to Prevent, Combat, and Eliminate Terrorism (2001)
• Executive Order on Terrorist Financing (2001)
• UN Resolution 1373, on Suppressing Terrorist Financing (2001)
• Al-Qaeda Statement on the War in Afghanistan (2001)
• IRA Statement on Disarmament (2001)
• USA PATRIOT Act, Summary by U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy (2001)
• Statement by Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi on Antiterrorism Legislation (2001)
• Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act, United Kingdom, Summary (2001)
• Anti-Terrorism Act, Canada, Official Recommendation and Summary (2001)
• “Army of God Manual,” Excerpt (2002)
• Prevention of Terrorism Act, India (2002)
• Documents on Torture, George W. Bush Administration (2002)
• National Security Strategy of the United States, George W. Bush Administration (2002)
• Letter on Iraq from L. Paul Bremer to President George W. Bush (2003)
• Retroactive Immunity, FISA Amendments Act (2008)
• Final Report on the Mumbai Terrorist Attack of November 26, 2008 (2009)
• President Barack Obama Announces Troop Surge in Afghanistan (2009)
• “Message of Hope and Glad Tidings to Our People in Egypt,” Open Letter from Ayman al-Zawahiri (2011)
• President Barack Obama Announces the Killing of Osama bin Laden (2011)
• Chronology
• Directory of Terrorist Groups and Individuals
• Glossary
• Master Bibliography
• Books, Articles, and Reports
• Web Sites