The SAGE Encyclopedia of Criminal Psychology is a modern, interdisciplinary resource aimed at students and professionals interested in the intersection of psychology (e.g., social, forensic, clinical), criminal justice, sociology, and criminology. The interdisciplinary study of human behavior in legal contexts includes numerous topics on criminal behavior, criminal justice policies and legal process, crime detection and prevention, eyewitness identification, prison life, offender assessment and rehabilitation, risk assessment and management, offender mental health, community reintegration, and juvenile offending.

Table of Contents

• Reader’s Guide
• About the Editor
• About the Associate Editors
• Contributors
• Introduction
• A
• Academic Disciplines
• Academic Programs for Prisoners
• Academic Training for Criminal Justice Careers
• Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006
• Adversarial Allegiance
• Advocacy Organizations
• Aging and Older Incarcerated Offenders
• Aging and Older Incarcerated Offenders, Palliative Care of
• Aging and Older Incarcerated Offenders, Physical Disability of
• Alcatraz
• Alcohol Abuse and Campus Crime
• Alcohol and Aggression
• American Correctional Association
• American Gangs
• America’s Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) Alert
• Antisocial Personality Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• Arson
• Aryan Brotherhood
• B
• Basic Mental Health Services Versus Rehabilitation
• Behavior Modification
• Behavioral Genetics and Other Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior
• Behavioral Theory of Crime
• Bi-Adaptive Model of Mental Illness and Criminalness
• Bias in Crime Policies and Practices
• Biker Gangs
• Bipolar Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• Black Guerrilla Family
• Bloods
• Borderline Personality Disorder
• Brief Jail Mental Health Screen
• Bullying
• Burglary
• C
• Career Paths in Criminal Justice
• Central Intelligence Agency
• Child Maltreatment and Psychological Development
• Child Pornography
• Children of Offenders
• Classification
• Coerced Confessions
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Social Learning Theory
• Cognitive Deficits, Effects on Rehabilitation
• Cognitive Disorders in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• Community Context and Mass Incarceration
• Community Corrections
• Community Notification Policies
• Community Policing and Crisis Intervention Team Model
• Competency for Execution
• Competency to Stand Trial
• Comprehensive Correctional Plans
• Confessions
• Contingency Management
• Co-occurring Disorders in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• Corporate Crime
• Corporate Psychopaths
• Correctional Agencies
• Correctional Boot Camps
• Correctional Management
• Correctional Officer Stress
• Correctional Officers
• Correctional Officer’s Attitudes Toward Offenders
• Correctional Officers, Occupational Duties of
• Correctional Program Assessment Inventory (CPAI)
• Correctional Psychology Practice, Ethical Issues in
• Correctional Rehabilitation Programs, Evaluation of
• Correctional Rehabilitation Services, Best Practices for
• Correctional Rehabilitation Services, Intensity of
• Correctional Service Canada
• Corrections
• Cost-Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Versus Incarceration
• Courts, Federal
• Courts, International
• Courts, State
• Crime Linkage Analysis
• Crime Mapping
• Crime Prevention, Policies of
• Criminal Attitudes
• Criminal Careers and Offending Trajectories
• Criminal Charges, Federal
• Criminal Courts
• Criminal Culpability
• Criminal Justice Correlates of Psychopathy
• Criminal Lifestyle
• Criminal Organizations and Networks
• Criminal Profiling
• Criminal Responsibility
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Clinical Judgment of
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Combined Static and Dynamic Approaches to
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Domestic Violence
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Gender-Responsive
• Criminal Risk Assessment, General Offending
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Generations of
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Juvenile Offending
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Psychopathy
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Sexual Offending
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Stalking
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Structured Professional Judgment of
• Criminal Risk Assessment, Violence
• Criminal Stigma
• Criminalization Hypothesis
• Criminalness
• Criminogenic Needs
• Criminogenic Needs, Targeting
• Crips
• Crisis Intervention Teams
• Cyberbullying
• Cybercrime
• Cyberstalking
• D
• Dangerous Offender Legislation
• Death Penalty
• Desistance
• Deterrence
• Deterrence Effects of Adjudicating and Sentencing Juvenile Offenders as Adults
• Developmental Theories of Crime
• Developmental Theories of Crime: Maltreatment
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Classification of Psychopathy in
• Differential Association Theory
• Domestic Violence Courts
• Domestically Violent Offenders: Treatment Approaches
• Domestically Violent Offenders: Treatment Outcome Research
• Driving Under the Influence
• Driving While Intoxicated
• Drug Courts
• Drug Crime Sentencing Disparities
• Drug Possession
• Drug Testing
• Drug Trafficking
• E
• Economics of Crime
• Education and Crime
• Electronic Monitoring
• Employee Theft
• Escalating Sentencing Rule
• Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism (ERASOR)
• Evidence-Informed Tools for Assessing Correctional Rehabilitation Programs
• Exhibitionism
• Experimental Criminology, Research Methods in
• Extortion
• Extrafamilial Child Molestation
• Extrafamilial Child Molestation, Theories of
• Extrafamilial Child Molestation, Typologies of
• Extremism and Terrorism, Middle Eastern
• Eyewitness Testimony
• F
• Faith-Based Initiatives
• Families of Incarcerated Offenders
• Family Systems Theory of Crime
• Family-Focused Therapy
• Family-Oriented Correctional Programs
• Fear of Crime
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Federal Bureau of Prisons
• Federal Prisons
• Female Offenders
• Female Offenders: Controversies in Assessment, Treatment, and Management of
• Female Offenders: Gender Differences in Criminal Offense Characteristics
• Female Offenders: Patterns and Explanations
• Female Offenders: Prevalence and Statistics
• Female Sexual Offenders
• Female Sexual Offenders: Patterns and Explanations
• Female Violent Offending, Theoretical Models of
• Feminist Perspectives on Crime
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in the Criminal Justice System
• Field Training for Criminal Justice Careers
• Forensic Applications in the Criminal Justice System
• Forensic Assessment of Offenders
• Forensic Interview
• Forensic Measures for Assessing Offenders
• Forensic Psychology, Research Methods in
• Fraud
• Frotteurism
• G
• Gender and Crime
• Gender and Identity in Prison
• Gendered Pathways
• General Violence in Prisons
• Genetic and Environmental Influences on Violence and Aggression
• Global Imprisonment
• Good Lives Model
• Guantanamo Bay
• H
• Hate Crimes
• Historical Antecedents of Psychopathy
• Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 (HCR-20)
• Homelessness and Crime
• Homework as Treatment
• Homework as Treatment: Active Versus Passive Homework
• Homework Compliance Strategies
• Homicide
• Hostage Negotiation
• Human Trafficking
• I
• Identity Theft
• Immigration and Customs Detention
• Imprisonment and Stress
• Incarceration, Effects of
• Incarceration Rates, International
• Incarceration Rates, U.S.
• Ineffective Rehabilitation Strategies
• Inmate Classification, Methods of
• Inmate Code
• Inmate Denial of Criminal Risk
• Inmate Research Interviews
• Institutional Violence and Misconduct
• Institutional Violence and Misconduct, Assessment and Management of
• Institutional Violence and Misconduct: Violence Toward Offenders
• Institutional Violence and Misconduct: Violence Toward Staff
• Intensive Supervisory Probation
• International Approaches to Crime Punishment
• International Approaches to Crime Reduction
• International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
• International Extradition
• International Extradition, Foundational Cases of
• Internet Exploitation and Child Luring
• Internet Sexual Offenders
• Internet Victimization
• Intimate Partner Violence
• Intimidation
• Intrafamilial Child Molestation
• Intrafamilial Child Molestation, Theories of
• Intrafamilial Child Molestation, Typologies of
• Investigative Psychology
• Isolation in Prisons
• J
• Jail Diversion
• Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT)
• Jails
• Juvenile Delinquency and Antisocial Behavior
• Juvenile Delinquents, Callous Unemotional Traits of
• Juvenile Delinquents, Mental Health Needs of
• Juvenile Offenders
• Juvenile Offenders: Developmental Treatment Considerations
• Juvenile Offenders: Treatment Models and Approaches
• Juvenile Sex Offender Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool-II (JSORRAT-II)
• Juvenile Sex Offender Risk Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II)
• Juvenile Sex Offenders: Assessment
• Juvenile Transfer Laws
• K
• Knowledge Destruction Versus Knowledge Cumulation
• L
• Larceny/Theft
• Law Enforcement Agencies
• Law Enforcement Employment Screening
• Level of Service Inventory (LSI)
• Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI-R)
• Level of Service Inventory–Self Report (LSI-SR)
• Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI)
• Lie Detection
• Life Course Perspectives on Crime
• Low Intellectual Functioning in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• M
• Major Depressive Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• Malingering
• Mandatory Minimum Sentencing
• Mara Salvatrucha
• Mass Incarceration
• Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument
• Matching Treatment by Offender Type and Therapist Style
• Measurements and Scales, Use in Forensic Research
• Media: Influence on Crime
• Megan’s Law
• Mens Rea
• Mental Disorders and Violence
• Mental Health Assessment
• Mental Health Assessment: Adult Screening Tools
• Mental Health Assessment: Juvenile Screening Tools
• Mental Health Assessment: Screening Tools
• Mental Health Courts
• Mental Health Treatment
• Mental Health Treatment Planning
• Mental Illness and Crime, Etiological Linkages Between
• Mental Illness and Violent Behavior: Perceptions and Evidence
• Mental Illness as a Predictor of Crime and Recidivism
• Meta-Analysis
• Mexican Drug Cartels
• Mexican Mafia
• Military Prisons
• Military Service Screening
• Mindfulness
• Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool–Revised (MnSOST-R)
• Minor Criminal Risk Factors
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
• Mitigation
• Mixed Sexual Offenders
• Motivation to Change
• Motivational Interviewing
• Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care
• Multisystemic Therapy
• N
• National Institute of Justice
• Native American Tribal Courts
• Need Principle
• Neighborhood and Crime
• Neighborhood Effects, Theory of
• Ñeta
• Neurobiological Bases of Aggression
• Neurobiological Models of Psychopathy
• Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• Noncontact Sexual Offenders
• Noncontact Sexual Offending, Theories of
• “Nothing Works” Debate
• Nuestra Familia
• O
• Occupational and Corporate Crime
• Occupational Crime: Prevalence and Statistics
• Offender Group Reconviction Scale (OGRS)
• Offender Risk Assessment: Culture and Gender Considerations
• Offender Risk Assessment: Risk Communication
• Offender Risk Assessment: Use of the Professional Override
• Offender Risk Assessment and Risk Level Classification Issues
• Offender Treatment Attrition
• Offender Treatment Attrition and Retention, Responsivity Issues
• Offenders With Cognitive Disorders
• Offenders With Mental Disorders: Treatment Outcome Research
• Offenders With Mental Illness
• Offenders With Mental Illness in Prisons, Treatment for
• Older Victims of Crime
• Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA)
• Organized Crime Activities
• Organized Crime Typologies
• P
• Parole
• Pedophilia
• Personality Disorders in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• Personality Pathology
• Physical and Mental Health Treatment
• Plea Negotiations
• Police Interrogations
• Police Lineups, Psychology of
• Police Misconduct and Corruption
• Police Officer Evaluations: Suitability for Hire and Fitness for Duty
• Police Response to People With Mental Illness
• Police Suicide
• Police–Probation Partnerships
• Policing
• Policy Specialists
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• Poverty and Crime
• Prevalence Estimates of Crime Among Persons With Mental Illness
• Prevalence Estimates of Mental Illness Among Offenders
• Prevention Versus Intervention
• Preventive Detention Legislation
• Prison Abolition
• Prison Gangs, Major
• Prison Gangs and Security Threat Groups
• Prison Misconduct, Prediction of
• Prison Overcrowding
• Prison Rape Elimination Act
• Prison Reform
• Prison Security Levels
• Prisons
• Privatization of Prisons
• Probation
• Probation, Specialized
• Prosecutorial Discretion
• Prostitution
• Protective Factors, Definition of
• Protective Factors and Relationship to Risk
• Protective Factors Assessment
• Psychoanalytic Theory of Crime
• Psychodiagnostic Interview
• Psychological Autopsy
• Psychology of Criminal Conduct
• Psychopathic Offenders, Treatment of
• Psychopathic Offenders: Current State of the Research
• Psychopathic Offenders: Ineffective Treatment Programs
• Psychopathic Offenders: Promising Treatment Programs
• Psychopathic Offenders: Treatment Challenges and Controversies
• Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised
• Psychopathic Traits, Structure of
• Psychopathy
• Psychopathy, Etiology of
• Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)
• Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) and the Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV)
• Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV)
• Psychopathy Versus Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Public Offender Registries
• Punishing Smarter Programs
• Punishment
• Punishment, Effective Principles of
• R
• Racial Bias in Crime Policies and Prevention
• Racial Profiling
• Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
• Rapists, Theories of
• Rapists, Typologies of
• Recidivism
• Reentry
• Reentry, Best Practices for
• Rehabilitation
• Repeat Offenders
• Research in Criminal Psychology
• Resilience and Positive Psychology
• Resilience as a Predictor of Desistance
• Responsivity Principle
• Restitution
• Restorative Justice
• Restorative Policing
• Risk Assessment, Actuarial
• Risk Matrix 2000
• Risk Principle
• Risk Principle, Illustrative Applications of
• Risk-Need-Responsivity, Application to Female Offenders
• Risk-Need-Responsivity, Principles of
• Robbery
• Ruiz v. Estelle (1980)
• S
• Sadism
• Screening Assessment for Stalking and Harassment (SASH)
• Secure Confinement
• Segregation in Prisons
• Segregation in Prisons, Administrative
• Segregation in Prisons: Best Practices
• Segregation in Prisons, Disciplinary
• Segregation in Prison, Physical Consequences of
• Segregation in Prison, Psychological Consequences of
• Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ)
• Self-Regulation
• Self-Report Measures of Psychopathy
• Self-Report Psychopathy (SRP)
• Self-Reports and Questionnaires
• Sentencing
• Sequential Intercept Model
• Serial Murder
• Services Matching Instrument (SMI)
• Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG)
• Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS)
• Sexual Offender Civil Commitment Statutes
• Sexual Offender Registries
• Sexual Offenders
• Sexual Offenders, Public Perception of
• Sexual Offenders: Treatment Approaches
• Sexual Offenders: Treatment Outcome Research
• Sexual Offending
• Sexual Violence in Adult Prisons and Jails
• Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20)
• Sexually Violent Predator Laws
• S
• Shock Incarceration
• Shoplifting
• Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START)
• Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV)
• Showup Identifications
• Sicilian Mafia
• Social Bond Theory
• Social Control Theory
• Social Disorganization Theory
• Social Drift Theory
• Social Learning and Environmental Determinants of Psychopathy
• Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Social Learning Theory of Crime
• Social Skills Training
• Sociological Theories of Crime
• Specialty Courts
• Spirituality
• Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA)
• Stable-2007 and Acute-2007
• Stalking
• Stalking Assessment and Management (SAM), Guidelines for
• Stalking Risk Profile (SRP)
• Stanford Prison Experiment
• State Prisons
• Static-2002 and Static-2002R
• Static-99 and Static-99R
• Statistical Information on Recidivism (SIR)
• Stigma of Criminals
• Strain Theory of Crime
• Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision (STICS)
• Street Gangs
• Structured Assessment of Protective Factors (SAPROF)
• Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY)
• Structured Interviews in Law Enforcement Selection Process
• Structured Risk Assessment–Forensic Version (SRA-FV)
• Substance Abuse, Untreated Mental Illness, and Crime
• Substance Abuse and Crime, Linkages Between
• Substance Use Treatment for Offenders With Mental Disorders
• Substance-Abusing Offenders
• Suicidal Versus Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Corrections
• Suicide and Self-Harm, Linkages to Violence Risk
• Suicide and Self-Harm in Corrections, Risk Factors for
• Suicide and Self-Harm Intervention and Management Strategies
• Suicide and Self-Harm Offender-Specific Screening Tools
• Suicide and Self-Harm Screening Tools
• Suicide During Incarceration
• Suicide Risk and Self-Harm
• Suicide Risk and Self-Harm in Corrections, Prevalence and Estimates
• T
• Techniques of Neutralization
• Telehealth
• Terrorism: International Perspectives
• Texas Syndicate
• Theoretical Models of Violence and Aggression
• Therapeutic Communities
• Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem-Solving Courts
• Threat/Control-Override Model
• Threats in Prisons
• Three Strikes Laws
• Transnational Gangs
• Trauma, Treatment of
• Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Trauma-Informed Treatment
• Traumatic Brain Injury in Incarcerated Offenders, Treatment of
• Treatment Dosage and Treatment Effectiveness
• Treatment Foster Care Oregon
• Treatment of Criminal Behavior: Family Therapy
• Treatment of Criminal Behavior: Group Psychotherapy
• Treatment of Criminal Behavior: Substance Abuse Counseling
• Treatment or Program Outcome Evaluations
• Trials, Criminal
• Two-Tiered Violence Risk Estimates (TTV)
• U
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security
• U.S. Department of Justice
• U.S. Secret Service
• Undercover Policing
• V
• Vandalism
• Veterans Courts
• Victim Assistance Programs and Legislation
• Victimization in Prisons
• Victims of Crime
• Violence Against Children
• Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide–Revised (VRAG-R)
• Violence Risk Scale (VRS)
• Violence Risk Scale–Sexual Offender Version (VRS-SO)
• Violence Risk Scale–Youth Version (VRS-YV)
• Violent Offenders
• Violent Offenders, Categories of
• Violent Offenders: Treatment Approaches
• Violent Offenders: Treatment Outcome Research
• Vocational Education
• Voluntary Intoxication
• Voyeurism
• W
• War Crimes
• Weapons Trafficking
• Within Treatment or Program Change
• Witness Protection Programs
• Workplace Bullying
• Wrongful Convictions
• Y
• Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0 (YLS/CMI 2.0)
• Appendix: Resource Guide