This book covers Zoraoastrianism, Judaism, and Islam and their influence on Indian religious life.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• Series Editor
• About the Editors
• Contributors
• A
• 9th Month of Lunar Calendar
• ‘Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni
• ‘Abd'l-Raḥīm Khān-i-Khānān
• Abd al-Rahim
• Abdul Aleem
• Abdul Qadir Badauni
• Abdur Rahim
• Abdurrahim
• Abū al-Faḍl
• Abū al-Faḍl ‘Allāmī
• Abū al-Faḍl al-Bayhaqī
• Abū al-Faḍl ibn Mubarak
• Abu al-Fath Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar
• Abū al-Kalām Azād
• Abū al-Mughīth al-Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj
• Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī
• Abu'l Fazl
• Abu'l Fazl ‘Allāmī
• Abu'l Fazl ibn Mubarak
• Abū’l Kalām Āzād
• Abū’l-Fażl Bayhaqī
• Abul Kalam
• Abul Kalam Azad
• Accusing Nafs (Nafs-e Lawwāma)
• Adaran
• Afghan Claimants of Israelite Descent
• Aga Khan
• Aga Khan Development Network
• Aga Khan Foundation
• Aga Khanis
• Agyaris
• Ahl al-Malāmat
• Aḥmad Khān
• Ahmad Raza Khan
• Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi
• Aḥmadābād
• Ahmedabad
• Aibak (Aybeg), Quṭb al-Dīn
• Aibek
• Akbar
• Akbar I
• Akbar the Great
• Al Hidaya
• ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Ḥusayn (Ghūrid)
• ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Khaljī
• ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Shāh Khaljī
• ‘Alā’ ud-Dīn Ḥusain
• ʿAlāʾ ud-Dīn Khiljī
• AlBeruni
• Al-Beruni
• AlBiruni
• Al-Biruni
• Alfī Movements
• al-Hojvīrī
• Al-Huda International
• Al-Huda International Institute of Islamic Education for Women
• al-Hujwīrī
• ʿAlī Garshāsp
• Āl-i Sebüktegīn
• Āl-i Shansab
• Aliah Madrasah
• Aliah University
• Aligarh Muslim University
• Aligarh Muslim University, AMU
• Allama
• Allama Inayatullah Khan Al-Mashriqi
• Allama Mashraqi
• Allama Mashraqui
• Allama Mashriqi
• Allama Shibili Nu'mani
• Allāmah Naqqan
• Allamah Sir Muhammad Iqbal
• Almaniyya
• Almsgiving
• al-Qannawjī, Muḥammad Ṣiddīq Ḥasan
• Altaf Hussain Hali
• Al-Tawḥīd
• Amīr ‘Alī
• Amīr Khusrau
• Amir Khusraw
• Anglo-Mohammedan Law
• ʿAqīqa
• Arezu
• Arkān al-Īmān
• Arzu
• Ārzū, Sirāj al-Dīn ‘Alī Ḳhān (d. 1756)
• Asghar Ali Engineer
• Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī
• Atash kadeh
• Avesta
• Awliyā’
• Aybak
• Ay-Bak
• Aybeg
• Ayodhya Conflict
• Ayodhya Dispute
• Azad Bilgrami
• B
• Bābā Farīd
• Baba Shah Jalal
• Bābā Shaykh Farīd al-Dīn Ganj-i Shakar
• Babri Mosque
• Baburi Masjid
• Badā’ūnī, ‘Abd al-Qādir (1540–1615)
• Badaoni
• Badayuni
• Baghdadi Jews of India
• Bahmani Sultanate
• Bahmanid Sultanate
• Baihaqī
• Balaban
• Balban, Ghiyās al-Dīn
• Bangladesh (Islam and Muslims)
• Bangladesh Jama'at-i-Islam
• Bangladesh Jamaati-e-Islam
• Baranī, Żiyāʾ al-Dīn
• Barelvīs
• Barelwīs
• Bāyazīd Anṣārī (Pīr-i Rōshan)
• Bāyezīd
• Bayhaqī, Abūl-Fażl
• Bāzīd
• Bedil
• Bene Israel
• Benei Manasseh
• Bengal (Islam and Muslims)
• Bhutto, Benazir
• Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali
• Bīdel
• Bidil
• Bilgrāmī, Āzād
• Birādari
• Bīrūnī, al-
• Bnei Menashe
• Bombay's Baghdadi Jews
• Burma Jews
• C
• Calcutta Madrasah
• Caliph
• Caliphate
• Cantwell Smith
• Caste
• Chishtī Order
• Chishtiyya
• Chughtai
• Chuġtāʾī, ʿIṣmat
• Cochin Jews
• Colonialism
• Commanding Nafs (Nafs-e Ammāra)
• Community
• Congress, Muslims
• Consensus
• Constitution
• Contemporary Indian Jewish Literature
• Coromandel Coast
• D
• Dār al-‘Ulūm Deoband
• Dara Shikoh
• Dārā Shukoh
• Dārā Šokōh
• Dārāshikoh
• Darbar-i-Aulīya
• Darbemeher
• Dare Meher
• Dars-e-Niẓāmi
• Dars-e-Niẓāmiyya
• Dars-i-Niẓāmi
• Dars-i-Niẓāmiya
• Dars-i-Nizamiyya
• Dātā Ganj Bakhsh (Hojvīrī)
• De Tassy
• Defensive War
• Deities
• Delhi Sultanate
• Deoband
• Deoband School
• Deobandī
• Deobandīs
• Dervish
• Dewan Hasan Raja Chaudhuri
• Dewan Hasan Reza
• Dhikr/Zikr
• Dihli Sultanate
• Disbeliever in God
• Du‘ā;
• E
• Early Islamic Polity
• Early Zoroastrians
• Eastern Medicine (Pakistan)
• Eid al-Aḍḥā
• Eid al-Fiṭr
• Eid/’Īd
• Eltotmesh
• Enayetpuri
• Exerting Effort
• F
• Faith in Islam
• Fakhr al-Dīn Mubārak Shāh
• Fakhr-i Mudabbir
• Fakhr-i-Mudabbir
• Fakhruddin Iraqi
• Fakhruddin Mubarakshah
• Fakr al-Dīn ʿIrāqī
• Faqīr
• Farā’īḍī Movement
• Fara'izi Movement
• Faraidi Movement
• Faraizi Movement
• Farhat Hashmi
• Farīd al-Dīn al-Mas‘ūd (Farīddīn al-Mas‘ūd)
• Fasting
• Fasting in Islam
• Fasting in Ramaḍān
• Fatawa al-Alamgiriyya
• Fatawa Hindiyya
• Fatāwā’l Ālamgīrā
• Fatawa-i Alamgiri
• Fatawa-i Alamgiriyya
• Fatehpur Sikri
• Fatva
• Fatwa
• Fazlur Rahman, Ansari
• Festival
• Fetva
• Fiqh
• Fire
• Fire Temples
• Firoz Shah
• Firozshah
• Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq
• G
• Gandhi and Muslims
• Gandhi, Mahatma, and Muslims
• Ganj Shakar
• Garcin de Tassy
• Gēsūdarāz, Sayyid
• Ghālib, Mirza
• Ghaznavids
• Ghaznawids
• Ghorids
• Ghulam ‘Ali Azad
• Ghulam ‘Ali Azad of Bilgram
• Ghulam Ali Ismail
• Ghulamali Ismail
• Ghūrids
• Gisu Daraz
• Gisudaraz
• Gisu-Daraz
• Graeco-Arabic Medicine
• Graeco-Islamic Medicine
• Grameen Bank
• Group
• Gulamali Ismail
• H
• Ḥadd
• Haji Naji
• Hājī Nājī
• Haji Shariat Allah
• Haji Shariat Ullah
• Haji Shariatullah
• Hajj
• Hajji Imdad Allah
• Hajji Imdadullah
• Hajji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
• Hakim al-Ummat
• Hali, Altāf Ḥusayn
• Ḥallāj, al-
• Hasan Raja of Sunamganj
• Hasan Reza
• Hason Raja
• Ḥaydarī
• Hazarat Shah Jalal
• Hazrat Inayat Khan
• Hazrat Shāh Jalāl
• Hedaya
• Hidaya
• Hidayah
• House of Religious Debate
• Ḥudood
• Ḥudūd
• Humayun's Mausoleum
• Humayun's Tomb
• I
• ‘Ibādat
• ‘Ibādat Khāna
• ‘Ibādat Khānah
• Ibadatkhana
• Ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Ṭanjī
• Ibn Baṭṭūṭa: Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Luwāti al-Ṭanjī (1304–1368/703–769)
• Ibn Battutah
• Ibn Batuta
• Ibn Taymīyya
• Ijmā‘
• Ijtihād
• Imam
• Imām Shāhī
• Imam-e Inqilab
• Īmān
• Imdad Allah
• Imdādullāh “Muhājir,” Hājji
• Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
• Inayat
• Inayat Khan
• Inayatullah Khan
• Independent Judgment
• India
• Indian Jews
• Indian National Congress and Muslims
• Infidel
• Interfaith Relations
• Interpretation of Problems
• Invocation
• Iqbāl, Allamah Sir Muḥammad
• Iraqi Jews
• Iraqi Jews of India
• ʿIrāqī, Fakhruddīn (ca. 610–688/1213 or 1214–1289)
• Islamic Belief System
• Islamic Charity
• Islamic Education
• Islamic Family Law
• Islamic Festival
• Islamic Jurisprudence
• Islamic Law
• Islamic Laws
• Islamic Monotheism
• Islamic Mysticism
• Islamic Personal Law
• Islamic Philosophy in India
• Islamic Political Theory
• Islamic Punishment
• Islamic Recasting of Knowledge
• Islamic Saints
• Islamic Transformation of Knowledge
• Islamism
• Islamization of Knowledge
• Ismā‘īlīs
• Ismā‘īl, Gulāmalī (1864–1943)
• Ismaili Muslims
• Ismat Chughtaai
• Ismat Chughtai
• Ismat Chughtay
• Israelite Origins of Pathan/Pashtun Tribes
• Ithnā ‘Asharī Shi‘ism
• J
• Jahan Ara
• Jahanara Begum
• Jahānārā Begum
• Jahāngīr, Nūruddin Mohammad
• Jahānsūz
• Jalāl ad-Dīn Mujarrad
• Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar
• Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar
• Jamā‘at-i Tablīgh
• Jamā‘at-Khānā
• Jama'ati-i-Islam Bangladesh
• Jama'at-i-Islami Bangladesh
• Jamaat-e-Islami, Sri Lanka
• Jamaati-e-Islam Bangladesh
• Jannat Makani
• Jāti
• Jawāliqī
• Jewish Authors in India
• Jewish Literature in India
• Jewish-Muslim Relations in South Asia
• Jews
• Jews of India
• Jews of Kerala
• Jihād
• Jinnah, Mahomed Ali
• Jinnah, Muḥammad ‘Alī
• Jurisprudence
• Just War
• Jūzjānī, Minhāj al-Dīn
• K
• Kadir, Shaykh Abdul
• Kāfir
• Karim Al-Husseini, Shah, Aga Khan IV
• Khāleda Jiẏā
• Khan
• Khān, (Nawwāb) Ṣiddīq Ḥasan
• Khan, Liaquat Ali
• Khānaqāh and Ribat
• Khāndān-i-Ijtihād (Household of Ijtihād)
• Khan-e Arzu
• Khan-i Arzu
• Khan-i Khanan
• Khattak, Khushḥāl Khān
• Khawājagān
• Khilāfat
• Khilāfat Movement
• Khoja
• Khojas
• Khushḥāl Khān Khatak/Khaṭak/Khattack
• Khwaja Enayetpuri
• Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī
• Kochi Jews
• Kochinim
• Koran Translation
• Kubrāviyah
• Kubrāwīyah Order
• L
• Lahor
• Lahore
• Lal Shahbāz
• Lal Shahbāz Qalandar
• Laʿl Shahbāz Qalandar (d. 665/1267 or 673/1274)
• Limit
• Listening
• Literature of Indian Jews
• Lodīs
• Luhur
• M
• Ma‘bar
• Madrasa
• Madrasah
• Madrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind
• Mahatma Gandhi and Islam
• Mahfil
• Mahfil-i-Samā‘
• Mahmood, Justice Syed
• Maḥmūd Ghaznavī
• Malabar Jews
• Malāmātīs
• Malang
• Manto
• Mas‘ūd b. Maḥmūd
• Mas‘ūd Ghaznavī
• Mas‘ūd I
• Masjid
• Maudoodi
• Maulana (or Mawlana) Maududi
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Maulana Azad
• Maulana Fazlur Rahman Ansari
• Mawdūdī
• Mawlānā Abū’l Kalām Āzād
• Mawlana Hali
• Mazdaism
• Meer Hasan
• Meer Hassan
• Messianic Movements
• Millenarian Movements
• Millennial Movements
• Minhāj al-Dīn b. Sirāj al-Dīn
• Minhāj-i Sirāj
• Mīr Findiriskī
• Mir Hasan
• Mīr Hasan (d. 1786)
• Mir Hassan
• Mir Mithar Ali
• Mirzā Asadullāh Khān Ghālib
• Mirzā Ghālib
• Missionaries, Islam
• Modernity
• Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, M.A.O.
• Mohammedan College of Calcutta
• Mohandas K.
• Momna
• Moral Commitment
• Mosque
• Mountain Jews
• Mu‘izz al-Dīn
• Muḥammad b. al-Qāsim
• Muḥammad b. Qāsim
• Muḥammad b. Sām
• Muḥammad Ghūrī
• Muḥammad Ḥusaynī Astarābādī
• Muḥammad Qāsim b. Ṣiddīq Labbai
• Muḥammad Rafī‘ Saudā
• Muʿīn al-Dīn Sijzī
• Muinuddin Chishti
• Muir, Sir William
• Mujarrad, Shāh Jalāl
• Mujibur Rahman, Shaykh
• Mujibur Rahman, Sheikh
• Mukammatukācim Cittilevvai
• Multān
• Multan (Islam and Muslims)
• Murshid
• Musharraf, Pervez
• Music
• Muslim Anti-semitism
• Muslim Community
• Muslim Family Law
• Muslim Fasting
• Muslim Festival
• Muslim Nation
• Muslim Personal Law
• Musulman Law
• Mutali Ceyku Ishākku
• Mutali Shaykh Ishaq
• Myanmar Jews
• N
• Nabūwat
• Nafs
• Nafs at-Peace (Nafs-e Muṭma'inna)
• Nagore Dargah
• Nagore Sharif
• Namāz
• Naqšbandiyya
• Naqshabandiyya
• Naqshbandī
• Naqshbandīyah
• Naqshbandiyya
• Naqshbandiyyah
• Naqvī, Ayatullah ‘Alī Naqī
• Nationalism
• Nawwāb Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān
• Nizām ad-Dīn
• Nizām al-Dīn
• Nizami
• Nizami, K. A.
• Nizām-ud-Dīn
• Nizām-ud-Dīn Awliyā
• Nizārī Ismā‘īlī
• Nizārī Ismā‘īlīs
• Nizari Ismailis
• Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs
• Nizāriyya
• Nonbeliever
• Noncooperation Movement
• O
• Oneness
• Oneness of God
• P
• Pahlavi Rivayats
• Parsi Economic Pre-eminence
• Parsi Educational Advancement
• Parsi Zoroastrian Rituals, Ceremonies, and Consecrations in India
• Parsism
• Partnering with God
• People
• Pilgrimage
• Pillar of Islam
• Pīr
• Pīr Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn
• Pir Hasan Kabirdin
• Pīr in Bangladesh
• Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn
• Pir Sadruddin
• Pīr-i Rōkhān/Rūkhān/Rūshān/Rowshān/Rawshān/Raushān
• Pir-o-Murshid Hazrat Inayat Khan
• Politics, Islām
• Polytheism
• Poor-Due
• Prayer
• Prayer, Islam
• Prof. KA Nizami
• Prof. Nizami
• Pulavar Nāyakam
• Q
• Qādirīyah Order
• Qalandar
• Qawwali
• Qurʾān Translation in South Asia
• Qutbuddin
• R
• Rahim
• Ram Janmabhoommi
• Ramaḍān
• Rashīd Aḥmad Gangohī
• Reasoning
• Recollection
• Religious Achievements
• Religious Festival
• Religious Group
• Religious Minorities in India
• Religious Organizations
• Religious Rights
• Religious Tax
• Remembrance
• Repetition of Zoroastrianism
• Restoration of Islamic Civilization
• Restriction
• Rind
• Rite
• Ritual
• Rizvi, Saeed Akhtar
• Rule of Law
• S
• Sa'id
• Saadat Hasan Manto
• Saʿādat Ḥasan Maṅṫō
• Saadat Hassan Manto
• Sadat Hassan Manto
• Saida Sulatāna
• Saiyad Sultān
• Saiyada Sulatāna
• Saiyid Ahmad Barelvi
• Saiyyad Sulṭān
• Ṣalāh
• Ṣalāt
• Salīm
• Samā‘
• Satpanth
• Saudā
• Saudā, Mirzā (d. 1781)
• Ṣawm
• Sayed Akhtar Rizvi
• Sayyid
• Sayyid Abū’l-aʿlā Mawdūdī
• Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi
• Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed
• Sayyid Ahmad Shahid
• Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi
• Sayyidul ‘Ulamā’
• Secularism
• Secularization and South Asian Islam
• Śekha Hāsinā
• Self-Determination
• Sephardic Jews
• Seyyed Hossein Nasr
• Shah Bano
• Shah Jalal Mujarrad
• Shāh Jalāl of Sylhet
• Shah Sūfi Khwaja Yunus Ali
• Shahādah
• Shahzādī Jahānārā Bēgam Ṣāḥib
• Shaikh Jalaluddin Mujarrad
• Shaikh Muhammad Iḳbāl
• Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish
• Shamsi
• Shansabānīs
• Shari ‘at
• Shari'atullah (d. 1840)
• Sharīʿah Laws
• Shariat-Ullah
• Shattari
• Shaṭṭārīya
• Shattariyya
• Shaykh
• Shaykh al-Islām
• Shaykh Shāh Jalāl
• Shaykh Shihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī
• Shaykhnā Pulavar
• Sheikh Hasina
• Sheikh Hasina Wazed
• Sheikh Maududi
• Sheikh Mujib
• Shīʿa Imāmī Ismāʿīlis
• Shibli Nomani
• Shibli Nu'mani
• Shibli Numani
• Shihāb al-Dīn
• Shirk
• Siddi Lebbe, Mohammed Cassim
• Siddiqi, Maulana Abdul Aleem
• Siddique
• Sin
• Sir Sayyid
• Sir Sayyid Aḥmad Khān
• Sir Syed
• Siyām
• Siyāsa Islāmiyya
• Smith
• Smith, Wilfred Cantwell
• Sohravardi Order
• Ṣolāt
• Spiritual Concert
• Sri Lanka (Islam and Muslims)
• Sri Lanka Jama'ath-e-Islami
• Striving
• Sūfi
• Sufi Concert
• Sūfi Festival
• Sūfi Islam
• Sufi Music
• Sūfi Order
• Sufi Ritual
• Sūfi Ritual
• Sūfism
• Sūfism in Bengal
• Suhrawardī Order
• Suhrawardīya
• Suhrawardiyya
• Sultān Salīm
• Supplication
• Syed Aḥmad
• Syed Ameer Ali, Right Hon'ble Syed Ameer Ali
• Syed Ameer Ali, Saiyid Ameer Ali, Sayyid Amir Ali, Right Hon
• Syed Mahmud
• Syed Mir Nisan Ali
• Syed Mir Nisar Ali
• Syncretism
• T
• Tablīghī Jamā‘at
• Tablīghis
• Tadkira
• Tamil Nadu (Islam and Muslims)
• Taqiyya
• Tarīqah
• Tariqāh in Bangladesh
• Taṣawwuf
• Tauhid
• Tauhidic Remolding of Knowledge
• Tawheed
• Tawḥīd
• Tazkira
• Tazkirah
• Teachings of Prophet Zarathushtra
• Thanvi
• Thanwi
• Tibb
• Ṭibb-i Sunnatī (Iran)
• Ṭibb-i Yūnānī
• Titu Meer
• Titu Mir
• Titumir
• Tomb of Humayun
• Traditional Islam
• Traditions of Israelite Descent Among the Afghans
• Translation of the Quran
• Twelver Shi‘ism
• Two-Nation Theory
• U
• ‘Ubaid Allah Sindhi
• ‘Ubaidullah Sindhi
• Ubaydullah Sindhi
• ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd-al-‘Azīz
• ‘Umar II
• ʿUmar Sohravardī
• Umaru Pulavar
• Umayyad Dynasty
• Ummah
• Umrah
• Unani Medicine
• Unani Tibb
• Unanipathy
• Understanding the Rules of Sharīʿah
• Unity of God
• ‘Urs
• V
• Vannapparimalappulavar
• W
• Waḥdat ul-Wujūd
• Wahhabism in Sri Lanka
• Waḥy
• Walī
• WC Smith
• Wilfred Smith
• Women
• Women in Pakistan
• Worship
• Worshipping Many Gods
• Y
• Yamīnids
• Yūnānī Medicine
• Z
• Zakāt
• Zākir Husayn
• Zakir Hussain
• Zand Avesta
• Ẕāt
• Zia ul-Haq
• Zia, Begum Khaleda
• Zikr-e-Allāh
• Zikr-e-Qalb
• Ziya al-Din Barani
• Ziya al-Din, Barani
• Zoroastrian Accomplishments from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century
• Zoroastrian Calendars and Festivals
• Zoroastrian Migration and Settlement in India
• Zoroastrian Religious History
• Zoroastrian Religious Institution
• Zoroastrian Rituals in India
• Zoroastrian Self-Perceptions
• Zoroastrian Social Progress in India
• Zoroastrian Theology and Eschatology
• Zoroastrian, Scriptures
• Zoroastrianism
• Zoroastrianism and Charity
• Zoroastrianism and Parsis in India Zoroastrianism
• Zoroastrianism, Historic Correspondence
• Zoroastrianism, History
• Zoroastrianism, Temples