The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Sciences and Disorders is an in-depth encyclopedia aimed at students interested in interdisciplinary perspectives on human communication, both normal and disordered, across the lifespan. This covers the spectrum of communication disorders, from causation and prevention to testing and assessment; through rehabilitation, intervention, and education.

Table of Contents

• Reader's Guide
• Contributors
• Introduction
• A
• Abstraction
• Academic Impact of Communication Disorders
• Accent Modification
• Acclimatization to Hearing Aids
• Accountability in Therapy for Communication Disorders
• Acoustic Admittance
• Acoustic Ecology
• Acoustic Phonetics
• Acoustic Reflex
• Acoustics
• Adaptation Theory
• Adjectives and Adverbs
• Adolescent Language Disorders
• Adpositions and Conjunctions
• Advocacy
• Affect
• African American English
• Age and Aging
• Age-Related Hearing Loss
• Agnosia
• Air and Bone Conduction
• Airflow Measurement
• Airstream Mechanism
• Alaryngeal Voice
• Allocation of Resources
• Allomorph
• Allophone
• Altered Auditory Feedback and Stuttering
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Ambulatory Phonation Monitoring
• American Sign Language
• Amplitude Compression
• Amplitude Envelope
• Amusia
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Anatomy of the Hearing Mechanism and Central Audiology Nervous System
• Anatomy of the Human Articulators
• Anatomy of the Human Larynx
• Anatomy of the Human Neurological System
• Anchored Assessment
• Anomia
• Aphasia
• Aphasia Assessment
• Aphasia Intervention
• Applied Linguistics
• Arthritis: Laryngeal Involvement
• Articulation (Phonetic) Assessment
• Articulation Disorders
• Articulation Therapy (Phonetic Intervention)
• Articulatory Phonetics
• ASL
• Aspiration: Swallowing
• Assistive Listening Devices
• Attention
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Attitudes in Stuttering
• Atypical Speech Sounds
• Audiology
• Audiometry
• Audiovisual Integration
• Auditory Brainstem Implant
• Auditory Brainstem Response
• Auditory Development
• Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder
• Auditory Phonetics
• Auditory Processing
• Auditory Processing Disorder
• Auditory Scene Analysis
• Auditory Steady-State Response
• Auditory Training
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
• Australian Aboriginal Languages
• Australian Sign Language (Auslan)
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• B
• Babbling
• Background Noise
• Baselines
• Behaviorism
• Bernoulli Effect
• Bias
• Bibliotherapy
• Bilingual Aphasia
• Bilingual Children With Specific Language Impairment
• Bilingual Education
• Bilingualism
• Binaural Hearing
• Biofeedback
• Blindness, Impact on Communication
• Book Clubs, Communication-Adapted
• Boyle's Law
• Brain Imaging
• Breathing Exercises
• British Sign Language (BSL)
• BSL
• Bullying and Teasing
• C
• Cancer of the Head and Neck
• Captioning
• Cascade Effect
• Case Studies
• Caseload
• Categorical Perception
• Causation
• Ceiling Effect in Testing
• Cepstral Analysis of Voice
• Cerebral Palsy
• Childhood Apraxia of Speech
• Chronic Cough
• Chronological Age
• Circumlocution and Avoidance in Stuttering
• Classification Systems
• Classroom Acoustics
• Clauses and Phrases
• Cleft Lip and Palate: Speech Effects
• Clinical Linguistics
• Clinical Phonetics
• Clinical Phonology
• Clinician
• Cluttering
• Coaching
• Coarticulation
• Cochlear Hearing Loss
• Cochlear Implant (Re)habilitation
• Cochlear Implants
• Code Switching and Mixing
• Cognition
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Cognitive Development
• Cognitive Impairment
• Cognitive Linguistics
• Cognitive Processes and Operations
• Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach to Intervention
• Cognitivism
• Cohesion and Coherence
• Collaboration in Speech–Language Therapy
• Communication Disorders
• Communication Partner Training
• Communicative Competence
• Compensatory Adaptation and Strategies
• Compensatory Strategies: Swallowing
• Competence and Performance
• Comprehensibility
• Comprehension
• Computer-Aided Rehabilitation
• Concussion
• Concussive Injury
• Conductive Hearing Loss and Its Treatment
• Connected Speech
• Connectionist Models
• Consonant Clusters
• Consonants
• Constructivism
• Context
• Conversation
• Conversation Analysis
• Cooperative Learning
• Cooperative Principle
• Coping Hypothesis
• Corpus Linguistics
• Counseling in Speech–Language Pathology
• Covert Contrast
• Covert Stuttering
• Craniofacial Anomalies
• Critical Discourse Analysis
• Critical Period for Language Acquisition
• Crosslinguistic Manifestations of Disordered Speech and Language
• Cued Speech and Language
• Cultural and Linguistic Informants
• Culture
• D
• Databases in Communication Disorders
• Deaf Culture
• Decibel
• Deixis
• Delayed Auditory Feedback
• Delayed Language Development
• Delayed Phonological Development
• Dementia
• Depression
• Descriptive Assessment
• Descriptive Linguistics
• Determiners
• Developmental Apraxia of Speech
• Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)
• Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia
• Diagnosis of Communication Disorders
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
• Diagnostic Audiological Assessment
• Diagnostic Reasoning
• Dialects and Dialectology
• Dichotic Listening
• Digital Signal Processing
• Diglossia
• Discharge From Therapy
• Discourse
• Discourse Analysis
• Discourse Impairments
• Distortion
• Distributed Cognition
• Diversity
• Down Syndrome
• Dual Sensory Impairment (DSI)
• Dynamic Assessment
• Dysarthria
• Dyslexia
• Dysphagia
• Dysphonia
• E
• Early Literacy Development
• Earphones and Other Transducers
• Echolalia
• Educational Audiology
• Efficacy and Effectiveness of Treatment Studies
• Elderly: Communication Disorders of Aging
• Electrocochleography (ECochG)
• Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Electroglottography (EGG) / Electrolaryngography (ELG)
• Electrolarynx
• Electronystagmography (ENG) and Videonystagmography (VNG)
• Electropalatography (EPG)
• Emergence and Human Communication
• Emergentism
• Emotional Impact of Communication Disorders
• Enculturation Into the Profession
• Endoscopy
• Epidemiology of Communication Disorders
• Epilepsy
• Esophageal and Tracheoesophageal Speech
• Essential Vocal Tremor
• Ethics in Communication Disorders Research
• Ethics in Communication Disorders Service Delivery
• Ethnographic Approaches in Research
• Etiology
• Evidence-Based Practice
• Executive Function and Communication
• Experimental Research
• Expressive and Receptive Language
• Eye-Tracking Technology
• F
• Feedback in Therapy
• Felicity Conditions
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
• Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)
• Fingerspelling
• Fluency and Disfluency, Typical
• Fluency and Fluency Disorders
• Focus Groups
• Foreign Accent Syndrome
• Forensic Speech–Language Pathology
• Formulaic Language
• Fortition
• Foundations for Language Learning in the Neonatal and Early Infant Period
• Frequency Compression and Transposition
• Frequency Resolution
• Frequency Response
• Functional Assessment
• Functional Communication Skills
• Functional Hearing Loss
• Functionalism
• G
• Gatekeeping
• Gaze
• Generative Linguistics
• Genetics
• Genetics and Stuttering
• Genetics of Hearing Loss
• Geriatric Audiology
• Glossectomy
• Grammar
• Grammatical Development
• Grounded Theory
• Group Therapy
• H
• Hard of Hearing
• Hearing
• Hearing Accessibility
• Hearing Aid Earmold
• Hearing Aid Fitting
• Hearing Aids
• Hearing Assistive Technology
• Hearing Disability and Disorders
• Hearing Screening
• Hearing Tests
• Hemiplegia
• Hydrocephalus
• Hyperacusis
• I
• Imitative Response
• Implicature
• Incidence of Communication Disorders
• Inclusion Models in Special Education
• Indigenous Languages of the Pacific
• Indigenous Languages of Central and South America
• Indigenous Languages of North America
• Indigenous Languages
• Individual Differences
• Infectious Diseases and Communication Disorders
• Information Structure
• Instrumental Analysis of Speech
• Instrumental Assessment of Voice Disorders
• Intellectual Disability
• Intelligence
• Intelligibility
• Intelligibility Enhancement
• Intensive Stuttering Programs
• Intentionality
• Intercultural Communication
• International Adoption: Impact on Speech and Language Abilities
• International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
• Internet Resources
• Interviewing
• Intonation
• Irritable Larynx Syndrome
• J
• Jargon and Jargon Aphasia
• Jitter and Shimmer
• Joint Attention
• Journaling
• K
• Key Word Signing Systems
• Kinesics
• L
• Labeling of Communication Disorders
• Language
• Language Acquisition
• Language Assessment
• Language Delay
• Language Difference
• Language Disorders in Children
• Language Disorders of People With Hearing Impairment
• Language Families
• Language Register
• Language Sampling
• Language Therapy and Intervention
• Languages of Africa
• Languages of Central, South, and West Asia: Urdu and Persian
• Languages of East Asia
• Languages of Europe
• Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia
• Languages of North Asia
• Languages of South Asia
• Languages of the Caucasus
• Languages of the Middle East and North Africa
• Languages of West and Central Asia: Turkic
• Laryngeal Disorders: Benign Vocal Fold Pathologies
• Laryngectomy
• Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR)
• Late Auditory Evoked Potentials
• Late Talkers
• Learned Helplessness
• Learning Disabilities
• Lenition and Fortition
• Lexicon
• Linear Phonology
• Linguistic Profiles
• Linguistic Typology
• Linguistics
• Listening Effort
• Locus of Control
• Loudness
• M
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Makaton Sign System
• Manual Circumlaryngeal Techniques in Voice Disorders
• Mapping Hypothesis
• Markedness
• Masking
• Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
• Meaning
• Mediation in Therapy
• Medical Management of Voice Disorders
• Memory
• Memory Disorders
• Memory Impairments in Aphasia
• Ménière's Disease
• Meta-Analysis
• Metacognition
• Metalinguistics
• Metaphonology
• Metaphor
• Miscue Analysis
• Modality
• Modified Diet
• Modularity
• Morpheme
• Morphology
• Motherese
• Motivation
• Motor Speech Disorders
• Multidimensional Scoring
• Multilingualism
• Multilingualism and Speech Sound Disorders
• Multimodal Communication
• Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD)
• Myasthenia Gravis
• N
• Naming
• Narratives
• Nasalance and Nasometry
• Nasality
• Nativism
• Neuroconstructivism
• Neurogenic Communication Disorders
• Neurogenic Stuttering
• Neurolinguistics
• Neurophonetics
• Neuropragmatics
• Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Its Prevention
• Nonlinear Phonology
• Nonpulmonic Consonants
• Nonverbal Communication
• Normal Aging
• Nouns and Pronouns
• O
• Observation
• Occupation-Related Dysphonia
• Operationalism
• Optimality Theory
• Oral Language
• Origins of Language
• Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders
• Otitis Media
• Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE)
• Ototoxicity
• Outcome Measurement
• P
• Paradoxical Vocal Cord Dysfunction (PVCD)
• Paralinguistic and Prosodic Impact on Stuttering
• Paraphasia
• Parkinson's Disease
• Pathophysiology of Stroke
• Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury
• Pediatric Audiological Assessment
• Pediatric Audiological Rehabilitation
• Perception
• Person-Centered Care
• Pharmacological Interventions in Hearing Disorders
• Pharmacological Interventions in Speech and Language Disorders
• Phenomenology
• Phonation
• Phoneme
• Phonetic Transcription
• Phonetics
• Phonological and Phonemic Awareness
• Phonological Development
• Phonological Disorders
• Phonological Processes
• Phonological Treatment
• Phonology
• Physiological Basis of Hearing
• Physiological Basis of Swallowing
• Physiological Basis for Voice
• Pidgin and Creole Languages
• Pitch
• Placebo Effect
• Plasticity of the Brain
• Play
• Play Therapy
• Positive Psychology and Wellness
• Post-Polio Syndrome (PPS)
• Posttreatment Relapse in Stuttering
• Poverty and Language
• Power Relations in Service Delivery
• Pragmatic Development
• Pragmatic Impairment
• Pragmatics
• Premorbid Level
• Prenatal Drug Exposure
• Preschool Language Intervention
• Prescriptive and Descriptive Approaches
• Prevalence of Communication Disorders
• Prevention of Hearing Disorders
• Prevention of Speech and Language Disorders
• Primary Progressive Aphasia
• Priming
• Professional Associations
• Prognosis
• Prompts
• Prosodic Disorders
• Prosody
• Prosthetics for Structural Deficits
• Proxemics
• Psychiatric Disorders With Communication Disorders
• Psychoacoustics
• Psychogenic Voice Disorders
• Psycholinguistics
• Psychological Stress and Speech Disorders
• Psychosocial Impact of Aphasia
• Psychosocial Issues Associated With Communication Disorders
• Puberphonia
• Pulmonic Ingressive Speech
• Pure-Tone Audiometry
• Q
• Qualitative Research
• Quality of Life and Neurogenic Communication Disorders
• Quality of Life and Stuttering
• Quantitative Research
• R
• Radiation Therapy and Communication Disorders
• Readability
• Reading and Reading Disorders
• Reading Fluency
• Receptive Language
• Recovery From Aphasia
• Recursion
• Reference
• Referral Issues
• Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)
• Rehabilitation
• Rehabilitative Audiology
• Reinnervation of the Larynx
• Relational Analyses
• Relaxation Therapy
• Relevance Theory
• Reliability
• Research
• Residual Speech Sound Errors
• Resilience
• Resonance Disorders
• Response to Intervention (RtI)
• Retrocochlear Hearing Loss
• Revaluing Reading
• Right Hemisphere Cognitive–Communication Disorders
• Room Acoustics
• Rule-Governed Alternations
• S
• Sampling Rate
• Saturation Sound Pressure Level (SSPL)
• Schemata
• Scientific Realism
• Screening for Speech and Language Disorders
• Scripts
• Second-Language Acquisition
• Segmentation of Speech
• Seizure Disorders
• Selective Mutism
• Self-Advocacy
• Self-Assessment, Audiology
• Self-Assessment of Speech Disorders
• Self-Correction
• Self-Help Groups
• Self-Management
• Semantic Development
• Semantic Disorders
• Semantic Field
• Semantics
• Semi-occluded Vocal Tract Techniques
• Semiotics
• Sense
• Service Delivery Models
• Signal Detection Theory
• Signed Languages
• Significance
• Singing and Performing Voice
• Skills Versus Strategies
• Sleep: Effects on Language Learning
• Social Development
• Social Stories
• Socialization
• Sociolinguistics
• Sociolinguistics of Sign Languages
• Sonority
• Sound Localization and Auditory Spatial Perception
• Sound Spectrography
• Special Education
• Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
• Speech Act Theory
• Speech Audiometry
• Speech Intelligibility Index (SII)
• Speech Mechanism Examination
• Speech Naturalness
• Speech Perception, Theories of
• Speech Production, Theories of
• Speech Recognition
• Speech Sampling
• Speech Sound Development and Disorders in Multilinguals
• Speech Sound Disorders
• Speech Synthesis
• Speech Tracking
• Speech, Language, and Learning Difficulties Associated With Prenatal Drug Exposure
• Speech–Language Pathology
• Speechreading
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Standardized Testing
• Statistical Learning
• Statistics: Descriptive
• Statistics: Inferential
• Stereotypy
• Stigma
• Stimulability
• Stroke
• Stuttering
• Stuttering and Adolescence
• Stuttering and Emotional Reactions
• Stuttering and Language Complexity
• Stuttering, Causes of
• Stuttering, Effects of
• Stuttering, Motor Control in
• Stuttering, Response to
• Stuttering Treatment
• Stylistics
• Support Groups
• Supported Conversation for Adults With Aphasia (SCA)
• Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech
• Swallowing Assessment
• Swallowing Disorders
• Swallowing Disorders: Prophylactic Therapy
• Swallowing Rehabilitation in Adults
• Syllable
• Syntactic Disorders
• Syntax
• Syntax and Grammar
• Systemic Functional Linguistics
• T
• Tardive Dyskinesia
• Technology and Communication Disorders
• Telehealth
• Telepractice
• Temperament, Anxiety, and Stuttering
• Temporal Fine Structure
• Temporal Imperative
• Temporal Processing
• Teratogens
• Test–Retest Approach
• Texts
• Theories of Language Acquisition
• Theory of Mind
• Thickened Liquids
• Threshold
• Timbre
• Tinnitus
• Tissue Engineering
• Tone Languages and Communication Disorders
• Tongue Thrust
• Tourette Syndrome
• Tracheostomy
• Transcranial Stimulation
• Transgender Voice and Communication
• Translation
• Trauma to Speech and Hearing Mechanisms
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Treatment Research
• Type Versus Token
• U
• Ultrasonography
• Ultrasound
• Universal Grammar
• Usage-Based Approach to Language Acquisition
• V
• Validity
• Variable Speech Production
• Varieties of English
• Velocardiofacial Syndrome (VCFS)
• Ventilator-Assisted Speech Production
• Verbs
• Vestibular Assessment
• Vestibular Disorders
• Vestibular Rehabilitation
• Vestibular System
• Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study
• Virtual Reality
• Vocabulary
• Vocal Hygiene
• Vocal Production System: Evolution
• Vocal Quality: Perceptual Evaluation
• Vocalization
• Vocoding Techniques
• Voice Acoustics
• Voice Disorders
• Voice Production: Physics
• Voice Quality
• Voice Therapy
• Voice Therapy for the Professional Singer
• Vowels
• W
• Williams Syndrome
• Word Deafness
• Word Frequency
• Writing and Writing Disorders
• Writing Systems
• X
• Xenophone
• X-radiography
• Y
• Yawn–Sigh Technique
• Z
• Zone of Proximal Development
• Glossary
• Resource Guide
• Chronology