The Encyclopedia of Colonial Latin America (1550s to 1820s) covers the history and culture of Central America, South America, and the Caribbean from the arrival of the Spanish, colonization, and independence movements until the 1820s.

Table of Contents

• Editor and Author
• Preface to Latin American History and Culture
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction to Encyclopedia of Colonial Latin America (1550s to 1820s)
• Time Line (1550s to 1820s)
• A
• Abascal y Sousa, José Fernando de
• Acapulco during the colonial era
• Acosta, José de
• adelantado
• agriculture in colonial Latin America
• aguardiente de caña
• alcabala
• alcalde del crimen
• alcalde mayor
• aldeia
• Aleijadinho
• Almadén
• almojarifazgo
• Alzaga, Martín de
• Alzate y Ramírez, José Antonio de
• Amar y Borbón, Antonio
• Amat y Junyent, Manuel de
• amigos del país, societies of
• Andrada e Silva, José Bonifacio de
• Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de
• Araucanians during the colonial era
• architecture of colonial Latin America
• Areche y Sornoza, José Antonio de
• Arequipa during the colonial era
• Army of the Three Guarantees
• art in colonial Latin America
• Artigas, José Gervasio
• asiento
• Asunción during the colonial era
• Atahualpa, Juan Santos
• audiencia
• Augustinians in colonial Latin America
• auto de fe
• autonomists in colonial Latin America
• Aycinena y de Yrigoyen, Juan Fermín de
• B
• Bahia during the colonial era
• Bajío during the colonial era
• Banda Oriental
• bandeiras
• Basques in colonial Latin America
• Battle of Ayacucho
• Battle of Carabobo
• Battle of Chacabuco
• Battle of Junín
• Battle of Maipó
• Belgrano, Manuel
• Belize during the colonial era
• bienes de difuntos
• Bogotá during the colonial era
• Bolívar, Simón
• books in colonial Latin America
• “Bourbon Reforms”
• Boves, José Tomás
• Brazil during the colonial era
• brazilwood
• buccaneers
• Buenos Aires during the colonial era
• C
• cabildo abierto
• cacao
• caciques in Latin America
• Cádiz during the colonial era
• Callao during the colonial era
• Calleja del Rey, Félix María
• captaincies general in South America
• Caracas during the colonial era
• Caribbean during the colonial era
• Cartagena de Indias during the colonial era
• Cartagena Manifesto
• Casa de Contratación
• castas
• Castile during the colonial era
• cathedral chapters in colonial Latin America
• Catholic Church and colonial Latin America
• cattle and colonial Latin America
• Cevallos, Pedro de
• Charcas
• Charles II
• Charles III
• Charles IV
• Charles V
• “Chichimecas”
• Chile during the colonial era
• Chocó
• Cisneros, Baltasar Hidalgo de
• cities in colonial Latin America
• Clavijero, Francisco Javier
• coca
• cochineal
• Cochrane, Thomas, tenth earl of Dundonald
• cofradía
• colegio/colegio mayor
• Colônia do Sacramento during the colonial era
• colonial nobility in Latin America
• Columbian exchange
• comercio libre
• Companhia Geral do Comércio do Grão-Pará e Maranhão
• Comunero Rebellion of New Granada
• Comunero Revolt of Paraguay
• congregación
• Congress of Angostura
• Congress of Chilpancingo
• consulado
• conversos in colonial Latin America
• corregidor/corregimiento
• Cortes of Cádiz
• Costa Rica during the colonial era
• Council of Regency
• Council of the Indies
• credit in colonial Latin America
• creole
• crime and punishment in colonial Latin America
• Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la
• Cuba during the colonial era
• curandera/curandero
• Cuzco during the colonial era
• D
• debt peonage
• diamonds in colonial Latin America
• diezmo
• doctrinas de indios
• Dominicans in colonial Latin America
• dowries in colonial Latin America
• drugs in colonial Latin America
• Dutch West India Company
• E
• earthquakes in colonial Latin America
• economy of colonial Latin America
• education in colonial Latin America
• El Salvador during the colonial era
• Elío, Francisco Javier
• encomienda
• engenho
• Enlightenment in colonial Latin America
• epidemics in colonial Latin America
• estancia in colonial Latin America
• F
• family in colonial Latin America
• fazenda/fazendeiro in colonial Latin America
• Feijóo y Montenegro, Benito Jerónimo de
• Ferdinand VI
• Ferdinand VII
• Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo
• fiscal
• fleets/fleet system in colonial Latin America
• forastero
• foreigners in colonial Latin America
• Franciscans in colonial Latin America
• French Guiana during the colonial era
• fuero during the colonial era
• G
• Gálvez y Gallardo, José de
• Garcilaso de la Vega
• gauchos in colonial Latin America
• Gil de Taboada y Lemos, Francisco
• Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, Manuel
• godparentage in colonial Latin America
• gold in colonial Latin America
• Goyeneche y Barreda, José Manuel de
• gracias al sacar, cédula de
• Grito de Dolores
• Guadalajara during the colonial era
• Guanajuato during the colonial era
• Guaraní
• Guatemala during the colonial era
• Guayaquil during the colonial era
• Guaycuruans
• Guyana during the colonial era
• H
• Habsburgs and colonial Latin America
• haciendas in colonial Latin America
• Havana during the colonial era
• Hawkins, Sir John
• Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel
• hidalguía
• Hispaniola during the colonial era
• Honduras during the colonial era
• House of Aviz
• House of Bragança during Brazil's colonial era
• Huancavelica during the colonial era
• hurricanes in colonial Latin America
• I
• immigration in colonial Latin America
• independence of Brazil
• independence of Mexico
• independence of Spanish South America
• Index of Prohibited Books
• the Indies during the colonial era
• indigo in colonial Latin America
• Inquisition and colonial Latin America
• intendant
• Iturrigaray y Aróstegui, José de
• J
• Jamaica during the colonial era
• Jesuits in colonial Latin America
• John VI
• Joseph I
• Juan y Santacilia, Jorge
• Junta Central
• Junta Suprema de Sevilla
• juntas in colonial Latin America
• Juzgado General de Indios
• K
• Kino, Eusebio
• kuraka
• L
• La Plata during the colonial era
• La Serna, José de
• Law of Consolidación
• letrado
• Leyenda Negra
• Lima during the colonial era
• limpieza de sangre
• Liniers y Bremond, Santiago de
• literature in colonial Latin America
• llanero
• Logia Lautaro
• López de Gómara, Francisco
• M
• maize in colonial Latin America
• mameluco
• Manila galleons
• Maranhão
• Martín de Porres
• Mato Grosso during the colonial era
• mayorazgo
• media anata
• Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro
• Mercedarians
• Mercurio peruano
• mercury in colonial Latin America
• mestizaje/mestizo
• Methuen Treaty
• Mexico City during the colonial era
• migration in colonial Latin America
• military and civil orders in colonial Latin America
• military in colonial Latin America
• Minas Gerais during the colonial era
• mineiro conspiracy
• mining in colonial Latin America
• Ministry of the Indies
• mints in colonial Latin America
• Miranda, Francisco de
• missions in colonial Latin America
• mita labor in the Andean highlands
• Mogrovejo, Toribio Alfonso de
• Montevideo during the colonial era
• Morelos y Pavón, José María
• Moreno, Mariano
• Morgan, Sir Henry
• Morillo, Pablo
• mulato
• mules in colonial Latin America
• municipal council
• music in colonial Latin America
• N
• Native Americans in colonial Latin America
• New Galicia
• Nicaragua during the colonial era
• Nóbrega, Manoel da
• Nombre de Dios during the colonial era
• obrajes in colonial Latin America
• oficios vendibles y renunciables
• O
• O’Higgins, Bernardo
• oidor
• Olañeta, Pedro Antonio
• Our Lady of Guadalupe
• P
• Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de
• Palmares
• Panama during the colonial era
• Paraguay during the colonial era
• pardo
• patronato real
• peninsular
• Peralta y Barnuevo, Pedro
• Pérez de la Serna, Juan
• Pernambuco during the colonial era
• Pezuela, Joaquín de la
• Philip II
• Philip III
• Philip IV
• Philip V
• Philippine Islands during the colonial era
• Plan of Iguala
• plantations in colonial Latin America
• plaza mayor
• Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, marquês de
• population in colonial Latin America
• Port Royal, Jamaica, during the colonial era
• Portobelo during the colonial era
• Potosí during the colonial era
• presidios in colonial Latin America
• printing press in colonial Latin America
• provincial deputations in colonial Latin America
• Provincias Internas
• Puebla during the colonial era
• Pueblo Revolt
• Puerto Rico during the colonial era
• pulperías
• pulque
• Q
• quilombo
• quinto
• Quiroga, Vasco de
• Quito during the colonial era
• R
• ranching in colonial Latin America
• Real Compañía Guipúzcoana de Caracas
• Real Hacienda
• recogimiento
• Recopilación de leyes de los reynos de las Indias
• reducción
• regalism in colonial Latin America
• regidor
• reinóis
• relação
• religion in colonial Latin America
• repartimiento in Latin America
• reparto
• residencia
• Revillagigedo, II conde de
• Riego Revolt
• Rio de Janeiro during the colonial era
• Río de la Plata
• riots and rebellions in colonial Latin America
• Rosa de Lima
• royal monopolies in colonial Latin America
• Royal Tribunal of Protomedicato
• S
• Sá, Mem de
• Salvador da Bahia during the colonial era
• San Martín, José de
• Sanlúcar de Barrameda during the colonial era
• Santiago de Chile during the colonial era
• Santo Domingo during the colonial era
• São Paulo during the colonial era
• sertão
• Seville during the colonial era
• sheep in colonial Latin America
• shipbuilding in colonial Latin America
• Siete Partidas
• Sigüenza y Góngora, Carlos de
• silver in colonial Latin America
• slavery in colonial Latin America
• smuggling in colonial Latin America
• Sobremonte, Rafael de
• society in colonial Latin America
• Society of Guadalupes
• Solórzano y Pereyra, Juan de
• Spanish Bourbons
• Spanish Constitution of 1812
• sports and recreation in colonial Latin America
• Strait of Magellan
• subdelegado
• sugar in colonial Latin America
• Suriname during the colonial era
• T
• taxation in in colonial Latin America
• theater in colonial Latin America
• “Tierra Firme”
• tobacco in colonial Latin America
• Toledo y Figueroa, Francisco de
• trade in colonial Latin America
• transportation in colonial Latin America
• Treaty of Madrid (1670)
• Treaty of Madrid (1750)
• Treaty of Paris (1763) and Latin America
• Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777)
• Treaty of Utrecht and the Spanish Empire
• Tribunal of Accounts
• Tribunal of the Acordada
• tribute in colonial Latin America
• Túpac Amaru I
• Túpac Amaru II
• U
• Ulloa, Antonio de
• Unanue, Hipólito
• United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
• universities in colonial Latin America
• University of Mexico during the colonial era
• University of San Marcos during the colonial era
• vecino
• V
• Venegas, Francisco Javier de
• Venezuela during the colonial era
• Veracruz during the colonial era
• Vértiz y Salcedo, Juan José de
• viceroy/viceroyalty in colonial Latin America
• Viceroyalty of New Granada
• Viceroyalty of New Spain
• Viceroyalty of Peru
• Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata
• Vila Rica do Ouro Prêto
• visita
• W
• war in colonial Latin America
• War of Jenkins’ Ear
• War of the Emboabas
• War of the Spanish Succession and Latin America
• weights and measures in colonial Latin America
• wheat in colonial Latin America
• wine in colonial Latin America
• women in colonial Latin America
• yanaconaje
• Y
• yerba maté
• Z
• Zacatecas
• zambo
• Support Materials
• Documents
• — Royal Cédula: That No Mulatto, Mestizo, or Man Who Is Not of Legitimate Birth, Can Have Indians or Hold Royal or Public Employment
• — Royal Cédula: That No Black in the Province of Peru Can Carry Arms
• — Royal Cédula: That the Indians Should Not Be Injured by Blacks
• — Royal Cédula: About Gathering and Educating the Abandoned Children of Spaniards and Mestizos
• — Royal Cédula: About the Mestizos in Guatemala
• — Royal Cédula: That Relatives of the Presidents, Oidores and Fiscales of the Audiencias May Not Be Appointed to Corregimientos and Other Offices
• — Royal Cédula: That Indians, Mestizos and Mulattoes Can neither Have nor Carry Weapons
• — Royal Cédula: That All Blacks (Men and Women), Mulattoes and Free Mulattoes in the Indies Should Pay Tribute to His Majesty
• — Royal Cédula: That No Viceroy, President, Oidor, Alcalde del Crimen, Fiscal, nor Any of Their Sons or Daughters May Marry in Their Districts
• — Royal Cédula: That Blacks, Mulattoes, and Mestizos Should Not Live with Indians
• — Royal Cédula: Ordering That Spaniards, Mulattoes, Blacks, and Mestizos should Not Live in the Indian Towns
• — Royal Cédula: About the Facilities for Training Male Mestizos to Be Priests and for Admitting the Female Mestizos in the Monasteries of Nuns
• — Royal Ordinance: That No Black or Mulatto Have Indians at his Service
• — Royal Cédula: To the Governor of Venezuela, That He Maintain the Cédula: Regarding Taxation of Free Blacks and Mulattoes
• — Royal Cédula: That the Royal Officials Cannot Make Contracts for Marriage nor Marry in Their Districts
• — Royal Cédula: To the Governor of Yucatán about Not Giving the Position of Notary to Mestizos
• — Royal Cédula: Soliciting Information about Mestizos Who Hold Public Offices
• — Royal Cédula: That the Mulattoes and Persons of Mixed Indian and Black Parentage Be Raised with Good Habits and That They Be Occupied in Useful Tasks and Jobs
• — Royal Cédula: To the Viceroy of New Spain. That You Remedy the Problems That Result from the Free Blacks and Mulattoes Who Are in the Land
• — Royal Cédula: That the Viceroy of Peru Address Whether It Would Be Convenient to Gather the Mulattoes, Blacks, and Zambaigos in Towns
• — Royal Cédula: About the Punctual Observance of the Orders That Have Been Issued Regarding the Relief and Proper Treatment of the Indians
• — Royal Cédula: To the Viceroy of New Spain, Ordering That He Take Care That the Indians Not Live Outside of Their Neighborhoods
• — Advice of the Council of the Indies Regarding the Problems That Result from Selling Offices in the Indies, and Especially the Posts of Justice and Government
• — Royal Cédula: That the Indians of the City of Mexico Live in the Designated Neighborhoods
• — On Cartagena de Indias
• — Royal Cédula: To the Governor of Cumaná, Ordering Him That the Laws Cited Here State That Indians Should Reside in the Indian Towns
• — Résumé of the Merits, and Services of Doctor don Josef Baquíjano y Carrillo de Córdova, Lawyer of the Royal Audiencia of Lima
• — Royal Order: That American Spaniards Be Proposed for Civil and Ecclesiastic Employments of Spain and Reserving One-Third of the Prebends in America for Them
• — Pragmatic Sanction to Avoid the Abuse of Contracting Unequal Marriages (excerpts)
• — Royal Cédula: That the American and European Vassals Are Equal
• — Consulta of the Council of the Indies Regarding the Reasons That the Governor and Intendant of Nicaragua Had for Not Exacting the Tribute Established for the Mulattoes and Free Blacks
• — Letter from Ciriaco Sepúlbeda to Dr. Narciso Esparragosa Concerning the Illness That Both Doctors Were Treating
• — Letter from Ciriaco Sepúlbeda to Dr. Narciso Esparragosa Discussing the Illness of Esparragosa's Comadre
• — Letter from Gertrudis Zavala to Dr. Narciso Esparragosa
• — Letter from Dr. Narciso Esparragosa to Mariano Herrarte
• — Royal Cédula: Inserting the New List of Fees for the Payment of Services Indicated in the Gracias al Sacar (excerpts)
• — Letter from Antonio González to Dr. Narciso Esparragosa
• — “Preliminary Remarks” on Venezuela's Declaration of Independence
• — Medical Report on Wounds Sustained by Antonio Trujillo
• — Letter from José María Jáuregui to Dr. Narciso Esparragosa
• — On the Independence of Peru
• Glossary
• Suggested Readings