The SAGE Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood Studies navigates our understanding of the historical, political, social and cultural dimensions of childhood.

Table of Contents

• Reader's Guide
• About the Editor
• Contributors
• Introduction
• A
• ABC Books
• Abortion
• Addams, Jane
• ADHD. See Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Adolescence
• Adolescence, History of
• Adolescent Pregnancy
• Adoption, History of
• Adoption, Transnational
• Adoption, Transracial
• Adultism
• After-School Centers
• Age
• Age Assessment, in Migration
• Age Compression
• Age of Consent
• Ageism
• Agency
• AIDS Orphans
• Andersen, Hans Christian
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Anticipatory Socialization
• Anti-colonial Movements, Role of Children
• Antislavery Movement, Role of Children
• Apprenticeship
• Apps (Mobile Applications)
• Ariès, Philippe
• Artificial Insemination
• Assent, Children's, in Research
• Asylum, Children as Seekers of
• Attachment Theory
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Autism, Child Development, and Theory
• Autism and Neurodiversity
• Autonomy
• B
• Babies’ Rights
• Baby, Social Construction of
• Baby Farms
• Babysitting, U.S. History of
• Baptism
• Barbie Doll
• Bechstein, Ludwig. See Grimm Brothers (The Brothers Grimm)
• Beings and Becomings, Children as
• Benjamin, Walter
• Bernstein, Basil
• Best Interests Principle
• Bettelheim, Bruno
• Better Baby Contests
• Bilingualism and Multilingualism
• Binet, Alfred
• Binge-Watching
• Biopolitics of Childhood
• Birth
• Birth Control
• Birth Order
• Blank Slate, Children as. See Tabula Rasa
• Boarding Schools
• Borders, National
• Bourdieu, Pierre
• Bowlby, John
• Boyhood
• Boyhood Studies
• Breastfeeding
• Bronfenbrenner, Urie
• Brownies’ Book
• Buddhism
• Bullying
• Bullying, Genealogy of the Concept
• Bullying and Parents
• Bullying and Teachers
• Bullying in Schools
• C
• Capitalism and Childhood
• Care, Feminist Ethic of
• Care, Institutional
• Caregivers, Children as
• Care-Work
• Carroll, Lewis
• Child
• Child Abuse. See Abuse and Child Abuse
• Child Actors in Film and Television
• Child Actors in Theater
• Child and Youth Activism
• Child as Method
• Child as Other/Stranger
• Child Attachment Interviews
• Child Beauty Pageants
• Child Consumption: A Vygotskian Perspective
• Child Depravity
• Child Domestic Work
• Child Labor
• Child Labor in Europe, History of
• Child Marriage
• Child Mortality
• Child Neglect
• Child Pornography
• Child Pregnancy
• Child Prodigy
• Child Prostitution, Sex Work
• Child Psychology, Clinical. See Clinical Psychology and Clinical Child Psychology
• Child Savers/Child-Saving Movement, U.S. History
• Child Sexual Abuse and Pedophilia
• Child Soldiers
• Child Study
• Child Suicide
• Child Trafficking
• Child Welfare
• Childcare
• Child-Centered/Child-Led Research
• Child-Centered Design
• Child-Friendly, Concept of
• Child-Friendly Cities
• Child-Headed Households
• Childhood
• Childhood, Anthropology of
• Childhood and Architecture
• Childhood and Nature
• Childhood as Figuration
• Childhood Embodiment/Embodied
• Childhood Identity Constructions
• Childhood in Western Philosophy
• Childhood Insanity
• Childhood Nostalgia
• Childhood Poverty
• Childhood Publics
• Childhood Representations in Media and Advertising
• Childhood Studies
• Childhoods and Time, Philosophical Perspectives
• Childing
• Childism
• Children and Art
• Children and Borders—Cyprus
• Children and Borders—Palestine
• Children and International Development
• Children and Nationalism
• Children and Social Policy
• Children and Technology
• Children and the Law, United States
• Children and U.S. Adoption Literature
• Children and Youth in Prison
• Children as Citizens
• Children as Competent Social Actors
• Children as Consumers
• Children as Legal Subjects
• Children as Philosophers
• Children as Photographers
• Children as Political Subjects
• Children as Victims
• Children as Witnesses
• Children as Workers
• Children at Risk
• Children in Postcolonial Literature
• Children in Romantic Literature and Thought
• Children Living With HIV in Africa
• Children Who Murder
• Children's Bodies
• Children's Bureau, United States
• Children's Consumer Culture. See Children as Consumers; Child Consumption: A Vygotskyan Perspective; Consumer Socialization
• Children's Culture Industry
• Children's Cultures
• Children's Drawings and Psychological Development
• Children's Geographies
• Children's Hospitals
• Children's Libraries in the United States
• Children's Literature
• Children's Mobility
• Children's Museums
• Children's Music Industry, U.S.
• Children's Ombudspersons/Commissioners for Children's Rights
• Children's Perspectives
• Children's Radio
• Children's Rights
• Children's Rights, Critiques of
• Children's Rights, Historical Perspective on
• Children's Social Participation, Models of
• Children's Television, U.S. History
• Children's Time Use
• Children's Voices
• Children's Work
• Christianity
• Citizenship
• Classroom Discipline
• Clinical Psychology and Clinical Child Psychology
• Clothing, Children's
• Colonialism and Childhood
• Columbine (High School) Massacre, U.S.
• Communion, Holy
• Community of Learners
• Concerted Cultivation, Parenting Style
• Conduct of Everyday Life
• Consent, Children's, in Research
• Consent, Sexual
• Consumer Socialization
• Corporal Punishment
• Counseling Children
• CRC. See United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)
• Critical Children's Literature Studies
• Critical Legal Studies
• Critical Pedagogy
• Critical Race Theory
• Critical Realism
• Critical Theory, the Child in
• CRT. See Critical Race Theory
• Cultural Capital
• Cultural Politics of Childhood
• Cyberbullying
• D
• Darwin, Charles
• Day Care
• Death, Children's Conceptions of
• Death Rates, Children's, Historical
• Deleuze, Gilles
• Depression
• Development
• Developmental Psychology
• Developmentality
• Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)
• Dewey, John
• Diaspora Childhoods
• Dickens, Charles
• Different Childhoods
• Digital Childhoods
• Digital Literacy
• Digital Media
• Digital Mobile Technologies
• Disabilities
• Disabilities, Children With—Global South
• Disability Studies
• Disability Studies in Education
• Discipline and Childhood
• Disney
• Distributed Violence
• Dockar-Drysdale, Barbara
• Dolls, U.S. History of
• Dolto, Françoise
• Domestic Chores
• Domestic Violence, Children's Experiences of
• Domestic Workers, Children as
• E
• Early Childhood Education
• Early Marriage
• Ecological Approaches. See Bronfenbrenner, Urie
• Ecology and Environmental Education
• Education
• Education, Child-Centered
• Education, Co-operative
• Education, Inclusive
• Education and Nationalism in Late Imperial China
• Education for All (EFA)
• Education Versus Care
• Emerging Adulthood
• Emotion Regulation (Children)
• Emotional Intelligence
• Enabling Education Network (EENET)
• Enlightenment and the Child
• Ennew, Judith
• Erikson, Erik
• Ethics
• Ethnicity
• Ethnography
• Eugenics
• Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
• F
• Fairy Tales in the Western Tradition
• Family
• Family Photography
• Fashion, Children's
• Fatherhood
• Fathers/Fathering
• Federal Indian Boarding Schools, U.S. Architecture of
• Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
• Feminism
• Feral Children
• Fetal Personhood
• Film, the Child in
• Folklore, Children's
• Food Studies and Children
• Foster Care, U.S.
• Foster Parenting
• Frank, Anne
• Freire, Paulo
• Freud, Anna
• Freud, Sigmund
• Froebel, Friedrich
• G
• Gay and Lesbian Parenting
• Gender
• Gender Identity
• Gender Independent Children
• Generation Gap
• Generational Approach
• Generational Conflict
• Generationing
• Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child 1924
• Gesell, Arnold
• Gifted Children
• Girl Power
• Girlhood
• Girlhood Studies
• Girling
• Girls
• Global North Childhoods
• Global Politics of Childhood
• Global Politics of Orphanhood
• Global South Childhoods
• Global Womb
• Globalization of Childhood
• Governmentality
• Grimm Brothers (The Brothers Grimm)
• Growing Sideways. See Queer Childhoods
• Growth
• H
• Habitus
• Hall, Granville Stanley
• Health
• Health Care
• Hidden Adult, in Literature
• Hinduism
• Hine, Lewis
• Historical Methods
• History of Childhood
• Home Learning Environment
• Homeschooling
• Homeless Children and Youth
• Homes, Institutional
• Hope
• Hug-Hellmuth, Hermine
• Human Capital, Child as
• Human Capital Theory
• Human Development Index
• Human Rights
• I
• Identity
• Imaginary Companions
• Immigrant Children
• Immigration
• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
• Inclusion in Schools
• Indigenous Childhoods
• Infancy
• Infant Mortality Rate. See Child Mortality
• Infantilization
• Innocence
• Institutionalization of Childhood
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• Intelligence Testing
• Intergenerational Learning
• Intergenerational Relations
• Interiority
• International Child Saving
• International Child Welfare Organizations
• International Children's Aid Organizations
• International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs)
• Interpretive Reproduction
• Intersectionality
• Interviews
• iPad
• Isaacs, Susan
• Islam
• J
• Judaism
• Juvenile Courts
• Juvenile Courts, U.S. History
• Juvenile Delinquency
• Juvenile Justice, International
• Juvenocracy/Juvenocratic Spaces
• K
• Key, Ellen
• Kindergarten
• Klein, Melanie
• Korczak, Janusz
• L
• La Leche League
• Lacan, Jacques
• Language, Social, and Cultural Aspects
• Language Learning/Acquisition
• League of Nations
• Least-Adult Role in Research
• Lego
• Life Mode Interview
• Lindgren, Astrid
• Literacy/Literacies
• Literature, Golden Age
• Literature for Children. See Children's Literature
• Locke, John
• M
• Mannheim, Karl
• Material Culture, Children's
• Media, Children and
• Medicalization of Childhood
• Mental Health, Child
• Mid-day Meal
• Militarization
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
• Milner, Marion
• Miniature Adulthood
• Minority Group, Children as
• Modernity
• Montessori, Maria
• Montessori Schools
• Moral Development, Cultural-Developmental Perspective
• Mothers/Motherhood
• Moveable Books
• Mulberry Bush School
• N
• Narrative Research Method
• Narratives, Children's
• National Identity
• Native American Children, Religion and Spirituality
• Natural Growth, Parenting Style
• Nature Versus Culture
• Nature Versus Nurture
• Neurocognitive Development
• Neuroscience
• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• Numeracy Learning in Early Childhood
• O
• Obesity
• One-Child Policy, China
• Opie, Iona and Peter
• Orphan Care
• Orphan Homes
• Orphan Trains
• Orphans
• Orphans and Orphanages as Childcare in the United States
• Out-of-School Children
• P
• Paganism
• Parental Advice Literature
• Parenthood
• Parenting
• Parenting Children
• Parenting Studies
• Parenting Styles, History of
• Parents of Children With Disabilities
• Parents With Disabilities
• Participation, Protection, and Provision Rights (Three Ps), UNCRC
• Participation Rights, UNCRC
• Participatory Action Research
• Participatory Research Methods
• Pedagogy
• Pediatrics
• Pedophilia. See Child Sexual Abuse and Pedophilia
• Peer Culture
• Peer Group
• Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich
• Peter Pan
• Philosophy, the Child in
• Philosophy for Children
• Photo-Elicitation, Research Method of
• Photovoice, Research Method of
• Piaget, Jean
• Piaget's Interview Methods: From Clinical to Critical
• Picture Books
• Play, Theories of
• Play Therapy and Autism
• Playground Movement, U.S. History
• Playgrounds
• Playrooms
• Pocket Money
• Political Geographies of Youth
• Political Rights of Children
• Popularity
• Popularity, Social Media and
• Popularity and Gender
• Postcolonial Childhoods
• Posthumanism and Childhood
• Postman, Neil
• Postmodern Childhoods
• Power Relations in Research
• Pregnancy
• Priceless Child
• Private Schools
• Professional Conversations With Children
• Protection Rights, UNCRC
• Provision Rights, UNCRC
• Psy Disciplines
• Psychoanalysis, the Child in
• Psychosocial Studies
• Puberty
• Q
• Quantitative Methods
• Queer Childhoods
• Queer Children, Representations of
• Queer Studies
• R
• Race and Childhood in U.S. Context
• Racial Formation
• Racial Innocence, Child and (U.S. History)
• Racism
• Reality Television
• Recapitulation Theory
• Reflexivity
• Refugees
• Reich, Wilhelm
• Relational Violence
• Religion and Children
• Representations of Childhood in Early China
• Reproductive Choice
• Residential Child Care
• Resilience
• Restavek
• Riot Grrrls
• Rites of Passage
• Roma Children
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
• S
• Same-Sex Parenting
• Save the Children
• School Desegregation, U.S.
• School Dress Codes
• School Readiness
• School Story, The
• School Uniforms
• School Violence
• Schooling
• Schooling, Gender, and Race
• Scouting, Boys
• Scouting, Girls
• Sea Hospitals
• Self-Esteem
• Self-Starvation. See Anorexia Nervosa
• Sesame Street
• Sex Education, Psychoanalysis in
• Sexual Citizenship
• Sexual Exploitation of Children
• Sexual Orientation
• Sexualities Education
• Sexuality and Childhood
• Sibling Rivalry
• Slavery, United States
• Social and Emotional Learning
• Social Exclusion and Bullying
• Social Inclusion
• Social Media, Children's Use of. See Digital Media; Digital Mobile Technologies; Media, Children and
• Social Welfare Regimes
• Social Work
• Socialization
• Socialization Paradigm
• Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
• Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
• Sociology of Childhood
• Special Education
• Spencer, Herbert
• Spielrein, Sabina
• Spinoza, Baruch
• Spock, Benjamin
• Sport
• Stage Theories of Development
• Standpoint Theory
• State Socialism, Childhood During
• Steiner, Rudolf
• Stepparents
• Strange Situations. See Attachment Theory; Child Attachment Interviews
• Street Children
• Street Children, History of
• Structural Violence
• Subjective Well-Being
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
• Sully, James
• Sunday School
• Supplementary Schools
• Surrogacy
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Sutton-Smith, Brian
• T
• Tabula Rasa
• Teddy Bear
• Teen Magazines
• Teenage Fathers, United Kingdom
• Teenage Mothers. See Adolescence Pregnancy
• Teenager Television Series
• Teenagers
• Temple, Shirley
• Theme Parks
• Time, Concept of, in Children
• Time and Childhood
• Toilet Training
• Toys
• Toys, Digital
• Toys, History of
• Toys, Optical
• Toys, War
• Toys and Child Development: Montessori, Piaget, and Vygotsky
• Transgender Children
• Transitions
• Transnational Childhoods
• Transnational Families
• Transnational Migration
• Trauma-Informed Care
• Tween
• U
• Unaccompanied Minors, Migration
• UNCRC. See United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)
• Undocumented Children
• United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)
• United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF)
• Universalism
• Universalization of Childhood
• V
• Violence
• Virtual Materiality
• Visual Methods
• Vocational Education
• Vulnerability of Children
• Vygotskij, Lev. See Vygotsky, Lev; Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky, Lev)
• Vygotsky, Lev
• W
• Waldorf Schools
• War and War-Affected Children
• Watson, John B.
• Welfare State
• Well-Being, Children's
• White House Conferences on Children (US)
• Wholeness Approach
• Winnicott, Donald W.
• Women and Children
• Wordsworth, William
• Workhouses
• Working Children
• Working Children's Movement
• Y
• Young Adult (YA) Literature
• Young Lives Study
• Young Offenders
• Young-Girl, Theory of
• Yousafzai, Malala
• Youth
• Youth and Representation in Popular Media, U.S.
• Youth Clubs
• Youth Culture
• Youth Gangs
• Youth Justice
• Youth Sexting
• Youth Studies
• Youth Studies, Birmingham School
• Youth Work
• YouTube
• Z
• Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky, Lev)