This 4-volume work--the largest reference work available on the subject--completely integrates basic and clinical aspects of sleep and sleep disorders.

Table of Contents

• Editor-in-Chief
• Editorial Board
• Preface
• Permission Acknowledgments
• Basic Sleep Concepts, Science, Deprivation, and Mechanisms
• Background
• Perspectives
• A History of the Scientific Study of Sleep
• History of Sleep Medicine
• Normal Human Sleep
• Concepts of Fatigue, Sleepiness, and Alertness
• Classification of Sleep Disorders
• Ontogeny of Sleep
• Evolution of Sleep (Sleep Phylogeny)
• Sleep in Amphibians and Reptiles
• Sleep Physiology in Reptiles and Amphibians
• Sleep in Birds
• Sleep in Aquatic Species
• Mammalian Sleep
• Healthy Sleep
• Basic Sleep Tips
• Creating an Optimal Sleep Environment
• Optimal Sleep Habits in Infants and Children
• Early Childhood Pediatric Sleep Concerns for Parents: Cosleeping
• Optimal Sleep Habits in Adolescents
• Optimal Sleep Habits in Middle-Aged Adults
• Optimal Sleep Habits in the Elderly
• Healthy Aging and Sleep
• Sex Differences in Sleep
• Nutrition and Sleep
• Exercise and Sleep
• When an Individual Should See a Physician About Sleep
• Dreaming
• History of the Study of Dreams
• The Interpretation of Dreams
• The Psychology of Dreams
• Dreams, Psychopathology, Psychotherapy
• Dreaming and Psychiatric Disorders
• Neurobiology of Dreaming
• Sleep Deprivation/Fragmentation Paradigms
• Acute Sleep Deprivation
• Partial and Sleep-Stage-Selective Deprivation
• Sleep Fragmentation
• Nonrestorative Sleep
• Extrinsic Factors Affecting Sleep Loss/Deprivation
• Effects of Light and Temperature on Sleep in Adults and the Elderly
• Effects of Pillows and Bed Surfaces on Sleep
• Sleep and Mental Performance: Effects of Time-Zone Transitions
• Shift Work
• Medications, Drugs of Abuse, and Alcohol
• Intrinsic Factors Affecting Sleep Loss/Deprivation
• Age and Individual Determinants of Cognitive Effects of Sleep Loss
• Homeostatic and Circadian Influences
• Attention and Memory Changes
• Electroencephalographic and Neurophysiological Changes
• Metabolic and Endocrine Changes During Sleep
• Thermoregulatory Changes
• Biochemical Correlates of Prolonged Wakefulness
• Immunologic Changes
• Changes in Gene Expression
• Genetic Effects
• Psychiatric Associations of Sleep Loss/Deprivation
• Changes in Affect
• Antidepressant Effects of Sleep Manipulation
• Personality and Psychopathic Changes
• Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Sleep
• Sleep Loss in Disease States
• Sleep Loss from Major Sleep Disorders
• Sleep Loss Associated with Medical Conditions and Diseases
• Special Populations Affected by Sleep Loss/Deprivation
• Adolescence
• Pregnancy and Postpartum
• Consequences of Sleep Loss
• Sleep Loss: Impact on Self-reported Sleepiness, Effort, Performance, and Motivation
• Impact of Sleep Loss on Subjective and Objective Effort
• Social and Economic Impact
• Occupational Impact
• Military Operational Effectiveness
• Athletic Performance; Effects of Sleep Loss
• Medical Resident/Physician Performance
• Driving Risks and Accidents
• Legal Implications of Sleep Loss
• Short-Term Countermeasures for Sleep Loss Effects
• Behavioral and Environmental Countermeasures of Sleep Loss
• Naps
• Critical Theoretical and Practical Issues
• The Function of Sleep
• Recovery from Sleep Loss
• Eliminating Cumulative Sleep Debt and Sleep Satiation
• Role of Pharmacological Interventions for Sleep Deprivation
• Sleep Length: Findings and Recommendations for Future Research
• Future of Sleep Research
• Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology of Sleep
• Background
• Overview of Physiological Processes During Sleep
• Chemical Neuroanatomy of Sleep–Wake Systems
• Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology of Sleep/Wake Regulations
• Chronobiology of Sleep
• Molecular and Genetic Bases for the Circadian System
• Sleep Homeostasis
• Circadian Rhythms and Physiological Processes
• Chronobiology of Sleep – Circadian Rhythms, Behavior, and Performance
• The Influence of Light, Exercise, and Behavior upon Circadian Rhythms
• Effects of Melatonin and Melatonin Agonists on Circadian Rhythms
• Sleep and the Nervous System
• Basic Sleep–Wake Mechanisms
• NREM Sleep: Anatomy and Physiology
• REM Sleep Anatomy and Physiology
• NREM–REM Sleep Regulation
• Electrophysiology of Sleep–Wake Systems
• Neurochemistry of Sleep
• Thermoregulation and Sleep
• Peripheral Nervous System and Sleep
• The Modulation of Memory by Sleep
• Sleep and the Respiratory System
• The Upper Airway Anatomy
• Respiratory Physiology
• Sleep and the Control of Breathing
• Physiology and Dynamics of the Pharyngeal Airway
• Effects of Altitude on Breathing During Sleep
• Sleep and Other Systems
• Sleep and the Cardiovascular System
• Sleep in Cardiovascular Disease
• Sleep and the Peripheral Vascular System
• Sleep and the Immune System
• Endocrinology of Sleep
• Gastrointestinal Physiology During Sleep
• Pharmacology of Sleep
• Basic Pharmacologic Mechanisms of Sleep
• Endogenous Sleep-Promoting Substances
• Hypnotic Substances and Medications
• Pharmacotherapeutic Principles for Hypnotic Medications
• Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists and Sleep
• Antidepressants and Sleep
• Wake-Promoting Substances
• Wake-Promoting Medications
• Medications that Disrupt Sleep
• Assessment, Methodology, Training, and Policies of Sleep
• Assessment
• History and Physical Exam
• Questionnaires and Rating Scales
• Rating Scales to Assess Sleep Disorders
• Chronobiological Assessment
• Psychologic and Psychiatric Assessment
• Neurologic Assessment
• Cardiac and Cardiovascular Assessment
• Respiratory Assessment
• Gastrointestinal Assessment
• Instrumentation and Methodology
• Adult Polysomnography
• Pediatric Polysomnography
• Portable Monitoring
• Electroencephalography
• Monitoring and Staging Human Sleep
• Respiratory Monitoring During Sleep
• Nocturnal Penile Tumescence
• Overview of Objective Tests to Assess Excessive Sleepiness
• Actigraphy
• Actigraphy in Children
• Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)
• Maintenance of Wakefulness Test
• Psychomotor Vigilance Performance
• Neurocognitive Testing
• Neuroimaging and Sleep
• Training and Research
• Sleep Technologist Requirements
• Fellowship Training for Sleep Medicine
• Board Certification for Sleep Clinicians
• Funding Sources for Sleep-Related Research Grants
• Designing and Implementing Sleep-Related Clinical Trials
• Setting Up a Laboratory for Sleep-Related Animal Research
• Planning Sleep-Related Animal and Translational Research
• Succeeding in an Academic Sleep Environment
• Policies and Procedures
• Accreditation for Sleep Disorders Centers
• Public Policy, Sleep Science, and Sleep Medicine
• Sleep-Related Resources for Patients and Physicians
• Insomnia and Hypersomnias
• Features, Factors, and Characteristics of Insomnia
• Ontogeny of Insomnia
• Etiology and Pathogenesis of Insomnia
• Risk Factors
• Familial and Genetic Factors
• Descriptions of Insomnia
• Description of Insomnia
• Types of Insomnia
• Psychophysiological Insomnia
• Paradoxical Insomnia
• Idiopathic Insomnia
• Insomnia Due to Mental Illness
• Inadequate Sleep Hygiene
• Behavioral Insomnia of Childhood
• Insomnia Due to Drug or Substance Abuse and Dependence
• Insomnia Comorbid with Medical Conditions
• Associations and Consequences of Insomnia
• Endocrine Function and Glucose Metabolism
• Mood and Behavior
• Fatigue and Sleepiness
• Health-Related Quality of Life
• Individual and Societal Impact
• Diagnosis of Insomnia
• Insomnia: History and Physical Exam
• Diagnostic Tools for Insomnia
• Diagnostic Algorithm for Insomnia
• Treatment of Insomnia
• Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia
• Cognitive Therapy for Insomnia
• Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
• Adjunctive and Alternative Treatment of Insomnia
• Special Considerations for the Nonpharmacological Treatment of Insomnia
• Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues for Insomnia
• Gender Differences
• Insomnia in Children
• Insomnia in Older Adults
• Medication Effects
• Impact of Neurological Disorders on Insomnia
• Impact of Psychiatric Disorders
• Legal Implications of Insomnia
• Future Directions in Insomnia Diagnosis and Treatment
• Features, Factors, and Characteristics of Hypersomnias
• The History of Narcolepsy
• Epidemiology of Hypersomnia
• Ontogeny of Hypersomnias
• Hypersomnia: Etiologies
• Pathogenesis of Hypersomnia
• Risk Factors for Hypersomnias
• Familial and Genetic Factors of Narcolepsy
• Descriptions of Hypersomnias
• Overview of Hypersomnias
• Description of Hypersomnias
• Associations and Consequences of Hypersomnias
• Types of Hypersomnia
• Narcolepsy with Cataplexy
• Narcolepsy without Cataplexy
• Narcolepsy due to a Medical Condition
• Recurrent Hypersomnia
• Idiopathic Hypersomnia with Long Sleep Time
• Idiopathic Hypersomnia without Long Sleep Time
• Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome
• Hypersomnia Due to Drug or Substance
• Associations and Consequences of Hypersomnias
• Morbidity and Mortality
• Effect on the Central Nervous System
• Mood and Behavior
• Sleepiness
• Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Hypersomnia
• Economic Impact of Sleep Deprivation
• Individual and Societal Impact of Hypersomnias
• Diagnosis of Hypersomnias
• Diagnosis of Hypersomnia in Children: Screening and Case Finding
• Diagnostic Tools for Hypersomnias
• Diagnostic Algorithm for Hypersomnias
• Treatment of Hypersomnias
• Treatment of Hypersomnia
• Special Considerations for Treatment of Hypersomnias
• Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues for Hypersomnias
• Hypersomnias in Children
• Hypersomnias in the Elderly
• Medications and Sleep
• Impact of Other Sleep Disorders
• Impact of Neurological Diseases
• Impact of Medical Disorders
• Impact of Psychiatric Disorders
• Legal Implications of Hypersomnias
• Future Directions in Hypersomnias: Diagnosis and Treatment
• Sleep in Special Populations
• Pediatric Sleep
• Key Differences in Pediatric versus Adult Sleep
• Electrophysiological Changes in Sleep During Childhood
• Neonates and Infants
• Newborn and Infant Sleep
• Children
• Sleep in Infants and Children with Medical Disorders
• Sleep in Children with Genetic Disorders
• Sleep in Children with Neurological and Neuromuscular Disorders
• Sleep Disturbance in Children with Intellectual and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
• Sleep in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• Sleep in Infants and Children with Chronic Respiratory Disorders
• Sleep in Children with Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases
• Sleep in Children with Psychiatric Disorders
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: From Epidemiology to Pathophysiology
• Sleep in Chronic Pain and Other Pediatric Conditions
• Sleep in Other Age Groups
• Sleep in Middle Age
• Sleep in Older Adults
• Sleep Pathology in the Elderly
• Sleep Disturbances in Nursing Homes
• Sleep in Women
• Normal Sleep in Women
• Sleep in Pregnancy and the Postpartum
• Sleep During Perimenopause
• Sleep and Ethnicity
• Ethnicity and Prevalence of Sleep Disorders
• Sleep, Sleepiness, and Sleep Disorders: Principles for Examining Differences by Ethnicity
• Sleep in Other Conditions
• Sleep in Other Conditions: Sleep in the Caregiver
• Sleep and Anesthesia
• Sleep and Athletes
• Sleep and Shift Work
• Sleep at High Altitudes
• Chronic Mountain Sickness and Sleep
• Sleep in Aviation and Space
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (CRSD)
• Features, Factors, and Characteristics of CRSD
• A Brief History of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder: Genetic and Environmental Factors
• Descriptions of CRSD
• Overview and Description of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
• Pathophysiology, Associations, and Consequences of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder
• Delayed Sleep-Phase Type
• Advanced Sleep Phase Type
• Irregular Sleep–Wake Type
• Non-24-h Sleep–Wake Disorder (Free-running Type, Nonentrained Type, Hypernychthemeral Syndrome) in Sighted and Blind Patients
• Jet Lag Type
• Shift Work Type
• Associations and Consequences of CRSD
• Health Consequences of Circadian Disruption
• Fatigue and Sleepiness in Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
• Individual and Societal Impact
• Diagnosis of CRSD
• History and Physical Examination
• Diagnostic Algorithm for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
• Treatment of CRSD
• Light and Melatonin Treatment for Jet Lag Disorder
• Light and Melatonin Treatment for Shift Work
• Adjunctive and Alternative Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
• Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues for CRSD
• Circadian Rhythm Disorders: Does Sex Matter?
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders in Adolescents
• Age-Related Changes in Circadian Rhythms During Adulthood
• Medication Effects
• Impact of Neurological and Medical Disorders
• Endogenous and Exogenous Melatonin, the Sleep–Wake Cycle, and the Circadian Component of Affective Disorders
• Special Considerations and Future Directions in Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders Diagnosis
• Disruption of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep: Role in Carcinogenesis
• Legal Implications of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
• Sleep Related Breathing Disorders (SRBD)
• Features, Factors, and Characteristics of SRBD
• The History of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
• Epidemiology
• Ontogeny of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Phylogeny and Animal Models
• Upper Airway Pathology
• Arousals
• Pathophysiology/Pathogenesis of OSA
• Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Familial and Genetic Factors – Sleep Apnea
• Associations and Consequences of OSA
• Descriptions of SRBD
• Overview, Description, and Types of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
• Primary Central Sleep Apnea
• Central Sleep Apnea Due to Cheyne–Stokes Breathing Pattern
• Central Sleep Apnea due to a Medical Condition Not Cheyne–Stokes
• Central Sleep Apnea Due to Drug or Substance
• Snoring
• Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
• Primary Sleep Apnea in Infants
• Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Complex Sleep Apnea
• Sleep-Related Idiopathic Nonobstructive Alveolar Hypoventilation
• Congenital Central Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndrome
• Sleep and Obstructive Lung Disease
• Sleep-Related Hypoventilation and Hypoxemia Due to Neuromuscular and Chest Wall Disorders
• Rapid-Onset Obesity with Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD)
• Associations and Consequences of SRBD
• Morbidity and Mortality of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder (SRBD) – Attention and Vigilance
• Executive and Frontal Lobe Function
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease
• Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sleep
• Heart Failure
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Hypertension
• Sleep Apnea and Stroke
• Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Sleep and Obesity
• Mood and Behavior
• Sleepiness
• Health-Related Quality of Life in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
• Individual and Socioeconomic Impact of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
• Commercial Transportation
• Diagnosis of SRBD
• History and Physical Examination – Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
• Screening and Case Finding for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Diagnostic Tools for Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders (SRBD)
• Diagnostic Algorithm for Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
• Polysomnography
• Home Sleep Apnea Testing
• Upper Airway Imaging and Endoscopy
• Treatment of SRBD
• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
• Bilevel Pressure
• Autotitrating Positive Airway Pressure
• Adaptive Servoventilation in Treatment of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
• Upper Airway Surgery in the Adult
• Oral Appliances
• Adjunctive and Alternative Therapies for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues of SRBD
• Gender-Specific Differences in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea–Hypopnea Syndrome
• Pediatric Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing
• Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in the Elderly
• Medication Effects on Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
• Impact of Other Respiratory Conditions and Disorders During Sleep
• Impact of Medical and Other Sleep Disorders
• Impact of Psychiatric Disorders
• Legal Aspects of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
• Sleep Related Movement Disorders (SRMD) and Parasomnias
• Features, Factors, and Characteristics of SRMD
• The Evolution of Diagnostic Rules and Standards for Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Epidemiology of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Etiologies of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders (SRMD)
• Familial and Genetic Factors of Restless Legs Syndrome
• Descriptions of SRMD
• Description of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
• Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
• Sleep Bruxism
• Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
• Hypnagogic Foot Tremor (HFT)
• Associations and Consequences of SRMD
• Morbidity in the Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Mood, Behavior, and Sleepiness of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Sleep-Related Movement Disorders: Health-Related Quality of Life
• Economic Impact, Associations, and Consequences of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Diagnosis of SRMD
• Sleep-Related Movement Disorder: History and Physical Examination
• Diagnostic Algorithm for Sleep-Related Movement Disorders (SRMDs)
• Treatment of SRMD
• Treatment of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Special Considerations for Treatment of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues of SRMD
• Gender Differences in Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Sleep-Related Movement Disorders in Children
• Age-Related Changes in PLMS Characteristics of RLS Patients
• Medication Effects and Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Restless Legs Syndrome in Internal Medicine
• Impact of Psychiatric Disorders on Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Features, Factors, and Characteristics of Parasomnias
• History – Features, Factors, and Characteristics of Parasomnias
• Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Parasomnias
• Ontogeny of Parasomnias
• Pathogenesis and Etiologies
• Familial and Genetic Factors
• Descriptions of Parasomnias
• Parasomnias in Children
• Pathophysiology, Associations, and Consequences of Parasomnias
• Classification of Parasomnias and Diagnostic Criteria
• Confusional Arousals
• Sleepwalking
• Sleep Terrors
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
• Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis
• Nightmare Disorder
• Sleep-Related Dissociative Disorders
• Sleep Enuresis
• Catathrenia: Sleep-Related Groaning
• Exploding Head Syndrome
• Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
• Sexsomnia
• Associations and Consequences of Parasomnias
• Mood and Behavior
• Health-Related Quality of Life
• Diagnosis of Parasomnias
• History and Physical Examination, Screening and Case Finding
• Value of Polysomnography and Other Diagnostic Tools to Diagnose and Treat Parasomnias
• Diagnostic Algorithms for Parasomnias
• Treatment of Parasomnias
• Treatment of Parasomnias
• Special Consideration for the Treatment of Parasomnia
• Special Conditions, Disorders, and Clinical Issues of Parasomnias
• Parasomnias of Childhood
• Effect of Medications and Substances on Parasomnias
• Impact of Medical and Neurological Disorders on Parasomnias
• Parasomnia: Impact of Psychiatric Disorders
• Legal Implications of Parasomnias
• Sleep and Other Conditions or Disorders
• Neurologic Disorders
• Neurological Conditions and Sleep
• Headache and Sleep
• Epilepsy and Sleep
• Cerebrovascular Disorders and Sleep
• Parkinson’s Disease and Sleep
• CNS Disease from Toxins, Alcohol, and Cannabis: Effects on Sleep
• Demyelinating Diseases and Sleep
• Neurodegenerative Diseases and Sleep
• Dementia and Sleep
• Psychiatric Disorders
• Overview of the Impact of Psychiatric Disorders on Sleep
• Mood Disorders and Sleep
• Anxiety Disorders and Sleep
• Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Schizophrenia, Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Sleep
• Eating Disorders and Sleep
• Substance and Alcohol-Related Disorders and Sleep
• Other Medical Conditions or Disorders
• Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Sleep Length
• Pain and Sleep
• Fibromyalgia/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Sleep
• Visual Impairment and Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
• Cancer and Sleep: Cancer is a Circadian Rhythm Disorder
• Systemic and Pulmonary Hypertension and Sleep
• Alterations in Gastrointestinal Functioning During Sleep: Clinical Applications
• Infectious Diseases and Sleep
• Renal Disorders and Sleep
• Nocturia