For the first time, the world's experts in HIV-AIDS have come together to publish the Encyclopedia of AIDS. The work features thousands of entries, including medical, cultural, social, and pharmacological essays.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• List of Topics
• Editors and Contributors
• A
• Acetylation
• Actin
• AIDS-Related Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
• Anal Cancer
• Anatomic Compartments as a Barrier to HIV Cure
• Antibody Response to HIV-2
• Antiretroviral Drug Penetration into Lymphoid Tissue
• Antiretroviral Drug Penetration into the CNS Compartment
• Antiretroviral Medications, Adult Care, and Treatment
• Antiretroviral Therapy and Drug Resistance in HIV-2 Infection
• Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-Infected Infants, Children, and Adolescents in Resource-Rich Settings
• Antiretroviral Therapy: When to Start
• Antiretroviral Treatment in Resource-Limited Settings
• APOBEC3F/G and Vif: Action and Counteractions
• Arp2/3
• Attachment/Binding
• Autophagy and HIV Infection
• B
• Bacterial Respiratory and Invasive Pneumococcal Infections and HIV
• BAF (BANF1)
• Behavioral Aspects of HIV Mother-to-Child Transmission
• Behavioral Aspects of HIV Treatment as Prevention
• Behavioral Interventions for Adherence
• Behavioral Science Highlights of Evidence and Research
• Blood and Blood Product Donors and Recipients in China, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
• Budding
• Burkitt and Burkitt-Like Lymphoma
• C
• Cardiovascular Complications
• cART and Supportive Care for HIV-Associated Malignancies
• Case Management for Linkage
• Cell-Intrinsic Immunity
• Cellular and Soluble Immune Activation Markers in HIV-Infected Subjects
• Cellular Cofactors for HIV-1 Transcription
• Cellular Cofactors of HIV as Drug Targets
• Cellular Immune Response to HIV-2 Infection
• Central Memory CD4 T Cells
• Cervical Cancer and HIV
• Chagas Disease and HIV
• Children, Care and Treatment
• Children, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
• Chronic Immune Activation in HIV
• Circumcision and AIDS
• Clinical Ethics in HIV/AIDS Prevention, Care, and Research
• Cofilin, Trafficking
• Collagen Deposition and Fibrosis in the Lymphatic Tissues of HIV-1 Infected Individuals
• Combination Approaches to HIV Prevention
• Community Viral Load
• Comorbidity: Opioids
• Comorbidity: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
• Conjunctival Carcinoma
• Counteraction of SAMHD1 by Vpx
• CRM1
• Cryptococcosis and HIV
• Cryptosporidiosis
• CXCR4, Coreceptors
• Cyclophilin A and HIV-1 Replication
• Cystoisosporiasis
• Cytomegalovirus Infection and HIV
• D
• DDX3, Cofactors, and RNA Export
• Delayed Sexual Debut
• Dendritic Cell Interactions with HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein: Implications for Preventing Transmission
• Differential Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
• Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
• E
• Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Specific Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Epidemic
• Elderly: Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
• Entry Inhibitors
• Epidemic Kaposi Sarcoma, Pathogenesis and Presentation
• Epidemiology of AIDS-Defining Malignancies
• Epidemiology of HIV-2 Infection in West Africa
• Epidemiology of Non-AIDS-Defining Malignancies
• Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
• F
• Faith Based Interventions
• Family Interventions
• Female Condoms
• Female, Male and Transgender Sex Workers, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
• Fusion
• G
• Gamma Delta T Cells
• Gay men and other Men who have sex with men (MSM), Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS Introduction
• Global NeuroAIDS
• H
• HAND Adjunctive Therapies: Reversing Neuronal Injury
• Harm Reduction for Injection Drug Users
• Health Care Workers, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
• Healthcare Workers, Shortage and Task Shifting of
• Hepatitis C Virus Infection and HIV
• Hepatocellular Carcinoma in HIV-Positive Patients
• HIV “Auxiliary” Proteins
• HIV and Sexual Violence
• HIV and SIV, B-Cell Responses to
• HIV and SIV, CD4 T-Cell Responses to
• HIV and SIV, CD8 T Cell Responses to
• HIV Antigen Processing and Presentation
• HIV Cancers in Resource-Limited Regions
• HIV Compartments and Viral Rebound During Treatment Interruption
• HIV Coreceptor Tropism in Different Reservoirs
• HIV Counseling and Testing, Prevention of HIV
• HIV Infection, Immune-Based Interventions for
• HIV Life Cycle: Overview
• HIV Neurocognitive Diagnosis, Natural History, and Treatment
• HIV Prevention and African Americans
• HIV Prevention and Asians and Pacific Islanders
• HIV Prevention and Hispanics
• HIV Prevention and Labor Migration
• HIV Prevention and Women
• HIV Prevention Efforts Within Substance Use Disorder Treatment Settings
• HIV Prevention for MSM
• HIV Prevention for Serodiscordant Couples
• HIV Prevention for Stimulant Using Men Who Have Sex with Men
• HIV Prevention in Persons 50 and Older
• HIV Prevention in the Correctional System
• HIV Prevention in Transgender Persons
• HIV Prevention in Youth
• HIV Reservoirs in Lymph Nodes and Spleen
• HIV Reservoirs in the Central Nervous System
• HIV Reservoirs Within the Lungs
• HIV Testing and Counseling
• HIV Transmission in Female Commercial Sex Workers and Host Protective Factors
• HIV-1 Assembly Cofactors
• HIV-1 Maturation
• HIV-1 Mutational Escape from Host Immunity
• HIV-1 Pathogenesis in the Gut
• HIV-1 Preexposure Prophylaxis
• HIV-1 Prevention Using Live-Attenuated Vaccines
• HIV-1 Rev Expression and Functions
• HIV-1 Transmission Blocking Microbicides
• HIV-1 Transmission: Influence of Bodily Secretions
• HIV-1 Virion Structure
• HIV-2 Diagnosis and Viral Load Measurements
• HIV-2 Envelope: Structure, Diversity, and Evolution
• HIV-2 Infection in Europe, Epidemiology of
• HIV-2 Infection: The Role of Immune Activation in Pathogenesis
• HIV-2 Neurological Manifestations
• HIV-2 Transmission
• HIV-2, Phylogeographic Insights into the Origins and Epidemic History
• HIV-2: Lessons from the Dakar Cohort
• HIV-Associated Cancers
• HIV-Associated Immune Exhaustion
• Hodgkin Lymphoma in Patients with HIV Infection
• Host Genetics and Genomics
• Housing as HIV Prevention
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• I
• Identification and Validation of HIV Cofactors
• Identifying Opportunities to Block HIV-1 Transmission in the Female Genital Tract
• Immune Activation and HIV Transmission
• Immunogenetics of HIV-2 Infection
• Immunological Responses to Antiretroviral Therapy
• Immunology of Latent HIV Infection
• Immunopathogenesis of HIV Coinfections
• Inflammasome and HIV
• Inflammatory Cytokines
• Inhibition of HIV-1 Spread: Cell-Free Versus Cell-Cell
• Initial Antiretroviral Regimens
• Integrase Inhibitors
• Integration
• Integrin Alpha4beta7
• Interactions Between HIV-2 and Host Restriction Factors
• J
• Jail and Prison Populations, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
• K
• Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) or Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
• KIR Locus Variation
• L
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Specific Characteristics of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic
• Leishmaniasis and HIV
• Long-Acting Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Therapy
• Long-Term Nonprogressors and Elite Controllers
• Lung Cancer
• Lymphocyte Apoptosis
• M
• M. avium Complex and Other Nontuberculous Mycobacteria and HIV
• Macrophages in HIV Immunopathogenesis
• Macrophage-Specific Aspects of HIV-1 Infection
• Male Condoms
• Malignancies in Children with HIV Infection
• Management of AIDS-Related Kaposi's Sarcoma
• Mass Media and HIV Prevention
• Maturation Inhibitor
• Medication Adherence and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND)
• Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Other HIV-Associated Skin Cancers
• Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCV)
• MHC Locus Variation
• Microbial Translocation
• Microfinance/Microenterprise Approaches to HIV Prevention
• Microsporidiosis
• Molecular Biology of HIV-2
• Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1: Role of Receptor Usage and Target Cells
• MTCT HIV-1 Transmission Update: Transmission Routes and Mechanisms
• Mucosal Immunity to HIV-1
• Mucosal Pathogenesis in SIV Infection
• Multicentric Castleman Disease
• Multilevel Interventions/Structural Approaches to HIV Prevention
• MX2 and HIV-1 Restriction
• N
• Natural History and Clinical Features of HIV-2 Infection
• Natural Killer Cells and Their Role in Preventing HIV-1 Transmission
• Natural Killer Cells Function and Innate Immunity in HIV-2 Infection
• Nef/Env/Vpu/Tetherin
• Network Interventions
• NeuroAIDS in Resource-Poor Settings, Assessment, and Treatment of
• Neuro-AIDS, Immunopathogenesis of
• Neurocognitive Functioning in HIV-infected Substance Users
• Neurocognitive Outcomes in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents
• Neuroinflammation and HAND: Therapeutic Targeting
• Neuropsychological Testing in HIV-Infected Individuals
• Neurotoxic Consequences of Antiretroviral Therapies
• NKT Cells: Bridging Innate and Adaptive Immunity
• Nonhuman Primate Models of HIV Transmission
• Non-injecting Drug Users, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
• Non-neutralizing Antibody Responses and Protection Against HIV-1
• Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors for Treatment of HIV Infection
• Nonpathogenic SIV Infection of Sooty Mangabeys
• NRTIs
• Nuclear Import: HIV-1 Goes NUPs
• Nurse-Delivered Interventions for Adherence
• O
• Origin and Distribution of HIV-1 Subtypes
• Other HPV-Associated Cancers (Oropharyngeal and Penile)
• Overcoming the Transcriptional Block: The HIV-1 Tat Auxiliary Protein
• Overview of HIV CNS Infection
• Overview: Immunopathogenesis
• P
• PD-1
• Peer-Based Intervention Approaches
• PIMT/TGS1
• PKR and HIV Replication
• Plasmablastic Lymphoma
• Positive Health, Dignity, and Prevention (PHDP)
• Post-treatment Controllers
• Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
• Pregnant Women: Care and Treatment
• Presentation and Pathogenesis of B-Cell Lymphoid Cancers Associated with HIV Infection
• Preventing HIV-1 Transmission Through Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses
• Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT): Prevention of HIV
• Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1
• Prevention Clinical Trials: Highlights of Evidence and Research
• Prevention Counseling and Other Strategies in the HIV Care Setting
• Prevention for People Living with HIV
• Prevention of Alcohol-Related HIV Risk Behavior
• Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of AIDS
• Primary Effusion Lymphoma
• Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and HIV
• Protease Inhibitor
• Pyroptosis in HIV Infection: HIV Offense Meets a Fiery Host Defense
• R
• Recombinant Forms of HIV-2
• Retention in Care Interventions
• Reverse Transcriptase-Catalyzed HIV-1 DNA Synthesis
• Risk of Sexual HIV-1 Transmission: Coinfections Associated with Risk
• Role of Antibodies in HIV Transmission
• Role of Dendritic Cells in HIV-2 Pathogenesis
• Role of Histone Deacetylases 1 and Yin Yang 1 Protein in Proviral Latency
• Role of LEDGF/p75 in Cell Biology and Disease Pathogenesis
• Role of Regulatory T Cells During HIV Infection
• Role of Transportin-SR2 (Transportin-3, TRN-SR2, TNPO3) in HIV Replication
• S
• Salmonellosis and Other Bacterial Enteric Infections and HIV
• Sex Work and HIV Prevention
• SIV Infection in Mandrills
• SIV Infection of African Green Monkeys
• SIVmac Infection of Macaques, Immunopathogenesis of
• SLX4 Complex and HIV Replication
• South, Southeast, and East Asia-Specific Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Epidemic
• Stem Cell Transplantation
• Surveillance Case Definition
• Systems Biology
• T
• T Follicular Helper Cells in HIV Infection
• T Memory Stem Cells
• Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei and HIV
• Tat Expression and Function
• T-Cell Homeostasis
• Th17 Cells
• Thymic Function
• Tim-3
• Toxoplasmosis in HIV-Infected Patients
• Transcription (Initiation, Regulation, Elongation)
• Translational Interventions (Intervention Technology Transfer)
• Transmission HIV-2: Origin, Epidemiology, and Phenotype
• Treatment Failure and Resistance
• Treatment of Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Paracoccidioidomycosis in Patients with HIV Infection
• TRIM Protein Family and Viral Restriction
• TRIM5 Alpha and HIV-2 Infection
• TRIM5alpha
• Tropism and Properties of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein in Transmission
• Tuberculosis and HIV
• U
• Uncoating and Nuclear Entry
• Update on HIV-1 and HIV-2 Dual Infection
• Use of Technology and Social Networking in HIV Prevention
• V
• Vaccine Efforts Against AIDS
• Viral Fitness in Hosts
• Viremic Nonprogressors
• Virus Assembly
• Virus-Host Evolution and Positive Selection
• W
• Women, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS