This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help better understand snow, ice and glaciers.

Table of Contents

• About the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Guide to the Reader
• A
• Ablation Depression - Lasafam Iturrizaga
• Ablatometer - Rijan B. Kayastha
• Acidity of Glacier Ice - Cunde Xiao
• Active Ice Wedge - Pratima Pandey
• Adfreeze - Pratima Pandey
• Aerial Photogrammetry for Glacial Monitoring - Martin Kappas
• Alaskan Glaciers - Bruce F. Molnia
• Albedo - Thomas C. Grenfell
• Alps - Martin Beniston
• Altai-Sayan Glaciers - Vladimir Aizen
• Anabatic Winds: In Relation with Snow/Glacier Basin - Umesh K. Haritashya, Vijay P. Singh and Pratap Singh
• Anchor Ice - D. P. Dobhal
• Andean Glaciers - Mathias Vuille
• Anisotropic Ice Flow - Olivier Gagliardini
• Antarctica - Rasik Ravindra and Arun Chaturvedi
• Anti-Icing - Rijan B. Kayastha
• Anti-Syngenetic Ice Wedge - Pratima Pandey
• Appalachian Glacier Complex in Maritime Canada - Rudolph R. Stea
• Arctic Hydroclimatology - Jessica Ellen Cherry
• Artificial Ground Freezing - Rijan B. Kayastha
• Artificial Production of Snow - Carmen de Jong
• Atmosphere-Snow/Ice Interactions - Timo Vihma
• Atmospheric Circulation and Glaciochemical Records - Shichang Kang
• Automated Glacier Mapping - Frank Paul
• B
• Basal Sediment Evacuation by Subglacial Drainage Systems - Darrel A. Swift
• Base Flow/Groundwater Flow - Debasmita Misra, Ronald P. Daanen and Anita M. Thompson
• Bed (Bottom) Topography - Vijay Kumar
• Bed Forms (Fluvial) - Vijay Kumar
• Bed Roughness - Vijay Kumar
• Bed Strength - Vijay Kumar
• Benchmark Glacier - Tobias Bolch
• Biogeochemistry of Sea Ice - David N. Thomas
• Blue Ice - Richard Bintanja
• Bottom Melting or Undermelt (Ice Shelf) - Ashok Kumar Verma
• Brash Ice - Chelamallu Hariprasad
• C
• Calving Glaciers - Charles R. Warren
• Canadian Rockies and Coast Mountains of Canada - John J. Clague, Brian Menounos and Roger Wheate
• Cascade Mountains, USA - Rijan B. Kayastha
• Cascade System - Rijan B. Kayastha
• Catastrophic Flooding - Fiona Tweed
• Catastrophic Rock Slope Failures and Mountain Glaciers - Kenneth Hewitt, John J. Clague and Philip Deline
• Catchment Glacier - D. P. Dobhal
• Caucasus Mountains - Chris R. Stokes
• Characteristics of Snow and Glacier Fed Rivers in Mountainous Regions with Special Reference to Himalayan Basins - Akhouri Pramod Krishna
• Chemical Composition of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers - Amanda M. Grannas
• Chemical and Microbe Records in Snow and Ice - Liu Yongqin
• Chemical Processes in Snow and Ice - Amanda M. Grannas
• Circulation and Mixing in Ice-Covered Lakes - Lars Bengtsson
• Cirque Glaciers - Øyvind Paasche
• Climate Change and Glaciers - Arun B. Shrestha
• Climate Variability and High Altitude Temperature and Precipitation - Mathias Vuille
• Cloudburst - Vijay Kumar
• Cohesion - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Cold-Based Glaciers - Reginald D. Lorrain and Sean J. Fitzsimons
• Condensation Nuclei - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Confluence of Rivers - Anju Chaudhary
• Congelation Ice - Pratima Pandey
• Crack - Pratima Pandey
• Creep - Christophe Lambiel, Reynald Delaloye and Isabelle Gärtner-Roer
• Crevasses - C. J. van der Veen
• Critical Temperature - Pratima Pandey
• Crush - Pratima Pandey
• Crust - Pratima Pandey
• Cryoconite - Nozomu Takeuchi
• Cryodessication - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Cryofront - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Cryogenesis - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Cryogenic Aquiclude - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Cryogenic Fabric - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Cryolithology - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Cryopeg - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Cryosol - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Cryostatic Pressure - Pratima Pandey
• Cryostructure - Pratima Pandey
• Cryoturbation - P. Pradeep Kumar
• D
• Dating Glacial Landforms - Jason P. Briner
• Dead Ice - D. P. Dobhal
• Debris - Tobias Bolch
• Debris Thermal Properties and Impact on Ice Ablation - Ryohei Suzuki
• Debris-Covered Glaciers - Martin P. Kirkbride
• Deglaciation - Vinvent Rinterknecht
• Degree-Days - Roger J. Braithwaite
• Depletion of Snow Cover - Sanjay K. Jain
• Deposition from Debris-Rich Ice - Gulab Singh and Farjana S. Birajdar
• Digital Elevation Model Generation Over Glacierized Region - Thierry Toutin
• Digital Image Information Extraction Techniques for Snow Cover Mapping from Remote Sensing Data - Manoj K. Arora, Aparna Shukla and Ravi P. Gupta
• Direct Surface Runoff - Lars Bengtsson
• Discharge/Streamflow - Debasmita Misra, Ronald P. Daanen and Anita M. Thompson
• Distributary Channels - Anju Chaudhary
• Diurnal Cycle of Runoff - Darrel A. Swift
• Diverging Ice Flow - Gulab Singh and Farjana S. Birajdar
• Drift Glacier/Ice/Snow - Gulab Singh and Farjana S. Birajdar
• Dry and Wet Snow Line/Zone - Ravi P. Gupta
• Dry Snow - Ravi P. Gupta
• Dye Tracer Investigations of Glacier Hydrology - Peter Nienow
• Dynamics of Glaciers - Hester Jiskoot
• E
• Elongation Ratio - Vijay Kumar
• Englacial Conduit - D. P. Dobhal
• Englacial Processes - Andrew G. Fountain
• Environmental Isotopes - Bhishm Kumar
• Epigenetic Ice - Chelamallu Hariprasad
• Epiglacial Morphology - Claudio Smiraglia and Guglielmina Diolaiuti
• Equilibrium-Line Altitude (ELA) - Jostein Bakke and Atle Nesje
• Erosion of Hard Rock Bed - D. P. Dobhal
• Erosion Rate - Subhajit Sinha
• Estimation of Glacier Volume and Volume Change by Scaling Methods - David B. Bahr
• Estuary Ice Cover - Brian Morse
• F
• Fast Ice - D. P. Dobhal
• Finger Rafting - Dominic Vella and John Wettlaufer
• Firn - Rachel W. Obbard, Ian Baker and Rachel W. Lomonaco
• Fjords - Umesh K. Haritashya, Vijay P. Singh and Pratap Singh
• Foliation - Gulab Singh
• Forbes Band - Gulab Singh
• Formation and Deformation of Basal Ice - Simon J. Cook
• Frazil - Gulab Singh
• Freezing Bottom (Ice Shelf) - Gulab Singh
• Freezing Meltwater - Gulab Singh and F. S. Birajdar
• Freezing and Thawing Index - Jiang Fengqing and Zhang Yanwei
• Frequency Analysis of Snow Storms - Stanley A. Changnon
• Fresh Water Storage - Pratima Pandey
• Frictional Melting - Pratima Pandey
• Frost - Alan W. Rempel
• Frozen Soil Hydrology - Ronald P. Daanen, Debasmita Misra and Anita M. Thompson
• Frozen Toe (Outer Zone of Glacier Snout) - Pratima Pandey
• G
• Gelisols - Divya Dudeja
• Geochemistry of Snow and Ice - Tandong Yao, Yongqin Liu, Huabiao Zhao and Wusheng Yu
• Geocryology - Amit Kumar
• GIS in Glaciology - Jacob Napieralski
• Glacial Drainage Characteristics - Richard A. Marston
• Glacial Ecosystems - Nozomu Takeuchi
• Glacial Erosion - Ping Fu and Jonathan Harbor
• Glacial Erratic - D. P. Dobhal
• Glacial Geomorphology and Landforms Evolution - Alan R. Gillespie
• Glacial Grooves - D. P. Dobhal
• Glacial Overdeepening - Christopher Lloyd
• Glacial Striations - D. P. Dobhal
• Glacial Trough - D. P. Dobhal
• Glacial/Interglacial Cycles - Michel Crucifix
• Glaciation During Times of Enhanced/Reduced Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide - Andrew B. G. Bush
• Glaciations and Groundwater Flow Systems - Jean-Michel Lemieux and Edward A. Sudicky
• Glacier - D. P. Dobhal
• Glacier Bird of the Andes - Douglas R. Hardy and Spencer P. Hardy
• Glacier Cave - Monohar Arora
• Glacier Field Studies: Important Things to Notice - John F. Shroder
• Glacier Hydrology - Pratap Singh
• Glacier Lake Outburst Floods - Lasafam Iturrizaga
• Glacier Mass Balance - Wilfried Haeberli
• Glacier Motion/Ice Velocity - Terry Hughes
• Glacier Pothole - Rajesh Kumar
• Glacier Sliding - Rajesh Kumar
• Glacier Surging - Hester Jiskoot
• Glacier System - Rajesh Kumar
• Glacier Toe - Rajesh Kumar
• Glaciers of the Karakoram Himalaya - Kenneth Hewitt
• Glacieret - Rajesh Kumar
• Glacierization - Rajesh Kumar
• Glacioeustasy - Amit Kumar
• Glaciofluvial - Rajesh Kumar
• Glaciogenic Deposits - Rajesh Kumar
• Glaciohydraulic Supercooling - Fiona Tweed
• Glacioisostasy - Amit Kumar
• Glaciolacustrine - Himali Panthri
• Glaciology - Peter G. Knight
• Glaciomarine - Amit Kumar
• Glaciostatic Pressure/Stress - Divya Dudeja
• Glaciotectonic Structures, Landforms, and Processes - James S. Aber and Andrzej Ber
• Global Climate Modeling in Cryospheric Assessment - Jeffrey Ridley
• Global Outlook of Snowcover, Sea Ice, and Glaciers - Mauri Pelto
• Global Warming and its Effect on Snow/Ice/Glaciers - Stephen J. Déry
• GPS in Glaciology, Applications - Matt A. King
• GRACE in Glaciology - John Wahr
• Granulometry - Amit Kumar
• Gravel Sheet - Amit Kumar
• Gravitational Mass Movement Deposits - D. P. Dobhal
• Gravity Flow (Mass Flow) - Rajesh Kumar
• Gray-White Ice - Chelamallu Hariprasad
• Greenland Glaciers Outside the Ice Sheet - Jacob C. Yde
• Greenland Ice Sheet - Poul Christoffersen
• Ground Ice - D. P. Dobhal
• Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements Over Glaciers - David C. Nobes
• H
• Heat and Mass Transfer in Sea Ice - Daniel J. Pringle
• High Elevation Glacio-Climatology - Vladimir Aizen
• Himalaya - John F. Shroder
• Himalayan Glaciers in 2010 and 2035 - J. Graham Cogley
• Hindu Kush - John F. Shroder
• Holocene Glacier Fluctuations - Johannes Koch
• Horizontal Component of Ablation - Rijan B. Kayastha
• Horizontal Component of Velocity - Rijan B. Kayastha
• Hummocks (Peat) - Subhajit Sinha
• Hydrochemical Characteristics of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers - Jacob Clement Yde
• Hydrogen Isotopes - Bhishm Kumar
• Hydrographs - Ian C. Willis
• Hydrologic Cycle and Snow - Ronald P. Daanen, Debasmita Misra and Anita M. Thompson
• Hydrological Response in Glacierized Basins - Ian C. Willis
• Hydrology of Jökulhlaups - Fiona Tweed
• Hydropower: Hydroelectric Power Generation from Alpine Glacier Melt - Mauri S. Pelto
• Hypsometry - Andrés Rivera, Fiona Cawkwell, Camilo Rada and Claudio Bravo
• Hysteresis - Vijay Kumar
• I
• Ice - Yoshinori Furukawa
• Ice Age - Matthias Kuhle
• Ice Age Cycles: Data, Models, and Uncertainties - Donald Rapp
• Ice Age Development Theory - Matthias Kuhle
• Ice Apron - Mahendra R. Bhutiyani
• Ice Caps - Mahendra R. Bhutiyani
• Ice Caves - Mahendra R. Bhutiyani
• Ice Core - Nancy A. N. Bertler
• Ice Covered Lakes - Lars Bengtsson
• Ice Dams - Mahendra R. Bhutiyani
• Ice Sheet - Alastair G. C. Graham
• Ice Sheet Mass Balance - Eric Rignot
• Ice Shelf - Adrian Jenkins
• Ice-Cored Moraines - Sven Lukas
• Ice-Dammed Lakes - Fiona Tweed
• Ice-Marginal Deposition - Mahendra R. Bhutiyani
• Ice-Marginal Processes - Matthew R. Bennett
• Ice-Volcano Interactions - Hugh Tuffen
• Icefall - Mahendra R. Bhutiyani
• Iceland Glaciers - Oddur Sigurðsson
• ICESat Data in Glaciological Studies - Thomas A. Neumann, H. J. Zwally and Bob E. Schutz
• Icicle - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Icing - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Impacts of Snow and Glaciers on Runoff - Sarah Boon
• Interception of Snow - Manmohan Kumar Goel
• Interflow - Manmohan Kumar Goel
• International Polar Year 2007–2008 - Ian Allison
• Interstitial Ice - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Intrusive Ice - Chelamallu Hariprasad
• Inventory of Glaciers - Frank Paul
• Inverse Methods in Glaciology - G. Hilmar Gudmundsson
• Inversion Layers - Mahendra R. Bhutiyani
• Inverted Cup Depth Hoar Crystals - Mahendra R. Bhutiyani
• Irreducible Water - Mahendra R. Bhutiyani
• Isotope Analysis - Tandong Yao, Wusheng Yu, Huabiao Zhao and Yongqin Liu
• Isotopic Characteristics of Ice, Snow, and Glaciers - Bhism Kumar
• Isotopic Fractionation of Freezing Water - Martyn Tranter
• Isotopic Signatures - Bhishm Kumar
• K
• Kame and Kettle Topography - Amit Kumar
• Katabatic Wind: In Relation With Snow and Glaciers - Amit Kumar
• Kilimanjaro - Douglas R. Hardy
• Kunlun Mountains - Jingshi Liu
• L
• Lake Ellsworth - John Woodward, Martin J. Siegert, Andy M. Smith and Neil Ross
• Lake Ice - Rajesh Kumar
• Lake Vostok - Malte Thoma
• Laminated Sediments - Rajesh Kumar
• Landforms of Glacial Deposition - John F. Shroder
• Landforms of Glacial Erosion - John F. Shroder
• Landforms of Glacial Transportation - John F. Shroder
• Landscapes of Glacial Erosion - Martin P. Kirkbride
• Last Glacial Maximum Glaciation (LGM/LGP) in High Asia (Tibet and Surrounding Mountains) - Matthias Kuhle
• Latent Heat of Condensation - Prem Datt
• Latent Heat of Fusion/Freezing - Prem Datt
• Latent Heat of Sublimation - Prem Datt
• Latent Heat of Vaporization/Condensation - Prem Datt
• Lateroglacial - Lasafam Iturrizaga
• Lateroglacial Landform Systems - Lasafam Iturrizaga
• Laurentide Ice Sheet - John T. Andrews
• Layering of Snow - Rajesh Kumar
• LIDAR in Glaciology - Michael N. Demuth
• Little Ice Age - Rajesh Kumar
• Lobe - Rajesh Kumar
• M
• Mapping of Internal Glacial Layers - David A. Braaten
• Marginal Channel (Lateral Meltwater Channel) - Amit Kumar
• Marginal Ice Zones - Rajesh Kumar
• Marine Glaciers - Rajesh Kumar
• Marine Ice Sheet - Rajesh Kumar
• Mechanical Weathering - Rajesh Kumar
• Median Elevation of Glaciers - D. P. Dobhal
• Mediterranean Glaciers and Glaciation - Philip D. Hughes
• Melt Runoff Modeling - Pratap Singh
• Melting Processes - Luke Copland
• Meltwater Channels - Cliff Atkins
• Meltwater Conduit - D. P. Dobhal
• Meltwater Erosion - Rajesh Kumar
• Meltwater Pressure - Rajesh Kumar
• Meltwater Storage - Pratap Singh
• Microorganisms Associated with Glaciers - Vanya I. Miteva
• Monitoring and Warning Systems - Markus Konz
• Monsoonal Records Observed from Snow/Ice/Glacier - Shichang Kang
• Moraine - Anders Schomacker
• Moulins - Umesh K. Haritashya, Vijay P. Singh and Pratap Singh
• Mount Everest - Rijan B. Kayastha
• Mount Kenya - William C. Mahaney
• Mountain Geomorphology - David R. Butler
• N
• Natural Hazards Associated with Glaciers and Permafrost - Andreas Kääb
• Negative Temperature Gradient (in Ice) - Rajesh Kumar
• Neoglaciation - Rajesh Kumar
• Network of Stakes - Pratap Singh
• New Zealand Glaciers - Wendy Lawson
• Niche Glacier - D. P. Dobhal
• Normalized-Difference Snow Index (NDSI) - Dorothy K. Hall and George A. Riggs
• Novaya Zemlya - Chris R. Stokes
• Nye (N) Channels - D. P. Dobhal
• O
• Ogives - Divya Dudeja
• Optical Remote Sensing of Alpine Glaciers - Duncan J. Quincey and Michael P. Bishop
• Orographic Precipitation - Justin R. Minder and Gerard H. Roe
• Outlet Glacier - Monohar Arora
• Overburden Pressure - Prem Datt
• Oxygen Isotopes - Bhishm Kumar
• P
• Palaeo Glaciofluvial Sediment Systems - Norm R. Catto
• Palaeo-Channel - Vijay Kumar
• Palaeo-Ice Stream - Chris R. Stokes
• Palaeoclimate and Past Glaciations - Philip D. Hughes
• Palaeohydrology - Vijay Kumar
• Pamirs - Vladimir Aizen
• Pancake Ice - Chelamallu Hariprasad
• Papua - Ian Allison
• Paraglacial Landscape Transformations - Lasafam Iturrizaga
• Patagonia - Stephan Harrison
• Paternoster Lakes - Umesh K. Haritashya, Vijay P. Singh and Pratap Singh
• Peak Flood Glacier Discharge - Monohar Arora
• Percolation Zone - Prem Datt
• Perennially Frozen Ground - Monohar Arora
• Periglacial - H. M. French
• Permacrete - Ashok Kumar Verma
• Permafrost - Yuri Shur, M. Torre Jorgenson and M. Z. Kanevskiy
• Permafrost on Asteroids - William C. Mahaney
• Permafrost and Climate Interactions - Sharon L. Smith and Margo M. Burgess
• Permafrost Modeling - Daniel Riseborough
• Permanent/Perpetual Snow Line - Monohar Arora
• Physical Properties of Snow - Florent Domine
• Piedmont Glaciers - Monohar Arora
• Pingo - Himali Panthri
• Plastic Deformation - A. K. Singh
• Plastic Flow - A. K. Singh
• Pleistocene Epoch - Amit Kumar
• Plucking - Amit Kumar
• Polythermal Glaciers - Neil F. Glasser
• Precipitation - Donna F. Tucker
• Proglacial Lakes - Brenda L. Hall
• Q
• Quaternary Glaciation - Jürgen Ehlers and Philip Gibbard
• R
• Radar Application in Snow, Ice, and Glaciers - G. Venkataraman and Gulab Singh
• Radiative Transfer Modeling - Jie Cheng and Shunlin Liang
• Radioactive Fallout - Bhishm Kumar
• Radioactive Isotopes - Bhishm Kumar
• Radioactivity - Bhishm Kumar
• Rain-Induced Snowmelt - Delphis F. Levia and Daniel J. Leathers
• Ram Resistance - Prem Datt
• Rating Curve - Ian C. Willis
• Recession Coefficient - Manmohan Kumar Goel
• Recession of Discharge - Manoj K. Jain
• Reconstruction of the Last Glaciations in the Whole of Asia - Matthias Kuhle
• Recrystallization of Ice - Ashok Kumar Verma
• Refreezing of Meltwater - Ashok Kumar Verma
• Regelation - Ashok Kumar Verma
• Remobilization (of Debris) - Renoj J. Thayyen
• Resedimentation - Subhajit Sinha
• Retreat/Advance of Glaciers - Luke Copland
• Rime Ice - Renoj J. Thayyen
• River Ice Hydrology - Hung Tao Shen
• Roche Moutonnees - Himali Panthri
• Rock Glaciers - John R. Giardino, Netra R. Regmi and John D. Vitek
• Rocky Mountains - Eric M. Leonard
• Röthlisberger (R)-Channels - Renoj J. Thayyen
• Runoff Coefficient - Manmohan Kumar Goel
• Runoff Generation - Anita M. Thompson, Debasmita Misra and Ronald P. Daanen
• Runoff Observations - Anita M. Thompson, Debasmita Misra and Ronald P. Daanen
• Runout Distance - A. K. Singh
• S
• Salinity - C. K. Jain
• Saltation - C. K. Jain
• Scandinavian Glaciers - Juha P. Lunkka
• Sea Ice - Matti Leppäranta
• Sea-Level - Anny Cazenave
• Seasonal Frost - Chelamallu Hariprasad
• Seasonal Snow Cover - Amit Kumar
• Sediment Budgets - Helen E. Reid and Gary J. Brierley
• Sediment Core and Glacial Environment Reconstruction - Jostein Bakke and Øyvind Paasche
• Sediment Entrainment, Transport, and Deposition - Michael J. Hambrey and Neil F. Glasser
• Sediment Flux Source-To-Sink - Achim A. Beylich
• Sediment Gravity Flow - George Postma
• Sediment Routing - Subhajit Sinha
• Sediment Transfer Modeling - Richard Hodgkins
• Sediment Yield - Kelly MacGregor
• SEM Analysis of Glacial Sediments - William C. Mahaney
• Septa of Englacial Debris - Subhajit Sinha
• Serac - Markus Konz
• Siberia - Kazuyoshi Suzuki
• Slush and Sleet of Snow - A. K. Singh
• Snow - A. K. Singh
• Snow Bed/Snow Bed Vegetation - Nadine Konz
• Snow Course - A. K. Singh
• Snow Cover and Snowmelt in Forest Regions - Tobias Jonas and Richard Essery
• Snow Cover Changes in the Alps - Christoph Marty
• Snow Crystal Structure - Kenneth G. Libbrecht
• Snow Deformation - Jerome B. Johnson
• Snow Density - Steven Fassnacht
• Snow Depth - Gavin Gong
• Snow Drift - Richard Bintanja
• Snow Gauge - A. K. Singh
• Snow Grains - Thomas H. Painter
• Snow Hydrology - Sarah Boon and Katie Burles
• Snow Layer - A. K. Singh
• Snow Load - A. K. Singh
• Snow Metamorphism - A. K. Singh
• Snow Microstructure - Christine Pielmeier
• Snow Pellet - A. K. Singh
• Snow Pillow - A. K. Singh
• Snow Pit - A. K. Singh
• Snow Ripening - A. K. Singh
• Snow Skating - Ashok Kumar Verma
• Snow Skiing - Ashok Kumar Verma
• Snow Storm - A. K. Singh
• Snow and Vegetation Interaction - Christopher A. Hiemstra and Glen E. Liston
• Snow Water Equivalent - Michael Durand
• Snowboard - Amit Kumar
• Solifluction - Stephen J. Walsh and Daniel J. Weiss
• Solute in Glacial Meltwaters - Martyn Tranter
• Solutes in Glacier Ice - Renoj Thayyen
• Specific Melt Rate - Pratap Singh
• Stable Isotopes - Bhishm Kumar
• Stage-Discharge Relationship - Amit Kumar
• Stationary Glacier - Renoj Thayyen
• Stratigraphy of Snowpacks - Peter W. Nienow and Fay Campbell
• Streamflow Trends in Mountainous Regions - Peter Molnar, Paolo Burlando and Francesca Pellicciotti
• Structural Glaciology - Michael J. Hambrey
• Subglacial Borehole Instrumentation - Philip R. Porter
• Subglacial Drainage System - Bryn Hubbard
• Subglacial Lakes, Antarctic - John C. Priscu
• Subglacial Processes - Sean Fitzsimons and Reginald Lorrain
• Subglacial Volcanism - Hugh Tuffen
• Subglacial Weathering - Markus Konz
• Sublimation from Snow and Ice - A. K. Singh
• Summer Accumulation Type Glaciers - Nozomu Naito
• Super Cooling Clouds - P. Pradeep Kumar
• Supercooled Water - Simon Cook
• Supra-Glacial Debris Entrainments - D. P. Dobhal
• Surface Energy Balance - Michiel Van den Broeke, Xavier Fettweis and Thomas Mölg
• Surface Temperature of Snow and Ice - Dorothy K. Hall
• Suspended Sediment Concentration - Veerle Vanacker
• Suspended Sediment Dynamics - Tim Stott
• Suspended Sediment Load - Amit Kumar
• Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry for Glacier Movement Studies - Y. S. Rao
• T
• Talik - Tingjun Zhang
• Tarn - Himali Panthri
• Temperate Glaciers - Andrew Fountain
• Temperature Lapse Rates in Glacierized Basins - Shawn J. Marshall and Mira Losic
• Temperature Profile of Snowpack - Charles Fierz
• Terminus - Amit Kumar
• Terraces - Amit Kumar
• Thaw Weakening - Divya Dudeja
• Thermal Infrared Sensors - Anju Chaudhary
• Thermal Regime of Ice-Covered Lakes - Lars Bengtsson
• Thermokarst - Debasmita Misra, Ronald P. Daanen and Anita M. Thompson
• Thinning of Arctic Sea Ice - Ron Lindsay
• Thinning of Glaciers - Etienne Berthier
• Tibetan Plateau - Tandong Yao, Yongqin Liu, Huabiao Zhao and Wusheng Yu
• Tidewater Glaciers - Andreas Vieli
• Tien Shan Glaciers - Vladimir Aizen
• Till - Jan A. Piotrowski
• Topographic Normalization of Multispectral Satellite Imagery - Michael P. Bishop and Jeffrey D. Colby
• Transformations of Snow at the Earth’s Surface and its Climatic and Environmental Consequences - Florent Domine
• Transient Snowline - Markus Konz
• Tree-Ring Indicators of Glacier Fluctuations - Dan J. Smith and Lynn Koehler
• Tributary Glaciers - Hester Jiskoot
• U
• Urban Snow - Lars Bengtsson and Annette Semádeni-Davies
• U-Shape Valley - Amit Kumar
• V
• Vein Ice - Chelamallu Hariprasad
• V-Shaped Valley - Amit Kumar
• W
• Water Balance in the Glacierized Region - Heidi Escher-Vetter
• Westerlies and their Effects on Maritime Ice Caps and Glaciers - Robert D. McCulloch
• WGMS (World Glacier Monitoring Service) - Wilfried Haeberli
• Winter Accumulation Glacier - Amit Kumar
• Y
• Year-Round Ablation Pattern - Rijan B. Kayastha
• Younger Dryas - Sven Lukas
• List of Articles