The Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Second Edition is a reference source that will inform both the crime scene worker and the laboratory worker of each others protocols, procedures and limitations.

Table of Contents

• Editors-in-Chief: Biographies
• Senior Editor: Biography
• Section Editors
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Introduction
• Permission Acknowledgments
• Anthropology/Odontology
• Animal Effects on Bones
• History of Forensic Anthropology
• Forensic Anthropology: An Introduction
• Forensic Taphonomy
• Archeology
• Postmortem Interval
• Species: Human Versus Nonhuman
• Sexing
• Aging the Dead and the Living
• Stature and Build
• Ancestry
• Facial Approximation
• Personal Identification in Forensic Anthropology
• Bone Pathology and Antemortem Trauma
• Biomechanics of Bone Trauma
• Bone Trauma
• Identification of the Living
• Odontology
• Behavioral
• Autoerotic Death
• Criminal Profiling
• Detection of Deception
• Interpretation
• Investigative Psychology
• Lie Detection
• Modus Operandi
• Offender Signature
• Behavioral Forensic Science: An Overview
• Forensic Phonetics
• Forensic Linguistics
• Psychological Autopsies
• Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry
• Forensic Psychiatry
• Forensic Psychology
• Serial Killing
• Stalking
• Biology/DNA
• Forensic Genetics: History
• Basic Principles
• DNA Extraction and Quantification
• Short Tandem Repeats
• Accreditation in Forensic DNA Analysis
• Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms
• MiniSTRs
• Mixture Interpretation (Interpretation of Mixed DNA Profiles with STRs Only)
• Low-Template DNA Testing
• X-Chromosome Markers
• Mitochondrial DNA
• Introduction to Nonhuman DNA Typing
• Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies
• DNA – Statistical Probability
• Parentage Testing and Kinship Analysis
• Significance
• Future Analytical Techniques: DNA Mass Spectrometry
• DNA Databases
• Laboratory Automation and LIMS in Forensics
• Ancestry Informative Markers
• Disaster Victim Identification
• Forensic DNA Advisory Groups: DAB, SWGDAM, ENFSI, and BSAG
• Forensic Laboratory Efficiency and Funding
• Bayesian Networks
• Internet Accessible Population Databases: YHRD and EMPOP
• History of the International Society for Forensic Genetics – ISFG
• Forensic DNA Phenotyping: DNA Testing for Externally Visible Characteristics
• The National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs)
• Microbiology and Bioterrorism
• Biology/DNA/Botany
• Cannabis DNA Typing Methods
• Biology/DNA/Entomology
• Overview
• Biology/DNA/Methods/Analytical Techniques
• Capillary Electrophoresis in Forensic Genetics
• Biology/DNA/RNA
• mRNA and MicroRNA for Body Fluid Identification
• Biology/DNA/Wildlife
• DNA and Endangered Species
• Chemistry/Trace
• Stomach Contents Analysis
• Chemistry/Trace/Adhesive Tapes
• Adhesive Tapes
• Chemistry/Trace/Decomposition Chemistry
• Decomposition Chemistry: Overview, Analysis, and Interpretation
• Chemistry/Trace/Drugs of Abuse
• Clandestine Laboratories
• Analysis of Controlled Substances
• Classification
• Designer Drugs
• Chemistry/Trace/Environmental Analysis
• Overview, Analysis, and Interpretation of Environmental Forensic Evidence
• Chemistry/Trace/Explosives
• Clandestine Explosive Laboratories
• Improvised Explosive Devices
• Explosives: Analysis
• Commercial
• Military
• Improvised Explosives
• Explosions
• Chemistry/Trace/Fibers
• Fibers: Overview
• Transfer
• Persistence and Recovery
• Fiber: Protocols for Examination
• Identification and Comparison
• Textile and Fiber Damage
• Fiber Microscopy
• Color Analysis
• Interpretation of Fiber Evidence
• Chemistry/Trace/Fire Investigation
• Chemistry of Fire
• Physics/Thermodynamics
• Thermal Degradation
• Analysis of Fire Debris
• Interpretation of Fire Debris Analysis
• Chemistry/Trace/Firearm Discharge Residues
• Overview, Analysis, and Interpretation
• Chemistry/Trace/Forensic Geosciences
• Crime Scene Considerations
• Soils
• Forensic Geoscience
• Botany
• Chemistry/Trace/Glass
• Overview (Glass)
• Glass Analysis
• Interpretation of Glass Evidence
• Chemistry/Trace/Miscellaneous Unknowns
• The Forensic Analysis of Chemical Unknowns
• Chemistry/Trace/Paint and Coating
• Overview
• Architectural Paint
• Automotive Paint
• Forensic Paint Analysis
• Interpretation of Paint Evidence
• Chemistry/Trace/Trace Evidence
• Trace Evidence Overview
• Microchemistry
• Digital Evidence
• Child Pornography
• Cellular Phones
• Digital Imaging: Enhancement and Authentication
• Digital Evidence/Audio Forensics
• Audio Enhancement and Authentication
• Digital Evidence/Black Boxes and Security Cameras
• Aircraft Flight Data Recorders
• Digital Evidence/Photography and Digital Imaging
• Digital Imaging and Photography: An Overview
• Documents
• Analytical Methods
• Document Dating
• Forgery/Counterfeits
• Handwriting
• Ink Analysis
• Paper Analysis
• History of the Forensic Examination of Documents
• Overview of Forensic Document Examination
• Engineering
• Forensic Engineering/Accident Reconstruction/Biomechanics of Injury/Philosophy, Basic Theory, and Fundamentals
• Accident Investigation – Determination of Cause
• Airbag Related Injuries and Deaths
• Electronic Data Recorders (EDRs, Black Boxes)
• Analog Tachograph Chart Analysis
• Human Factors Investigation and Analysis of Accidents and Incidents
• Railroad Accident Investigation and Reconstruction
• Analysis of Digital Evidence
• Investigation and Analysis of Structural Collapses
• Biomechanics of Human Gait – Slip and Fall Analysis
• Forensic Chemical Engineering Investigation and Analysis
• Materials Analysis and Failure Analysis
• Investigation and Analysis of Electrical Accidents
• Forensic Medicine/Causes of Death
• Blunt Injury
• Burns and Scalds
• Asphyctic Deaths – Overview and Pathophysiology
• Strangulation
• Traumatic and Postural Asphyxia, Physical Restraint
• Immersion Deaths
• Sharp Trauma
• Systemic Response to Trauma
• Sudden Natural Death
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
• Gunshot Wounds
• Forensic Medicine/Clinical
• Clinical Forensic Medicine – Overview
• Domestic Violence
• Sexual Violence
• Child Abuse
• Defense Wounds
• Self-Inflicted Injury
• Elder Abuse
• Torture
• Forensic Age Estimation
• Hyperthermia and Hypothermia
• Electrocution and Lightning Strike
• Neonaticide
• Identification
• Deaths in Custody
• Suicide
• Traffic Injuries and Deaths
• Airplane Crashes and Other Mass Disasters
• Forensic Medicine/Pathology
• Forensic Pathology – Principles and Overview
• External Postmortem Examination
• Autopsy
• Histopathology
• Early and Late Postmortem Changes
• Estimation of the Time Since Death
• Vital Reactions and Wound Healing
• Postmortem Imaging
• Deaths Associated with Medical Procedures
• Foundations
• History of Forensic Sciences
• Principles of Forensic Science
• Evidence/Classification
• The Frequentist Approach to Forensic Evidence Interpretation
• Statistical Interpretation of Evidence: Bayesian Analysis
• Forensic Intelligence
• Overview and Meaning of Identification/Individualization
• Semiotics, Heuristics, and Inferences Used by Forensic Scientists
• Interpretation/The Comparative Method
• Forensic Classification of Evidence
• Foundations/Fundamentals
• Measurement Uncertainty
• Investigations
• Collection and Chain of Evidence
• Contamination
• Forensic Intelligence Analysis
• Fingerprints
• Major Incident Scene Management
• Packaging
• Preservation
• Recording
• Recovery of Human Remains
• Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstruction
• Suspicious Deaths
• Evidence Collection at Fire Scenes
• Fire Scene Inspection Methodology
• Fire Patterns and Their Interpretation
• Types of Fires
• Counterfeit Goods
• Counterfeit Currency
• Identity Theft
• Forensic Accounting
• Payment Cards
• Crime Scene to Court
• Explosions
• Legal
• The Innocence Project
• DNA Exonerations
• Expert Witness Qualifications and Testimony
• Forensic Laboratory Reports
• Legal Aspects of Forensic Science
• Legal Systems: Adversarial and Inquisitorial
• When Science Changes, How Does Law Respond
• History of the Law’s Reception of Forensic Science
• International Courts and Forensic Science
• Management/Administration of Forensic Science
• International Organizations and Cooperation
• Principles for the Organization of Forensic Support
• Management/Quality in Forensic Science
• Principles of Quality Assurance
• Accreditation
• Certification
• Standard Methods
• Risk Management
• Effectiveness
• Health and Safety
• Sequential Unmasking: Minimizing Observer Effects in Forensic Science
• Methods
• Capillary Electrophoresis: Basic Principles
• Capillary Electrophoresis in Forensic Biology
• Capillary Electrophoresis in Forensic Chemistry
• Chromatography: Basic Principles
• Gas Chromatography
• Liquid and Thin-Layer Chromatography
• Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry
• Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry
• Mass Spectrometry
• Analytical Light Microscopy
• Microscopy (Electron)
• Presumptive Chemical Tests
• Nonchromatographic Separation Techniques
• Spectroscopic Techniques
• Spectroscopy: Basic Principles
• Field-Deployable Devices
• Chemometrics
• Pattern Evidence
• Vehicle Tire Marks and Tire Track Measurement
• Plastic Bag Striations
• Bare Footprint Marks
• The Friction Ridge Skin of the Feet
• Palm Prints
• Footwear Marks
• Serial Number
• Shotgun Ammunition on a Target
• Physical Match
• Tools
• Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification (ACE-V)
• Pattern Evidence/Fingerprints (Dactyloscopy)
• Friction Ridge Print Examination – Interpretation and the Comparative Method
• Automated Methods, Including Criminal Records Administration
• Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
• Chemistry of Print Residue
• Identification and Classification
• Sequential Treatment and Enhancement
• Friction Ridge Skin Impression Evidence – Standards of Proof
• Visualization or Development of Crime Scene Fingerprints
• Pattern Evidence/Firearms
• Humane Killing Tools
• Laboratory Analysis
• Range
• Residues
• Pattern Evidence/History
• Fingerprint Sciences
• Professional
• Accreditation of Educational Programs
• Certification and Licensing
• Continuing Professional Development
• Education and Accreditation in Forensic Science
• Ethics
• Research and Publishing
• Training to Competence
• National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
• American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS)
• Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS)
• American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD)
• European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI)
• International Association for Identification (IAI)
• National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME)
• Senior Managers of Australian and New Zealand Forensic Laboratories (SMANZFL)
• Toxicology
• Toxicology: History
• Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action of Drugs
• Toxicology: Overview and Applications
• Drug Screening in Sport
• Volatile Substances and Inhalants
• Interpretation of Results
• Methods of Analysis – Initial Testing
• Methods of Analysis – Confirmatory Testing
• Postmortem Specimens
• Herbal Psychoactive Substances
• Herbal Medicines and Phytopharmaceuticals – Contaminations
• Behavioral Toxicology
• Postmortem Toxicology: Artifacts
• Toxicology/Alcohol
• Blood
• Urine and Other Body Fluids
• Breath Alcohol
• Alcohol Congeners and the Source of Ethanol
• Alcohol: Interpretation
• Alcohol: Postmortem
• Metabolites of Ethanol
• Toxicology/Drugs of Abuse
• Blood
• Oral Fluid
• Drug-Facilitated Crimes
• Drug-Impaired Driving
• Drugs in Hair
• Postmortem Blood
• Urine
• Validation of Twelve Chemical Spot Tests for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse