Analyzing the collective effort of philosophers throughout history in the pursuit of truth and wisdom, the guide explores the tangible significance of philosophical thought to modern society and civilization as a whole.

Table of Contents

• ABOUT THE AUTHOR
• INTRODUCTION
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• THE BASICS
• ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
• Greek Pre-Socratics
• The Sophists
• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Hellenistic and Roman Philosophy
• Women Philosophers in Ancient Greece and Rome
• NEOPLATONISM THROUGH THE RENAISSANCE
• Neoplatonism
• Medieval Philosophy
• Islam's Influence
• The Scholastics
• Maimonides
• Thomas Aquinas
• Other Important Medieval Philosophers
• Renaissance Humanism
• SKEPTICAL AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
• Michel de Montaigne
• The Scientific Revolution
• Johannes Kepler's Influence
• Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution
• Medicine and Philosophy
• EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY
• Seventeenth Century Rationalism
• Francisco Suárez
• René Descartes
• Benedict de Spinoza
• Nicolas Malebranche
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
• Seventeenth Century Empiricism
• Thomas Hobbes
• John Locke
• The Cambridge Platonists
• Gender and Early Modern Women Philosophers
• THE ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD
• George Berkeley
• David Hume
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Thomas Reid and Jeremy Bentham
• Immanuel Kant
• Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin
• The Philosophes
• Counter-Enlightenment Figures
• NINETEENTH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY
• Nineteenth Century Empiricism
• William Whewell
• John Stuart Mill
• August Comte
• Intuitionism
• Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic
• German Idealism
• Johann Gottlieb Fichte
• Friedrich Schelling
• Friedrich Hegel
• Arthur Schopenhauer
• Bernard Bosanquet
• Materialism, Marxism, and Anarchists
• Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach
• Marxism
• Anarchism
• Psychology and Social Theory
• Franz Brentano
• Alexius Meinong
• Sigmund Freud
• Herbert Spencer
• Sociology and Philosophy
• CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY
• Existentialism
• Søren Kierkegaard
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Jean-Paul Sartre
• Other Existentialists
• Phenomenology
• Edmund Husserl
• Martin Heidegger
• Maurice Merleau-Ponty
• Critical Theory and Structuralism
• Critical Theorists
• Structuralists
• AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY
• Early American Philosophical Strains
• St. Louis Hegelians
• New England Transcendentalists
• Social Darwinism
• Pragmatism and Process Philosophy
• Charles Sanders Peirce
• William James
• Josiah Royce
• John Dewey
• Jane Addams
• George Herbert Mead
• Ralph Barton Perry
• C.I. Lewis
• Process Philosophy
• ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
• Early Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy
• G.E. Moore
• Truth-Functional Logic and Logical Atomism
• Bertrand Russell
• Ludwig Wittgenstein
• Other Logicians
• Logical Positivism
• The Vienna Circle
• Ordinary Language Philosophy
• Analytic Ethics
• Analytic Political Philosophy
• Epistemology and Metaphysics after Logical Positivism
• W.V.O. Quine
• Hilary Putnam
• Philosophy of Science
• Philosophy of Mind and Philosophy of Language
• Noam Chomsky
• Jerry Fodor
• NEW PHILOSOPHY
• Postmodern Philosophy
• Jacques Derrida and Deconstructionism
• Richard Rorty
• Jürgen Habermas
• More French Postmodernist Philosophers
• Other American Philosophies
• African American Philosophy
• Native American Philosophy
• Latin American Philosophy
• Other Continental Traditions
• Afro-Centrism and African Philosophy
• Buddhism and Confucianism
• Feminist Philosophy
• Environmental Philosophy
• Other Trends in New Philosophy
• GLOSSARY
• BIBLIOGRAPHY