The Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Second Edition brings together the dimensions of biodiversity and examines both the services it provides and the measures to protect it. Major themes of the work include the evolution of biodiversity, systems for classifying and defining biodiversity, ecological patterns and theories of biodiversity, and an assessment of contemporary patterns and trends in biodiversity.

Table of Contents

• Editor-In-Chief Biography
• Dedication
• Associate Editors
• Foreword to the First Edition
• Preface to the First Edition
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Permission Acknowledgments
• Agriculture
• Agricultural Invasions
• Agriculture, Industrialized
• Agriculture, Nutrient Management, and Water Quality
• Agriculture, Sustainable
• Agriculture, Traditional
• Agrobiodiversity
• Aquaculture
• Biodiversity-Friendly Farming
• Breeding of Animals
• Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, Ecological Role of
• Crop Mixtures and the Mechanisms of Overyielding
• Domestication of Crop Plants
• Ecology of Agriculture
• Feeding the World and Protecting Biodiversity
• Herbicides
• Hybridization in Plants
• Indigenous Strategies Used to Domesticate Plants in Brazilian Amazon
• Land-Use Changes and CO2 Emissions Due to US Corn Ethanol Production
• Range Ecology, Global Livestock Influences
• Resource Exploitation, Fisheries
• Slash-and-Burn Agriculture, Effects of
• Timber Industry
• Conservation and Restoration
• Biofuels and Biodiversity, Wildlife Habitat Restoration
• Captive Breeding and Reintroduction
• Captive Breeding and the Evolutionarily Significant Unit
• Conservation Biology, Discipline of
• Conservation Efforts, Contemporary
• Conservation Movement, Historical
• Diseases, Conservation and
• Identifying Conservation Priorities using a Return on Investment Analysis
• Impact of Ecological Restoration on Ecosystem Services
• Implications of Urbanization for Conservation and Biodiversity Protection
• In Situ, Ex Situ Conservation
• Landscape Corridors
• Marine Conservation in a Changing Climate
• Marine Protected Areas: Static Boundaries in a Changing World
• Nature-Based Coastal Defenses: Can Biodiversity Help?
• Nitrogen Deposition and Terrestrial Biodiversity
• Oil-Palm Plantations in the Context of Biodiversity Conservation
• Primate Populations, Conservation of
• Priority Setting for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
• Reforestation
• Restoration of Animal, Plant, and Microbial Diversity
• Restoration of Biodiversity, Overview
• Role and Trends of Protected Areas in Conservation
• Role of Botanic Gardens
• Soil Conservation
• Sustainability and Biodiversity
• The Global Environment Facility: Financing the Stewardship of Global Biodiversity
• The Multiple Benefits of River–Floodplain Connectivity for People and Biodiversity
• Traditional Conservation Practices
• Translocation as a Conservation Strategy
• Tropical Forest Regeneration
• Water Funds: A New Ecosystem Service and Biodiversity Conservation Strategy
• Wetland Creation and Restoration
• Economics of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
• Biodiversity and Pest Control Services
• Biodiversity as a Commodity
• Biodiversity, Human Well-Being, and Markets
• Conservation and the World's Poorest of the Poor
• Conserving Biodiversity Outside Protected Areas
• Development by Design: Using a Revisionist History to Guide a Sustainable Future
• Economic Control of Invasive Species
• Economic Value of Biodiversity, Measurements of
• Economics of Agrobiodiversity
• Economics of the Regulating Services
• Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Policies from Biophysical and Social Perspectives: The Case of China
• Impact of Extreme and Infrequent Events on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity
• Indirect Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Biofuels
• Land Use Issues
• Market Economy and Biodiversity
• Modeling Marine Ecosystem Services
• Modeling Terrestrial Ecosystem Services
• Pharmacology, Biodiversity and
• Poverty and Biodiversity
• Property Rights and Biodiversity
• The Value of Biodiversity
• Tourism, Role of
• Valuing Ecosystem Services
• Environmental Conditions and Effects
• Acid and Mercury Deposition Effects on Forest and Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystems
• Air Pollution
• Atmospheric Gases
• Carbon Cycle
• Climate Change: Anticipating and Adapting to the Impacts on Terrestrial Species
• Climate Change and Ecology, Synergism of
• Climate Change and Extinctions
• Climate Change and Wild Species
• Climate, Effects of
• Desertification
• Disturbance, Mechanisms of
• Economic Growth and the Environment
• Ecotoxicology
• El Niño and Biodiversity
• Energy Flow and Ecosystems
• Environmental Ethics
• Eutrophication and Oligotrophication
• Evolution in Response to Climate Change
• Fires, Ecological Effects of
• Grazing, Effects of
• Greenhouse Effect
• Impact of Past Global Warming on Biodiversity
• Insecticide Resistance
• Marine and Aquatic Communities, Stress from Eutrophication
• Nitrogen, Nitrogen Cycle
• Pesticides, Uses and Effects of
• Plant Phenology Changes and Climate Change
• Soil Biota, Soil Systems, and Processes
• Stress, Environmental
• Ultraviolet Radiation
• Evolution
• Adaptation
• Adaptive Radiation
• Biodiversity, Evolution and
• Biodiversity, Origin of
• Complementarity
• Darwin, Charles (Darwinism)
• Defenses, Ecology of
• Dormancy and Diapause
• Eukaryotes, Origin of
• Evolution, Theory of
• Fossil Record
• Geologic Time, History of Biodiversity in
• Life History, Evolution of
• Origin and Diversification of Angiosperms
• Phylogeny
• Plant Communities, Evolution of
• Residents and Transients in the Fossil Record
• Storage, Ecology of
• Extinctions
• Comparing Extinction Rates: Past, Present, and Future
• Dinosaurs, Extinction Theories for
• Endangered Ecosystems
• Endangered Freshwater Invertebrates
• Endangered Mammals
• Endangered Marine Invertebrates
• Endangered Plants
• Extinction, Causes of
• Extinction in the Fossil Record
• Global Declines of Amphibians
• Latent Extinction—The Living Dead
• Loss of Biodiversity, Overview
• Mammals (Late Quaternary), Extinctions of
• Mass Extinctions, Concept of
• Mass Extinctions, Notable Examples of
• Modern Examples of Extinctions
• Museums and Institutions, Role of
• Natural Extinctions (not Human Influenced)
• Threatened Species: Classification Systems and Their Applications
• Genetics
• Conservation Genetics
• Ecological Genetics
• Gene Banks
• Genes, Description of
• Genetic Diversity
• Inbreeding and Outbreeding
• Landscape Genetics
• Nucleic Acid Biodiversity: Rewriting DNA and RNA in Diverse Organisms
• Phenotype, a Historical Perspective
• Recombination
• Geographic and Global Issues
• African and Asian Savannas
• Biodiversity State and Trends in Southeast Asia
• Biodiversity-Rich Countries
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• Biogeography, Overview
• Dispersal Biogeography
• Diversity, Community/Regional Level
• Endemism
• Energy Use, Human
• Global Species Richness
• Hotspots
• Island Biogeography
• Landscape Ecology and Population Dynamics
• Landscape Epidemiology
• Landscape Legacies
• Landscape Modeling
• Latitudinal and Elevational Range Shifts under Contemporary Climate Change
• Latitudinal Gradients of Biodiversity
• Migration
• Neotropical Seasonally Dry Forests
• Rainforest Loss and Change
• Vicariance Biogeography
• Habitats and Ecosystems
• Africa, Ecosystems of
• Alpine Ecosystems
• Amazon Ecosystems
• Antarctic Ecosystems
• Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Asia, Ecosystems of
• Australia, Biodiversity of Ecosystems
• Biodiversity in Logged and Managed Forests
• Boreal Forest Ecosystems
• Census of Marine Life
• Central America, Ecosystems of
• Coastal Beach Ecosystems
• Corals and Coral Reefs
• Desert Ecosystems
• Ecosystem Function, Principles of
• Ecosystem Function Measurement, Aquatic and Marine Communities
• Ecosystem, Concept of
• Ecosystems of South America
• Estuarine Ecosystems
• Europe, Ecosystems of
• Freshwater Ecosystems
• Freshwater Ecosystems, Human Impact on
• Grassland Ecosystems
• Habitat and Niche, Concept of
• High-Elevation Andean Ecosystems
• High-Temperature Ecosystems
• Intertidal Ecosystems
• Lake and Pond Ecosystems
• Land-Use Patterns, Historic
• Macroscopic Patterns in Marine Plankton
• Mangrove Ecosystems
• Marine Ecosystems
• Marine Ecosystems, Human Impacts on
• Marine Sediments
• Mediterranean-Climate Ecosystems
• Near East Ecosystems, Animal Diversity
• Near East Ecosystems, Plant Diversity
• North America, Patterns of Biodiversity in
• Ocean Ecosystems
• Pelagic Ecosystems
• Rainforest Ecosystems, Animal Diversity
• Rainforest Ecosystems, Plant Diversity
• Riparian Landscapes
• River Ecosystems
• Seagrasses
• South American Natural Ecosystems, Status of
• Southern (Austral) Ecosystems
• Subterranean Ecosystems
• Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Tropical Forest Ecosystems
• Urban–Suburban Biodiversity
• Vents
• Wetlands Ecosystems
• Human Effects and Interventions
• Biodiversity and Human Health
• Deforestation and Land Clearing
• Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology
• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
• Human Impact on Biodiversity, Overview
• Hunter-Gatherer Societies, Ecological Impact of
• Indigenous Peoples and Biodiversity
• Natural Reserves and Preserves
• Pollution, Overview
• Population Stabilization, Human
• Wildlife Management
• Invertebrates
• Arachnids
• Arthropods (Terrestrial), Amazonian
• Beetles
• Butterflies
• Crustaceans
• Endangered Terrestrial Invertebrates
• Flies, Gnats, and Mosquitoes
• Grasshoppers and their Relatives
• Hymenoptera
• Insects, Overview
• Invertebrates, Freshwater, Overview
• Invertebrates, Marine, Overview
• Invertebrates, Terrestrial, Overview
• Isoptera
• Molluscs
• Moths
• Myriapods
• Parasitoids
• True Bugs and Their Relatives, Diversity of
• Worms, Annelida
• Worms, Nematoda
• Worms, Platyhelminthes
• Microbial Diversity
• Archaea, Origin of
• Bacterial Biodiversity
• Bacterial Genetics
• Ecogenomic Sensors
• Fungi
• Marine Symbioses: Metazoans and Microbes
• Marine Viruses
• Microbial Biodiversity
• Microbial Biodiversity, Measurement of
• Microbial Biogeography
• Microbial Diversity
• Microbial Diversity of the Oceanic Surface Picoplankton: Insights from the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) Program
• Microorganisms (Microbes), Role of
• Origins, Evolution, and Breakdown of Bacterial Symbiosis
• Plankton, Status and Role of
• Proteorhodopsins: Widespread Microbial Light-Driven Proton Pumps
• Protozoa
• Psychrophiles
• Rare Biosphere
• Thermophiles, Origin of
• Plant Biodiversity
• Biodiversity of the Succulent Karoo
• Biodiversity of Harmful Marine Algae
• Biodiversity in Plant Breeding
• C4 Plants
• Countryside Biogeography
• Effects of Ecotones on Biodiversity
• Edible Plants
• Elevational Trends in Biodiversity
• Forest Canopies, Animal Diversity
• Forest Canopies, Plant Diversity
• Forest Ecology
• Globalization Effects on Common Plant Species
• Herbaceous Vegetation, Species Richness in
• Introduced Plants, Negative Effects of
• Landscape Diversity
• Large-Scale Biodiversity Experiments
• Phenological Shifts in Animals Under Contemporary Climate Change
• Photosynthesis, Mechanisms of
• Plant Biodiversity, Overview
• Plant Conservation
• Plant Invasions
• Plant Sources of Drugs and Chemicals
• Plant–Animal Interactions
• Plant–Soil Interactions
• Pollinators, Role of
• Temperate Forests
• Population Issues
• Biodiversity and Cultural Ecosystem Services
• Biofuels and Biodiversity: The Implications of Energy Sprawl
• Conservation and People
• Human Impacts on Ecosystems: An Overview
• Introduced Species, Impacts and Distribution of
• Metapopulations
• Population Density
• Population Diversity, Overview
• Population Dynamics
• Population Genetics
• Population Viability Analysis
• Predators, Ecological Role of
• Succession, Phenomenon of
• Trends in Nature Recreation: Causes and Consequences
• Public Policies and Attitudes
• Aesthetic Factors
• Convention on Biological Diversity
• Education and Biodiversity
• Ethical Issues in Biodiversity Protection
• Government Legislation and Regulations in the United States
• Historical Awareness of Biodiversity
• International Organizations and Biodiversity
• Justice, Equity and Biodiversity
• Life Cycle Analysis of Biofuels
• Literary Perspectives on Biodiversity
• Religious Traditions and Biodiversity
• Social and Cultural Factors
• Zoos and Zoological Parks
• Species Interactions and Interrelationships
• Coevolution
• Competition, Interspecific
• Cooperation, Evolution of
• Diversity, Ecology, and Biogeochemical Influence of N2-Fixing Microorganisms in the Sea
• Food Webs
• Hemiparasitism
• Indicator Species
• Keystone Species
• Limits to Biodiversity (Species Packing)
• Nest Parasitism
• Neutral Theory and Beyond
• Parasitism
• Social Behavior
• Species Assemblages, Macroecology, and Global Change
• Species Coexistence
• Species Interactions
• Species–Area Relationships
• Trophic Cascades
• Trophic Levels
• Systematics and Species Concept
• Cladistics
• Cladogenesis
• Differentiation
• Diversity, Molecular Level
• Diversity, Organism Level
• Diversity, Taxonomic versus Functional
• Functional Groups
• Functional Diversity
• Nomenclature, Systems of
• Speciation, Process of
• Speciation, Theories of
• Species Diversity, Overview
• Species, Concepts of
• Subspecies, Semispecies, Superspecies
• Systematics, Overview
• Taxonomy, Methods of
• Techniques and Measurements
• Biodiversity Informatics
• Biogeographical Models
• Bioprospecting
• Computer Systems and Models, Use of
• Defining, Measuring, and Partitioning Species Diversity
• Dynamic Global Vegetation Models
• Ecosystem Function Measurement, Terrestrial Communities
• Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of
• Framework for Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity
• Functional Diversity Measures
• Habitat Selection
• Indicator Species: Computation
• Measurement and Analysis of Biodiversity
• Measuring and Estimating Species Richness, Species Diversity, and Biotic Similarity from Sampling Data
• Modeling Biodiversity Dynamics in Countryside and Native Habitats
• Paleoecology
• Remote Sensing and Image Processing
• Species Distribution Modeling
• Theories and Concepts of Biodiversity
• Biodiversity Generation, Overview
• Biodiversity, Definition of
• Carrying Capacity, Concept of
• Commons, Concept and Theory of
• Commons, Institutional Diversity of
• Complexity Versus Diversity
• Disturbance Regimes and the Historical Range of Variation in Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Ecological Footprint, Concept of
• Ecology, Concept and Theories in
• Ecosystem Services
• Guilds
• Oceanic Islands: Models of Diversity
• Origin of Life, Theories of
• Resource Partitioning
• Scale, Concept and Effects of
• Stability, Concept of
• Stewardship, Concept of
• Vertebrates
• Amphibians, Biodiversity of
• Birds, Biodiversity of
• Carnivores
• Diversity and Conservation of Neotropical Mammals
• Endangered Amphibians
• Endangered Reptiles
• Fish Conservation
• Fish Stocks
• Fishes, Biodiversity of
• Mammals (Pre-Quaternary), Extinctions of
• Mammals, Biodiversity of
• Mammals, Conservation Efforts for
• Marine Mammals, Extinctions of
• Megaherbivores
• Reptiles, Biodiversity of
• Salmon
• Threatened Birds
• Vertebrates, Overview
• Glossary