This encyclopedia approaches coral reefs from an earth science perspective, concentrating especially on modern reefs.

Table of Contents

• About the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• A
• Acanthaster planci - Ian Miller
• Accommodation Space - Tom Spencer
• Acropora - Carden C. Wallace
• Adaptation - David Obura
• Aerial Photography of Coral Reefs - David Hopley
• Agassiz, Alexander (1835–1910) - Eberhard Gischler
• Airborne Dust Impacts - Eugene A. Shinn and Barbara H. Lidz
• Algae, Blue-Green Boring - Mark M. Littler and Diane S. Littler
• Algae, Coralline - Mark M. Littler and Diane S. Littler
• Algae-Macro - Mark M. Littler and Diane S. Littler
• Algae, Turf - Mark M. Littler and Diane S. Littler
• Algal Rims - Jacques Laborel
• Antecedent Platforms - Peter J. Davies
• Aragonite - Sue J. McLaren
• Atoll Islands (Motu) - Roger McLean
• Atolls - Colin D. Woodroffe and Naomi Biribo
• AUVs (ROVs) - Noelle J. Relles and Mark R. Patterson
• B
• Back-Stepping - Paul Blanchon
• Bafflestone - Peter Flood
• Bahamas - Paul Enos
• Banks Island: Frasnian (Late Devonian) Reefs in Northwestern Arctic Canada - Paul Copper
• Banks, Joseph (1743 – 1820) - Norman C. Duke
• Barbados - David Hopley and Ian G. Macintyre
• Barrier Reef (Ribbon Reef) - Serge Andréfouët and Guy Cabioch
• Bassett Edges - Roger McLean
• Beach Rock - Roger McLean
• Belize Barrier and Atoll Reefs - Eberhard Gischler
• Bermuda - Alan Logan and Thaddeus Murdoch
• Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands - James E. Maragos
• Binding Organisms - Raphael A. J. Wust
• Bindstone - Peter Flood
• Bioerosion - Pat Hutchings
• Bioherms and Biostromes - Jacques L. Laborel
• Bioturbation - Raphael A. J. Wust
• Blowholes - Colin D. Woodroffe
• Blue Hole - Eberhard Gischler
• Boat Channel - Roger McLean
• Boulder Beaches - Jonathan Nott
• Boulder Zone/ Ramparts - Paolo Antonio Pirazzoli
• Brazil, Coral Reefs - Zelinda M. A. N. Leão and Ruy K. P. Kikuchi
• Bryozoa - Roger J. Cuffey
• C
• Calcite - Sue J. McLaren
• Calcrete/ Caliche - Barbara H. Lidz
• Carbon Fluxes of Coral Reefs - Marlin J. Atkinson
• Carbonate Budgets and Reef Framework Accumulation - Chris T. Perry
• Carboniferous Reefs - Markus Aretz
• Cay Formation - Peter Flood
• Chamisso, Adelbert Von (1781 – 1838) - James Bowen
• Classification of Carbonates - Christopher G. St. C. Kendall and Peter Flood
• Climate Change and Coral Reefs - Janice M. Lough
• Climate Change: Impact of Sea Level Rise on Reef Flat Zonation and Productivity - David Hopley
• Climate Change: Impact on Coral Reef Coasts - Charles Sheppard
• Climate Change: Increasing Storm Activity - Joshua Madin
• Cocos (Keeling) Islands - Colin D. Woodroffe
• Cold-Water Coral Reefs - André Freiwald
• Conglomerates - Lucien F. Montaggioni
• Conservation and Marine Protection Areas - Jon C. Day
• Cook, James (1728 – 1779) - James Bowen
• Coral Cay Classification and Evolution - Scott G. Smithers and David Hopley
• Coral Cays – Geohydrology - Kevin E. Parnell
• Coral Cays, Vegetational Succession - Harold Heatwole
• Coral Reef, Definition - Terry Done
• Coral Reefs of India - Krishnamoorthy Venkataraman
• Corals: Biology, Skeletal Deposition, and Reef-Building - John E. N. Veron
• Corals: Environmental Controls on Growth - Terry Done
• Core Plugs - Eric G. Matson
• D
• Daly, Reginald Aldworth (1871 – 1957) - Tom Spencer
• Dana, James Dwight (1813 – 1895) - Tom Spencer
• Darwin Point - Richard W. Grigg
• Darwin, Charles (1809 – 1882) - Nick Harvey
• David, Tannant Edgeworth (1858 – 1934) - Peter J. Davies
• Davis,William Morris (1850 – 1934) - Tom Spencer
• Density and Porosity: Influence on Reef Accretion Rates - David Hopley
• Devonian Reef Complexes of the Canning Basin - Phillip E. Playford
• Diagenesis - Christine Perrin
• Dolomitization - Peter Flood
• Double and Triple Reef Fronts - David Hopley
• E
• Earthquakes and Emergence or Submergence of Coral Reefs - Frederick W. Taylor
• East Indies Triangle of Biodiversity - Carden C. Wallace
• Eastern Caribbean Coral Reefs - Dennis Hubbard
• Eastern Indian Ocean – Northern Sector - Barbara E. Brown
• Eastern Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs - Jorge Cortés
• Echinodermata - Maria Byrne
• Eco-Morphodynamics - Paul Kench
• Ecomorphology - Colin D. Woodroffe
• El Niño, La Niña, and ENSO - Joshua S. Feingold
• Electro Mineral Accretion - Andrew C. F. Taylor
• Electron Spin Resonance Dating (ESR) - Gerhard Schellmann, Ulrich Radtke and Helmut Brückner
• Emerged Reefs - Guy Cabioch
• Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands - James E. Maragos
• Engineering on Coral Reefs with Emphasis on Pacific Reefs - James E. Maragos
• Eolianite - Sue J. McLaren
• F
• Faroes Reefs - Roger McLean
• Floatstone - Peter Flood
• Florida Keys - Barbara H. Lidz
• FORAM Index - Pamela Hallock
• Foraminifera - Pamela Hallock
• Forereef/ Reef Front - Guy Cabioch
• Fossil Coralline Algae - Juan C. Braga
• Framestone - Peter Flood
• Fringing Reef Circulation - Kevin E. Parnell
• Fringing Reefs - Scott Smithers
• Funafuti Atoll - Shigeru Ohde
• G
• Gardiner, John Stanley (1872 – 1946) - Barbara E. Brown
• General Evolution of Carbonate Reefs - Rachel Wood
• Geomorphic Zonation - Paul Blanchon
• Glacial Control Hypothesis - Tom Spencer
• Glacio-Hydro Isostasy - Kurt Lambeck
• Global Ocean Circulation and Coral Reefs - John E. N. Veron
• Great Barrier Reef Committee - David Hopley
• Great Barrier Reef: Origin, Evolution, and Modern Development - Peter J. Davies
• H
• Halimeda - Edward Drew
• Halimeda Bioherms - Peter J. Davies
• Hawaiian Emperor Volcanic Chain and Coral Reef History - Richard W. Grigg
• Heavy Metal Accumulation in Scleractinian Corals - Sofia Shah and Edward Lovell
• Historical Ecology of Coral Reefs - John M. Pandolfi
• Holocene High Energy Window - Chris Perry
• Holocene Reefs: Thickness and Characteristics - Eberhard Gischler
• Huon Peninsula, P. N. G. - Yoko Ota
• Hydrodynamics of Coral Reef Systems - Clifford J. Hearn
• I
• Impacts of Sediment on Coral Reefs - Michael J. Risk and Evan Edinger
• Indian Ocean Reefs - Eberhard Gischler
• Indonesian Reefs - Terry Done
• Infrastructure and Reef Islands - Michael R. Gourlay
• Internal Circulation - Kevin E. Parnell
• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers on Coral Reefs - Richard B. Aronson
• L
• Lagoon Circulation - Harry H. Roberts and Alexis Lugo-Fernández
• Lagoons - David Hopley
• Last Glacial Interstadials - Yusuke Yokoyama
• Last Glacial Lowstand and Shelf Exposure - Yusuke Yokoyama
• Last Interglacial and Reef Development - Paul Blanchon
• Low Wooded Islands - Paul Kench
• Lyell, Charles (1797 – 1875) - James Bowen
• M
• MacNeil, F. Stearns (1909 – 1983) - David Hopley
• Makatea - Lucien F. Montaggioni
• Maldives - Paul Kench
• Mangrove Islands - Norman C. Duke
• Mangroves - Norman C. Duke
• Mariana Islands, Coral Reef Geology - Bernhard Riegl
• Mass Extinctions, Anoxic Events and Ocean Acidification - John E. N. Veron
• Mayor, Alfred Goldsborough (1868 – 1922) - Lester D. Stephens
• Megablocks - Cliff Frohlich, Matthew J. Hornbach and Frederick W. Taylor
• Meltwater Pulses - Paul Blanchon
• Micrite - Ian G. Macintyre
• Microatoll - Scott Smithers
• Microbes - Elizabeth A. Dinsdale
• Mid Holocene - Sarah Woodroffe
• Midway Atoll (Hawaiian Archipelago) - James E. Maragos, Donald C. Potts, Barbara Maxfield, Daria Siciliano and Elizabeth Flint
• Mining/ Quarrying of Coral Reefs - Barbara E. Brown
• Moating - Scott Smithers
• Moats - Scott Smithers
• Molluscs - José H. Leal
• Mururoa Atoll - Lucien F. Montaggioni
• N
• New Caledonia - Guy Cabioch
• Notch and Visor - Stephen Trudgill
• Nutrient Pollution/ Eutrophication - Katharina Fabricius
• O
• Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification - Joan A. Kleypas
• Oceanic Hotspots - Paul Wessel
• Octocorallia - Katharina Fabricius
• Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Coral Reefs - J. Frederick Sarg
• Ooids - Maurice Tucker
• P
• Pacific Coral Reefs: An Introduction - James E. Maragos and Gareth J. Williams
• Packstone - Peter Flood
• Palaeosols - Colin D. Woodroffe
• Paleoclimate from Corals - Helen V. McGregor
• Patch Reefs: Lidar Morphometric Analysis - John C. Brock and Monica Palaseanu-Lovejoy
• Permian Capitan Reef System - Rachel Wood
• Persian/ Arabian Gulf Coral Reefs - Bernhard Riegl and Samuel Purkis
• Peysonnell, Jean-Andre (1694 – 1759) - James Bowen
• Phosphatic Cay Sandstone - David Hopley
• Plate Tectonics - Paul Wessel
• Platforms (Cemented) - Roger McLean
• Poleward Extension of Reefs - Colin D. Woodroffe
• Porites - Michel Pichon
• Porosity Variability in Limestone Sequences - Barbara H. Lidz
• Postglacial Trangression - Guy Cabioch
• Q
• Quoy, Jean Rene (1790 – 1869) and Gaimard, Joseph Paul (1796 – 1858) - James Bowen
• R
• Radiocarbon (14 C): Dating and Corals - Stewart Fallon
• Recent Sea Level Trends - Philip L. Woodworth
• Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba - Yonathan Shaked and Amatzia Genin
• Reef Balls - Jason Krumholz and Todd R. Barber
• Reef Classification by Fairbridge (1950) - Charles W. Finkl
• Reef Classification by Hopley (1982) - David Hopley
• Reef Classification by Maxwell (1968) - Peter Flood
• Reef Classification, Response to Sea Level Rise - Ian G. Macintyre and A. Conrad Neumann
• Reef Drilling - Dennis K. Hubbard
• Reef Flats - Kate J. Thornborough and Peter J. Davies
• Reef Front Wave Energy - Alexis Lugo-Fernández and Harry H. Roberts
• Reef Interconnectivit y/ Larval Dispersal - Claire B. Paris-Limouzy
• Reef Restoration - J. Harold Hudson and William B. Goodwin
• Reef Structure - Lindsay B. Collins
• Reef Topographic Complexity - David G. Zawada
• Reef Typology - Serge Andréfouët
• Reefal Microbial Crusts - Robert Riding
• Reefal Sediments - Peter Flood
• Reefs at Risk: Map-Based Analyses of Threatsto Coral Reefs - Lauretta Burke
• Remote Sensing - Serge Andréfouët
• Residence Time - Thomas Stieglitz and Peter Ridd
• Reticulated Reefs - Colin D. Woodroffe
• Rhodoliths - Lucien F. Montaggioni
• River Plumes and Coral Reefs - Miles J. Furnas
• Royal Society of London - Tom Spencer
• Rudstone - Peter Flood
• Ryukyu Islands - Hironobu Kan
• S
• Scleractinia, Evolution and Taxonomy - John E. N. Veron
• Sclerochronology - Kevin P. Helmle and Richard E. Dodge
• Sea Level Change and its Effect on Reef Growth - Hajime Kayanne and Chuki Hongo
• Seagrasses - Mark D. Merlin
• Sea-level Indicators - Scott Smithers
• Sediment Durability - Murray Ford
• Sediment Dynamics - Paul Kench
• Sediments, Properties - Eberhard Gischler
• Seismic Reflection - J. Fredrick Sarg
• Seismic Refraction - Nick Harvey
• Shingle Ridges - Jonathan Nott
• Soils of Low Elevation Coral Structures - R. John Morrison
• Solution Processes/ Reef Erosion - Stephen Trudgill
• Solution Unconformities - Peter J. Davies
• Spiculite - David Hopley
• Sponges - Janie Wulff
• Spurs and Grooves - Eugene A. Shinn
• Stable Isotopes and Trace Elements - Michael K. Gagan and Nerilie J. Abram
• Steers, James Alfred (1899 – 1987) - Tom Spencer
• Stoddart, David Ross (1937 – ) - Tom Spencer
• Stromatolites - R. Pamela Reid
• Submarine Groundwater Discharge - Thomas Stieglitz
• Submarine Lithification - Ian G. Macintyre
• Submerged Reefs - Elizabeth Abbey and Jody M. Webster
• Subsidence Hypothesis of Reef Development - Colin D. Woodroffe
• Swathe Mapping - Robin J. Beaman
• Symbiosis - Andrew C. Baker
• T
• Tahiti/ Society Islands - Lucien F. Montaggioni
• Taphonomy - Benjamin J. Greenstein
• Temperature Change: Bleaching - Tom Spencer
• Tethys Ocean - Rachel Wood
• Tidal Effects on Coral Reefs - David J. Dixon
• Tidal Jets - Edward Drew
• Tropical Cyclone/ Hurricane - Terry Done
• Tsunami - Paul Kench
• Turbid-Zone and Terrigenous Sediment-Influenced Reefs - Chris Perry
• U
• Underwater Landscape Mosaics - R. Pamela Reid
• Unvegetated Cays - Peter Flood
• Upwelling and Coral Reefs - Miles J. Furnas
• Uranium Series Dating - Jian-xin Zhao and Lindsay B. Collins
• V
• Vanuatu - Guy Cabioch
• Vaughan, Thomas Wayland (1870 – 1952) - Robert N. Ginsburg
• Vegetated Cays - David Hopley and Harold Heatwole
• Volcanic Disturbances and Coral Reefs - Peter Houk
• Volcanic Loading and Isostasy - Kurt Lambeck
• W
• Wackestone - Peter Flood
• Walther, Johannes (1860–1937) - Eberhard Gischler
• Wave Set-Up - Michael R. Gourlay
• Wave Shoaling and Refraction - Michael R. Gourlay
• Waves and Wave-Driven Currents - Michael R. Gourlay
• West Indian Coral Reef Classification - Jörn Geister
• Western Atlantic/Caribbean, Coral Reefs - Bernhard Riegl
• Western Australian Reefs - Lindsay B. Collins
• Western Indian Ocean - Lucien F. Montaggioni
• Y
• Yonge, Sir Maurice (1899–1986) - Barbara E. Brown
• Z
• Zooxanthellae - Andrew C. Baker