Rapid advances in pathogenetic insight, diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and basic research continuously influence the state of the art in ophthalmology. This comprehensive encyclopedia offers a systematic and complete source of information including basic principles and novel updates, both clinical and scientific.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• Acknowledgment
• List of Topics
• Editors and Contributors
• A
• Aberrometry
• Absorption, Light, Spectra of Visual Pigments
• Accommodating Intraocular Lens
• Accommodation, Cataract
• Accommodation, Functional (Nonorganic/Nonphysiologic) Disorders of
• Acetazolamide for Pseudotumor Cerebri
• Achromatopsia (Rod Monochromatism), Gene Defects Causing
• Achromatopsia Cerebral
• Acrylic Intraocular Lens
• Actinic (Solar) Keratosis
• Actinic Keratosis
• Acute Angle Closure
• Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
• Acute Idiopathic Enlargement of Blind Spot
• Acute Retinal Necrosis (Necrotizing Herpetic Retinitis)
• Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR)
• Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis
• Adie's Pupil (Tonic Pupil), Pharmacologic Testing
• Adult-Onset Foveomacular Vitelliform Dystrophy
• Afferent Pupillary Defects, Relative (Marcus Gunn Pupil)
• Afferent Visual Pathways
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration
• Agnosia, Object
• AIDS and Neuro-Ophthalmology Manifestations
• Akinetopsia
• Albinism
• Alexander's Law
• Alexia, Without Agraphia
• Allergic Conjunctivitis
• Alport Disease/Syndrome, Renal
• Alström Syndrome
• Alternating Skew Deviation
• Altitudinal Visual Field Defects
• Amaurosis Fugax
• Ametropia: Definition
• Amniotic Fluid Embolism, Purtscher-Like Retinopathy
• Amniotic Membrane Transplantation Nonpharmacotherapy
• Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy, Posterior Disease
• Analgesic Rebound Headache
• Anatomic Reattachment Surgery, for Retinal Detachment
• Anecortave Acetate (RETAANE), for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
• Anesthesia (Anesthetics), Local
• Anesthesia, Cataract
• Aneurysm Retinal Arterial
• Aneurysms
• Angiofibromas, Facial, in Tuberous Sclerosis
• Angiography, Fluorescein
• Angiomas (Angiomatosis)
• Angle Closure
• Angle Closure Secondary to Uveal Effusion
• Angle Recession Glaucoma
• Angle-Closure Glaucoma
• Angle-Closure Suspect
• Aniridia, Traumatic
• Anisocoria of Small Pupil: Horner Syndrome
• Anisocoria of the Small Pupil
• Anisocoria: Big Pupil
• Annulus of Zinn
• Anomalous Trichromats
• Anophthalmic Socket
• Anterior Capsule
• Anterior Capsulorhexis
• Anterior Capsulotomy Techniques
• Anterior Chamber
• Anterior Chiasmal Syndrome
• Anterior Cranial Fossa
• Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
• Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty, Laser Assisted
• Anterior Megalophtalmos
• Anterior Optic Capture
• Anterior Orbitotomy
• Anterior Segment
• Anterior Segment Partial Coherence Interferometry
• Anterior Segment Surgery
• Anterior Vitreous Detachment, Contusion Injury Causing
• Antibiotics for Eye Infections
• Anticoagulants, Ophthalmological Treatment
• Antioxidants
• Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor
• Aphakic Spectacles
• Apodized Diffractive Intraocular Lens
• Apraxia of Lid Opening
• Aqueous Humor
• Arachnoid Mater, Optic Nerve
• Arc Welding, Occupational Light Injury and
• Argon Laser Therapy
• Argyll Robertson Pupil
• Arterial Dissection
• Arteriohepatic Dysplasia (Alagille Syndrome), Retinal Degeneration
• Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
• Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
• Arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
• Artisan Lens
• Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis, Orbital Infections
• Aspergillosis in Orbit
• Aspheric Profile Photorefractive Keratectomy
• Aspherical Intraocular Lens
• Aspiration Curette
• Aspirin (for Carotid Artery Disease)
• Aspirin: Usage, Effects, and Dosage in Ophthalmology
• Asteroid Hyalosis
• Astigmatic Keratotomy
• Astigmatism
• Astrocytoma (Astrocytic Hamartoma)
• Ataxia, Optic
• Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T)
• Atopic Dermatitis
• Atrophy, Geographic
• Atrophy, Gyrate
• Atropine Drug, Usage in Ophthalmology
• Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome; Mesodermal Dysgenesis; Leukomas
• Axial Length
• B
• Bacterial Adhesion in Ophthalmology, Characteristics of
• Bacterial Keratitis
• Balint Syndrome
• Bardet–Biedl Syndrome, Renal
• Bartonella henselae, Cat Scratch
• Basal Cell Carcinoma of Eyelid
• Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome)
• Battle Sign, Facial Nerve Palsy
• Baylisascaris procyonis (Raccoon Ascarid), Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis
• Bell's Palsy
• Benign Episodic Pupillary Mydriasis
• Benign Essential Blepharospasm: Orbital and Oculoplastic Considerations
• Benign Essential Blepharospasm: Neuro-ophthalmic Considerations
• Bergmeister's Papilla
• Best Disease
• Best-Fit Sphere
• Beta Carotene, Use and Dosage of
• Bichrome (Red-Green/Duochrome) Test
• Bietti Crystalline Retinopathy
• Bifocal Lenses
• Binocular Diplopia
• Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope (BIO), in Retinal Examination
• Biometry, Use and Principle of
• Biomicroscopy, Ultrasound
• Biomicroscopy, Ultrasound, of Anterior Segment
• Bipolar Cells
• Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy (Vitiliginous Chorioretinitis)
• Bitemporal Hemianopsia
• Bitoric
• Blepharitis
• Blepharochalasis
• Blepharoconjunctivitis
• Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome (Incontinentia Pigmenti)
• Blood-Aqueous Barrier
• Blood-Retina Barrier
• Blowout Fractures
• Blue Cone Monochromatism
• Blue Nevus
• Blue Sclera
• Blunt Trauma
• Borrelia burgdorferi
• Botox: Spastic Entropion
• Bowen's Disease
• Bright-Flash Electroretinogram
• Brightness (Radiance)
• Bruch's Membrane
• Buccal Mucous Membrane Graft
• Bulla
• Burns
• C
• Calcific Band Keratopathy
• Canaliculitis
• Cancer, Retinopathy Associated with
• Cancer-Associated Retinopathy
• Candida Keratitis/Ocular Infection
• Candle Power (Luminous Intensity)
• Can-Opener Technique
• Canthal Reconstruction
• Canthaxanthin, Retinopathy
• Cantholysis
• Canthotomy
• Capsular Bag
• Capsular Bag Opacification
• Capsular Bend
• Capsular Block Syndrome
• Capsular Tension Ring
• Capsulotomy
• Carbon Dioxide Laser
• Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, for Cystoid Macular Edema
• Carcinoma In Situ, of Conjunctiva
• Carotenoids (Xanthophylls)
• Carotid Cavernous Fistula
• Carpenter Syndrome
• Cat Scratch Disease
• Cat Scratch Disease, Ocular Manifestations
• Cataract Surgery
• Cataract, Causes and Treatment
• Catarrhal (Marginal Corneal) Infiltrates
• Cavernous Sinus Anatomy
• Cavernous Sinus Syndrome
• Cefuroxime
• Cellophane Maculopathy
• Cellulitis, Preseptal, Haemophilus Causing
• Central Corneal Thickness
• Central Retinal Artery Occlusion, Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
• Central Retinal Vein, Occlusion of
• Central Serous Chorioretinopathy/Choroidopathy
• Cerebral Achromatopsia
• Cerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger) Syndrome
• Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
• Chalazion
• Chandler Syndrome
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Retinal Degeneration
• Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Overview
• Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
• Cheek Elevation, in Eyelid Repair
• Chelation Therapy, for Calcific Band Keratopathy
• Chemical Injury (Burns)
• Chemosis
• Chiasmal Disorders
• Chlamydia
• Chloasma, of Eyelids
• Chloroquine Toxicity, Cornea Verticillata
• Chlorpromazine, Cornea Verticillata
• Chlorpromazine, Retinal Degeneration
• Chocolate Cyst
• Cholesterol Emboli (Hollenhorst Plaques)
• Choristomas
• Choroid, Gyrate Atrophy of
• Choroidal Hemangioma
• Choroidal Neovascularization
• Choroidal Neovascularization: Myopia
• Choroidal Osteoma
• Choroidal Perfusion Abnormalities in the Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, and HELLP Syndrome Complex
• Chromatic Aberration: Definition
• Chrysiasis, Corneal Pigmentation
• Ciliary Arteries
• Ciliary Block (Malignant) Glaucoma, Muscarinic Antagonists for
• Ciliary Block “Malignant” Glaucoma
• Ciliary Body
• Ciliary Ganglion
• Ciliary Muscle
• Circularly Polarized Light
• Claude Syndrome
• Clear Corneal Incision
• Climatic Droplet Keratopathy (Spheroidal Degeneration)
• Coats’ White Ring
• Cogan Syndrome
• Collamer Intraocular Lens
• Collier's Sign
• Color Blindness
• Color Vision, Three Cone Opsins
• Colvard Pupillometer
• Comatic Aberrations
• Comma Sign, in Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies
• Commotio Retinae (Berlin Disease/Edema)
• Communicating Arteries Anterior
• Compound Nevus
• Computerized Corneal Topography
• Concretions, Conjunctival
• Concussive Trauma
• Conductive Keratoplasty
• Cone Dystrophies/Degeneration
• Cone-Rod Dystrophy
• Confocal Microscopy
• Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy, in Retinal Examination
• Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy
• Congenital Hereditary Stromal Dystrophy
• Congenital Hypertrophy of Retinal Pigment Epithelium
• Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia
• Conjunctiva
• Conjunctival Autograft
• Conjunctival Degenerations
• Conjunctival Flaps
• Conjunctival Inclusion Cysts
• Conjunctival Tumors
• Conjunctivitis
• Conjunctivochalasis
• Connective Tissue Disorder of the Cornea
• Contact Dermatoblepharitis
• Contracted Socket
• Contrast Sensitivity
• Contrast Sensitivity Function, General
• Cornea
• Cornea Farinata
• Cornea Plana
• Cornea Verticillata
• Corneal Ablation
• Corneal Arcus
• Corneal Astigmatism
• Corneal Collagen
• Corneal Degenerations
• Corneal Diameter
• Corneal Dystrophies
• Corneal Ectasia
• Corneal Guttata
• Corneal Intraepithelial Neoplasia
• Corneal Limbus
• Corneal Patching
• Corneal Pigmentations
• Corneal Stromal Haze
• Corneal Tattoo
• Corneal Topography
• Corneal Ulcers
• Corneoretinal Dystrophy, Bietti's Crystalline
• Corneoscleral Laceration
• Coronal Scalp Flap, for Anterior Orbitotomy
• Corticosteroids
• Corticosteroids, Use in Ophthalmology
• Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor Nerve)
• Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear Nerve), CNIV
• Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)
• Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens Nerve)
• Cranial Nerve VII
• Craniopharyngiomas
• Cryptophthalmos
• Cryptophthalmos-Syndactyly (Fraser) Syndrome
• Crystalline Dystrophy
• Crystalline Keratopathy, Infectious
• Crystalline Lens
• Cutaneous Horn+B2658
• Cutler-Beard Procedure
• Cyanoacrylate Adhesive
• Cyclopia
• Cylindroma of Eyelid
• Cystic Retinal Tufts
• Cysticercosis, Orbital Involvement and
• Cystinosis, Ocular Findings in, Retinal Degeneration
• Cytomegaloviruses, Retinitis
• D
• Dacryoadenitis
• Dacryoadenoma
• Dacryocystitis
• Darier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis)
• Dark Adaptation Testing
• Day Blindness (Hemeralopia), in Cone Dystrophies
• Decentration
• Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK)
• Deep Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty (DLEK)
• Degenerative Retinoschisis, Typical and Reticular
• Dellen
• Demyelination, in Multiple Sclerosis, Optic Neuritis
• Dermatitis
• Dermis-Fat Grafts
• Descemetocele
• Desferrioxamine Retinopathy
• Desquamating Skin Conditions
• Dexamethasone Implant
• Diabetic Macular Edema
• Diabetic Papillopathy
• Diabetic Retinopathy, Proliferative
• Diffusion-Weighted MR Image
• Diode Lasers
• Diopter: Definition
• Diplopia in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy
• Diplopia in Multiple Sclerosis
• Diplopia in Myopathies
• Diplopia in Vertebrobasilar System Disease
• Diplopia Monocular
• Diplopia, Restrictive Syndromes Causing
• Disciform Keratitis, Herpes Simplex Virus Causing
• Disciform Scar
• Dispersion: Definition
• Distichiasis: Definition
• DNA, Disorders with Retinal Phenotype, Associated with Mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) Mutations
• Doll's Head Maneuver/Phenomenon, in Horizontal Gaze Palsy
• Dorsal Midbrain (Parinaud) Syndrome, Convergence-Retraction Nystagmus, Eyelid Retraction
• Double Convexity Deformity
• Double Ring Sign: Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
• Doyne's Honeycomb Dystrophy
• Drugs, Ocular, Absorption of
• Drugs: Anisocoria
• Drugs: Hallucinations
• Drusen
• Dry Eye: Definition
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Retinal Degeneration
• Duction Test
• Duplex Ultrasonography
• Dural Sinus Thrombosis
• Dyschromatopsia
• E
• Eales’ Disease
• Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)
• Echinococcus granulosus (Echinococcosis), Orbital
• Eclampsia, Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, Transient Visual Loss
• Ectasia, Corneal
• Ectodermal Dysplasia
• Ectopia Lentis
• Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasial-Clefting (EEC) Syndrome
• Eczema, of Eyelid
• Edema, Eyelid
• Edinger-Westphal Complex
• Efferent Visual System (Ocular Motor Pathways)
• Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Angioid Streaks in
• Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Gene Linkage of Disease
• Electrically Evoked Potentials
• Electromagnetic Energy/Radiation, Adverse Effects on Retina
• Electrooculogram
• Electroretinogram
• Elschnig Spots: Sign of Acute and Chronic Hypertensive Choroidopathy
• Emmetropia: Definition
• Emphysema (Ocular), of Orbit and Eyelids, in Blowout Fractures
• Encircling Buckle
• Endophthalmitis
• Endothelial Degenerations
• Endothelial Dystrophies
• Endothelial Failure
• Endothelial Graft Rejection
• Enucleation
• Ephelis (Freckle), Conjunctival Disease
• Ephelis (Freckle), of the Eyelid
• Epibulbar Tumor
• Epidermal Cysts, of the Eyelid
• Epidermis
• Epidermoid Cysts
• Episcleritis: Overview
• Epithelial Defects
• Epithelial Dystrophies
• Epithelial Erosions
• Epithelial Inclusion Cysts
• Epitheliopathy
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Giant Cell Arteritis
• ETDRS Visual Acuity Chart
• Evisceration
• Excimer Laser Photoablation
• Excimer Lasers
• Excisional Biopsy
• Exposure Keratitis/Keratopathy
• Exposure Staining, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
• External Hordeolum (Stye)
• Extraperiosteal Route
• Eye Bank Association of America
• Eye Banking
• Eyelid Erythema
• Eyelid Trauma
• Eyelid Weights
• Eyelid Weights, for Exposure Keratopathy
• F
• Facial Diplegia, Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• Femtosecond Laser
• Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) of Orbit
• Fluorescein, as Diagnostic Agent
• Flutter, Ocular
• Foldable Intraocular Lens
• Fornices
• Fourth Nerve Palsy
• Fovea, Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ)
• Foveola
• Foville Syndrome
• François, Central Cloudy Dystrophy
• Free Caps, LASIK Complication
• Free Radicals
• Frequency of Light Wave
• Fresnel
• Fresnel Prisms
• Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis, Glaucoma
• Fuchs Superficial Marginal Keratitis
• Fuchs’ Dystrophy Disease
• Full-Thickness Eyelid Biopsy
• Fundamental Considerations Regarding the Optic Nerve
• Fundus Albipunctatus
• Fundus Flavimaculatus (Stargardt Disease/Juvenile Macular Degeneration)
• Fundus Oculi
• Fundus Salt and Pepper
• Furrow Degeneration, Senile
• G
• Gardner Syndrome: Retinal Pigment Epithelium Hypertrophy
• Gasserian Ganglion (Semilunar/Trigeminal Ganglion)
• Geometrical Optics
• Ghost Cell Glaucoma
• Giant Papillary (Contact Lens-Induced) Conjunctivitis Disease
• Glands of Krause, Glands of Moll, Glands of Wolfring, Glands of Zeis
• Glare Testing
• Glare, General
• Globe, Displacement of, in Orbital Disorders
• Goblet Cells, Mucin Tear Secretion by
• Goldenhar Syndrome
• Gonococcal Conjunctivitis
• Gorlin Syndrome
• Gradenigo Syndrome
• Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Overview
• Gram-Negative Bacteria
• Gram-Positive Bacteria
• Graves Ophthalmopathy
• Graves’ Disease
• Groenouw Dystrophy Type 1 Disease
• Guerin (Maxillary) Fracture
• Gul Schematic Eye
• H
• Haemophilus influenzae, Conjunctivitis
• Hallucination
• Hansen's Disease
• Haptic
• Hard Palate Graft
• Heerfordt's Syndrome
• Hemangioblastomas, with Retinal Angiomatosis (von Hippel Lindau Disease)
• Hemochromatosis
• Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu Disease)
• Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Neurotrophic Keratopathy
• Herpes Simplex Virus
• Herpes Zoster
• Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
• Heterochromic Cyclitis Fuchs’ Glaucoma
• Hidradenoma, Clear Cell (Eccrine Acrospiroma)
• Hidrocystoma, Apocrine
• Higher-Order Aberrations, Refractive Surgery
• High-Pressure Glaucoma
• Holmium YAG Laser, Thermokeratoplasty
• Holmium-YLF Solid-State Laser
• Homocystinuria
• Hordeolum
• Horizontal Eyelid Shortening
• Horizontal Gaze Center
• Horner-Trantas Dots
• Hruby Lens
• Hudson-Stähli Line
• Hughes Procedure/Modified Hughes Procedure, in Eyelid Repair
• Human Herpes Virus
• Human Papilloma Viruses, Ocular Infection
• Hurler-Scheie Syndrome
• Hurricane (Vortex) Keratopathy
• Hyaluronic Acid, for Dry Eye
• Hydrodissection
• Hydrophilic
• Hydrophilic Acrylic Intraocular Lens
• Hydrophobic
• Hydrophobic Acrylic Intraocular Lens
• Hydrops, Keratoconus
• Hyperacuity (Vernier Acuity)
• Hypercalcemia: Corneal Changes
• Hyperemia, Conjunctival
• Hyperopia
• Hyperopic Shift
• Hypotony
• I
• Ice Pack Test for Myasthenia Gravis
• Ice Pick Pains
• Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
• Illuminance: Definition
• Image Quality, General
• Implants, Orbital
• Incisional Biopsy
• Indeterminate Melanocytic Lesions of the Choroid
• Indirect Ophthalmoscope
• Indocyanine Green
• Infraciliary Blepharoplasty Incision, for Anterior Orbitotomy
• Infraorbital Nerve
• Infrared Digital Photography
• Infrared Pupillometers
• Inherited Color Vision Defects
• Interface Fluid Syndrome
• Interferometry, General
• Interlenticular Opacification
• Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
• Interstitial Keratitis
• Intracameral Antibiotics
• Intraocular Gases
• Intraocular Injection of Ocular Drugs
• Intraocular Lens
• Intraocular Lymphoma
• Intraocular Pressure
• Intraoperative Floppy-Iris Syndrome
• Intraorbital Foreign Body (IOFB)
• Intravitreal Injections
• Intravitreal Triamcinolone
• Inverted Follicular Keratosis
• IOL Haptic
• Iridocorneo Endothelial Syndrome
• Iridotomy
• Iris Coloboma
• Iris Hooks
• Iris Prosthesis
• Iris, Characteristics
• Iron Lines, Pterygium
• Iron, Corneal Deposits of
• Iron, Corneal Intraocular Foreign Body of
• J
• Juvenile Epithelial Dystrophy (Meesmann Dystrophy)
• Juvenile Glaucoma
• K
• Kaposi Sarcoma
• Kayser-Fleischer Ring
• Kearns Syndrome
• Keloids: Corneal and Congenital
• Keratinocytes: Overview
• Keratinoid (Spheroidal) Degeneration
• Keratitis
• Keratoacanthoma
• Keratoconjunctivitis, Sicca: Definition
• Keratoconjunctivitis: Overview
• Keratoconus
• Keratoglobus Basic Science
• Keratolysis (Corneal Melting), Marginal, Systemic Immune-Mediated Disease
• Keratomalacia, Vitamin A Deficiency
• Keratopathy Actinic (Labrador Keratopathy/Spheroidal Degeneration)
• Keratoprosthesis
• Kestenbaum's
• Ketorolac Tromethamine
• Khodadoust Line
• Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome
• Knapp's Law
• Krukenberg Spindles
• L
• Lacrimal Nerve
• Lagophthalmos
• Lamellar Keratoplasty
• Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
• Lanthony Tritan Plates, in Color Vision Evaluation
• Laser Focal Treatment
• Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
• Laser Speckle
• Lash Follicle, Tumors Arising in
• Lateral Orbitotomy
• Lattice Dystrophy
• Lattice Lines
• Law of Reflection: Definition
• Law of Refraction (Snell's Law)
• Le Fort Fractures
• Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
• Legal Blindness: Definition
• Lens Dislocation
• Lens Epithelial Cells
• Lensectomy
• Lens-Induced Angle-Closure Glaucoma
• Lensmeter
• Lenticonus
• Lentigo Senile (Liver Spots)
• Lentigo Simplex (Simple Lentigines)
• Levator Muscle (Levator Palpebrae Superioris)
• Light Toxicity, Free Radical Damage; Photic Damage/Phototoxicity, Free Radical Damage
• Light, Pupillary Response
• Light-Near Dissociation
• Ligneous Conjunctivitis
• Limbal Autograft/Allograft (Limbal Transplantation)
• Limbal Relaxing Incisions
• Limbal Stem Cells
• Limbal Transplantation for Chemical Injury
• Limbal Vernal Conjunctivitis/Keratoconjunctivitis
• Lipemia Retinalis
• Lipid Keratopathy
• Lisch Nodules, in Neurofibromatosis
• Lithiasis, Conjunctival
• Local Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Procedures
• Lower Lid Retraction
• Luminance: Definition
• Lutein
• Luxated Lens
• Lyme Disease
• Lymphoma: Definition
• Lynch Incision, for Anterior Orbitotomy
• M
• Macroaneurysms
• Macropsia
• Macular Dystrophy
• Macular Edema
• Macular Holes
• Map-Dot-Fingerprint Dystrophy (Epithelial/Anterior Membrane Dystrophy)
• Marcus Gunn Pupil
• Marfan Syndrome
• Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome
• McCannel Technique
• Megalocornea
• Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
• Meibomian Glands
• Melanin in Eyes
• Melanocytosis
• Melanokeratosis, Striate
• Melanoma of the Eyelid
• Melanomas, Conjunctival
• Melanosis
• Melasma, of Eyelids
• Meretoja Syndrome
• Methanol, Optic Neuropathy
• Microcornea
• Microcystic Epitheliopathy
• Microkeratome
• Micropannus
• Microphthalmos (Microphthalmia)
• Microphthalmos (Microphthalmia), Anterior
• Micropsia
• Miller Fisher
• Minimum Angle of Resolution/Recognition (MAR)
• Minus Cylinder Form
• Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathy
• Mitomycin C
• Mohs’ Micrographic Surgery
• Molluscum Contagiosum, of Eyelid
• Molluscum Contagiosum: Overview
• Monocular Diplopia
• Monocular Distortion
• Monocular Transient Visual Loss in Carotid Artery Disease
• Monocular Transient Visual Loss, Hypoperfusion Causing
• Monocular Transient Visual Loss, Ocular Causes of
• Monocular Transient Visual Loss, Orbital Causes of
• Monocular Transient Visual Loss, Stroke After
• Monocular Transient Visual Loss, Systemic Causes of
• Monocular Transient, Visual Loss Embolic Causes of
• Mooren Ulcer
• Morning Glory Disc
• Morquio Syndrome
• Mosaic Degeneration (Anterior Crocodile Shagreen)
• Mucopolysaccharidosis
• Mucus Fishing Syndrome
• Munchausen Syndrome
• Mustarde Flap
• Myasthenia Gravis, Overview
• Mycobacterium chelonae Keratitis
• Mydriasis Induced Secondary Angle Closure
• Myopic Chorioretinal Atrophy and Lacquer Cracks
• N
• Nanophthalmos
• Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid Fractures
• Nd:YSGG Laser, for Intrastromal Photodisruption
• Necrotizing Fasciitis, of Orbit
• Necrotizing Keratitis
• Necrotizing Scleritis
• Neodymium:YAG Laser
• Neovascular Glaucoma in Diabetes Mellitus
• Neovascular Glaucoma in Ocular Ischemia, Others
• Neovascular Glaucoma in VOR
• Neovascularization, Retinal
• Neurofibromas, Discrete
• Neurotrophic Keratopathy
• Nevus, Intradermal
• Nevus, Junctional
• Night Blindness
• Nodular Cell Hidradenoma
• Nodular Hyaline
• Nodular Oncocytosis
• Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
• Noninfectious Keratitis with Ulceration
• Nonnecrotizing Keratitis
• Nonorganic Visual Loss
• Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
• Nonsyphilitic Interstitial Keratitis
• Nonulcerative Keratitis
• NPS1
• Nuclear Fragments
• Nutritional Amblyopia
• Nyctalopia: Night Blindness
• Nystagmus: Overview
• O
• Occipital Seizures: Transient Visual Loss
• Ocular Bobbing
• Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid (OCP)
• Ocular Hypotony
• Ocular Lice
• Ocular Medication Absorption Affected by Viscosity
• Ocular Melanosis
• Ocular Motor Apraxia
• Ocular Prostheses
• Ocular Surface Staining
• Oculocephalic Reflex
• Oculocraniosomatic Neuromuscular Disorder with Ragged Red Fibers
• Oculodentoosseous Dysplasia
• Oculoglandular Syndrome, Parinaud
• Oculomandibulofacial Dyscephaly (Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome)
• Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
• Ocusert Delivery System
• Off-Center Optics
• Oncocyte
• Oncocytoma
• One-and-a-Half Syndrome
• Onychoosteodysplasia (Nail-Patella Syndrome)
• Open-Angle Glaucomas
• Ophthalmic Division of the Trigeminal Nerve
• Ophthalmic Nerve
• Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices
• Ophthalmoplegia, Internuclear
• Optic Atrophy
• Optic Disc (Optic Nerve Head)
• Optic Disc in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
• Optic Gliomas
• Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)
• Optic Nerve Edema
• Optic Nerve Head Drusen
• Optic Neuritis
• Optic Neuritis: Overview
• Optic Neuropathy: Ischemic, Arteritic
• Optic Tract
• Optical Aberrations
• Optical Coherence Tomography
• Optokinetic Nystagmus
• Ora Serrata
• Orbit, Inflammation of
• Orbital Apex Syndrome in Neuro-Ophthalmology
• Orbital Cellulitis
• Orbital Compartment Syndrome
• Orbital Floor Fracture
• Orbital Hemorrhages
• Orbital Pain
• Orbitotomy
• Organic Pigments
• Oscillopsia
• Osseous Choristoma
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Blue Sclera
• Other Uveitic Etiologies
• Oxyphile Cell Adenoma
• P
• Pachy (for Short)
• Pachymetry (Pachometry)
• Palinopsia
• Palpebral Conjunctiva
• Palpebral Vernal Conjunctivitis/Keratoconjunctivitis
• Pannus/Micropannus
• Papillae: Overview
• Papillomas, Conjunctival
• Papillomas, Eyelid
• Parabulbar Anesthesia
• Paranasal Sinuses
• Parasellar Lesions
• Parasites
• Parasitic Infections
• Parinaud (Dorsal Midbrain) Syndrome
• Pars Plana Vitrectomy
• Pars Plana; Pars Plicata
• Partial Coherence Interferometry
• Pathologic Myopia
• Pediatric Glaucoma
• Pediculosis (Lice), Ocular Infection
• Pediculosis Palpebrarum
• Pedigree Analysis, Symbols Used in
• Peduncular Hallucinosis
• Pegaptanib
• Pelli-Robson Chart
• Pellucid Corneal Marginal Degeneration
• Pellucid Marginal Degeneration
• Pemphigoid, Cicatricial
• Penetrating Eyelid Injuries
• Penetrating Injuries
• Perfect Capsule Device
• Perfluorocarbon
• Perfluorodecalin (C10F18)
• Perfluoron
• Perfluorophenanthrene
• Perforating Ocular Laceration
• Peribulbar Anesthesia
• Periocular Injection of Ocular Drugs
• Periorbital Cellulitis
• Peripheral Corneal Guttata (Hassall-Henle Bodies/Warts)
• Peripheral Hypertrophic Subepithelial Corneal Degeneration
• Peripheral Keratitis
• Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis
• Persistent Hyaloid Artery
• Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
• Persistent Pupillary Membrane
• Petrous Apicitis
• Phacoemulsification and Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens (IOL) Implantation
• Phacofragmentation
• Phacotrabeculectomy
• Phacoviscocanalostomy
• Phakic Intraocular Lens
• Phakic Refractive Lens
• Pharmacologic Anisocoria
• Phlycten
• Phlyctenules
• Phosphene
• Photochromic Foldable Intraocular Lens
• Photodisruption
• Photokeratoscopy
• Photomicroscopy, Specular
• Photoreceptor Cells
• Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
• Phototherapeutic Keratectomy
• Phototoxicity
• Phototransduction Cone/Rod
• Phthiriasis
• Phthiriasis Pubis
• Phthirus Pubis (Crab/Pubic Louse), Ocular Infection
• Physiologic Anisocoria
• Piggyback
• Piggyback Intraocular Lens
• Pigment Epithelium Detachment
• Pigment Epithelium, Ciliary Body, and Iris
• Pigmentary Glaucoma
• Pigmented Epithelial Lines
• Pigmented Lesions of the Conjunctiva
• Pilomatrixoma
• Pilomatrixomas
• Pinguecula
• “Pink Eye”
• PK
• Placido Ring
• Planar Xanthoma
• Plate-Haptic Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens
• Pneumo-Orbitism
• Polyacrylic IOL
• Polymorphic Stromal Dystrophy
• Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
• Porosyringoma
• Port-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus)
• Port-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus) in Sturge-Weber Syndrome
• Poser Criteria, for Multiple Sclerosis
• Positron Emission Tomography
• Posner-Schlossman Syndrome
• Posterior Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy
• Posterior Capsule Opacification (PCO)
• Posterior Capsule Rupture
• Posterior Capsulorhexis
• Posterior Chamber
• Posterior Continuous Circular Capsulorhexis (PCCC)
• Posterior Corneal Mapping
• Posterior Embryotoxon, Neurocristopathy
• Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Syndrome
• Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
• Posterior Lenticonus
• Posterior Optic Buttonholing
• Posterior Polar Cataract
• Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy
• Posterior Uveal Bleeding Syndrome (PUBS)
• Posterior Vitreous Detachment
• Postherpetic Neuralgia
• Potential Acuity Meter
• Precorneal Tear Film
• Preperiosteal Midface Lift
• Preretinal Macular Gliosis
• Presbyopia
• Presumed Tuberculous Retinal Periphlebitis
• Primary Acquired Melanosis
• Primary Angle Closure and Angle Closure Glaucoma
• Primary Color Vision Deficiency
• Primary Congenital Glaucoma
• Primary Endothelial Failure, After Penetrating Keratoplasty
• Primary Hereditary Systemic Amyloidosis
• Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
• Primary Posterior Capsulorhexis
• PRK
• PRL Phakic Intraocular Lens
• Progressive Pigmentary Retinopathy
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
• Proliferative Retinopathy due to Diabetes
• Proptosis
• Prostaglandin Analogues
• Prosthesis
• Pseudo Macular Hole
• Pseudoaccommodation
• Pseudo-Best (Disease)
• Pseudoexfoliatio lentis
• Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome
• Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma
• Pseudoguttatae: Inflammatory Disease
• Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy
• Pseudomembrane, Conjunctival
• Pseudoneuritis
• Pseudopapilledema
• Pseudopapilledema: Disc Drusen
• Pseudoproptosis
• Pseudoptosis
• Pseudo-Vitelliform (Macular Dystrophy)
• Psychogenic
• Pterygium
• Pulsation, Orbital
• Punctate Epithelial Defects/Erosions
• Punctate Inner Choroidopathy
• Pupil Center
• Pupil Diameter
• Pupil Dilation
• Pupil Dilator
• Pupil Irregularity Caused by Trauma
• Pupil Stretch
• Pupil, Characteristics
• Pupillary Center
• Pupillometers
• Pure Alexia
• Purtscher's Like Retinopathy
• Pyogenic Granuloma
• Q
• Q-Factor Customized Ablation Profile
• R
• Radial Keratotomy
• Raised Conjunctival Lesions
• Ranibizumab
• RAPD (Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect)
• Ray Tracing
• Reconstructive Corneal Graft
• Reconstructive Surgery of Eyelid
• Recoverin
• Recurrent Corneal Erosion
• Red Rock Syndrome
• Red-Green Color Vision, Defects
• Reflection Law
• Reflex Blepharospasm
• Reflex Tear Arc
• Refraction Law
• Refractive Ametropia
• Refractive Astigmatism
• Refractive Eye Surgery
• Refractive Lens Exchange
• Refractive Surgery
• Reis-Bücklers Dystrophy
• Residual Stroma Bed
• Residual Stroma Thickness
• Respicort
• Reticulum Cell Sarcoma (Old)
• Retina, Structure of
• Retinae (Retinal Angiomatosis, von Hippel Syndrome/Disease)
• Retinal Blood Vessels
• Retinal Break
• Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma
• Retinal Concussion
• Retinal Detachment
• Retinal Detachment Rhegmatogenous
• Retinal Hemangioma
• Retinal Hole
• Retinal Migraine
• Retinal Peripheral Degeneration
• Retinal Pigment Epithelium
• Retinal/Ocular Migraine
• Retinitis
• Retinitis Pigmentosa, Decreased Vision in Neuro-Ophthalmology
• Retinitis Punctata Albescens
• Retinoblastoma
• Retinopathy
• Retinopathy of Prematurity
• Retractors, Lower Eyelid
• Retrobulbar Block
• Retrobulbar Hemorrhage, Optic Nerve Dysfunction
• Retrobulbar Optic Neuropathy
• Retrochiasmal Disorders
• Retro-Orbicularis Oculi Fat (ROOF)
• Rhabdomyosarcoma of Orbit
• Riley-Day Syndrome (Familial Dysautonomia)
• Ring Sign, in Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation
• Rod-Cone Dystrophy
• Rosacea: Overview
• Rosengren-Doane Tear Pump
• Rosenmüller, Valve of
• Rosenthal Syndrome
• Rotational Flap for Eyelid Repair
• Ruptured Globe
• Rust Ring, Iron Foreign Body Causing
• S
• Sakurai-Lisch Nodules
• Salzmann Nodular Degeneration
• Sarcoidosis
• Sarcoidosis, Orbit Affected in
• Sarcoma, Orbital
• Sattler's Veil (Central Epithelial Edema)
• Scanning Confocal Microscope
• Scanning Electron Microscopy
• Scheimpflug Imaging
• Schirmer Tests
• Schlichting Dystrophy
• Schnyder Crystalline Corneal Dystrophy (SCCD)
• Schnyder Crystalline Dystrophy Syndrome
• Schwalbe's Line
• Scleral Fixation of Intraocular Lens
• Scleral Patch Graft, Corneal Patch Graft
• Scleral Tunnel
• Scleritis
• Scleritis-Associated Peripheral Keratopathy
• Sclerocornea
• Sclerokeratitis
• Scleromalacia: Overview
• Scoptopic Pupil Diameter
• Sealed Capsule Irrigation Device
• Sebaceous Adenoma
• Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Eyelid
• Sebaceous Carcinoma/Adenocarcinoma
• Sebaceous Cyst
• Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma
• Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma: Overview
• Sebaceous Glands of Eyelid, Tumors Arising in
• Sebaceous Hyperplasia
• Sebaceous Hyperplasia of Eyelid
• Seborrheic Blepharitis
• Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma and Uveal Effusion
• Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
• Secondary Blepharospasm
• Secondary Glaucoma in Uveitis
• Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma
• Semicircular Advancement Flap
• Semicircular Flap for Eyelid Repair
• Semilunar Ganglion
• Senile Hyperkeratosis
• Senile Marginal Atrophy
• Septal Fat Pannus
• Serous Detachment of the Sensory Retina
• Setting Sun Sign
• Seventh Nerve Palsy
• Sexually Transmitted Disease
• Shack-Hartmann Aberrometry
• Shagreen, Crocodile
• Shave Biopsy
• SIA
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Siderosis Bulbi
• Siderosis: Signs and Symptoms
• Silicone Intraocular Lens
• Silicone Intubation
• Silicone Oil
• Silicone Oil Tamponade
• Silicone, Uses in Ophthalmology
• Simple Anisocoria
• Simple Rotational Flap
• Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
• Sinuses
• Sipple-Gorlin Syndrome, Enlarged Corneal Nerves
• Sixth Nerve Palsies
• Skew Deviation
• Skin Peeling Conditions
• SLK
• Sloan Letters
• Snap Test
• Snapback Test
• Snellen Acuity
• Social Disease
• Solar Keratosis
• Solid-State Lasers
• Solodelf
• Spasm of Accommodation
• Spasmus Nutans
• Sphaerularis Elaiodes
• Sphenoid Bone
• Spherical Equivalent
• Spherical Intraocular Lens
• Spherocylindrical Lenses
• Spheroidal Degeneration
• Spherophakia-Brachymorphia Syndrome
• Spherotoroidal Lens
• Spiradenoma
• Spiradenoma, Eccrine
• Spiral Computed Tomography, in Orbital Evaluation
• Split Hand
• Springing Pupil
• Squamous Cell Cancer (SCC)
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Eyelid
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma, of the Conjunctiva
• Squamous Cell Papillomas of Eyelid
• Squamous Dysplasia of Conjunctiva
• Standing Potential of the Eye
• Staphylococcal Marginal Disease
• Staphylococcus
• Staphylomas, Congenital, Anterior
• Stargardt Macular Dystrophy
• Steatoblepharon
• Steep Central Islands
• Stem Cells, Limbal, Corneal Epithelium Maintenance
• Steroids
• Stevens Johnson Syndrome
• Stickler Syndrome (Hereditary Progressive Arthro-Ophthalmopathy)
• Stickler Syndrome Vitreous Type I
• Stocker-Holt
• Striate Keratitis
• Striate Keratopathy, Intraocular Surgery Causing
• Striate Melanokeratosis
• Stromal Bed
• Stromal Degenerations
• Stromal Dystrophies
• Stromal Graft Rejection
• Stromal Keratitis (Herpetic)
• Stromal Micropuncture, for Recurrent Corneal Erosions
• Subacute Regional Lymphadenitis
• Sub-brow Fat Pads
• Subciliary Incision, for Anterior Orbitotomy
• Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
• Subepithelial Corneal Degenerations
• Subepithelial Graft Rejection
• Submuscular Fibroadipose Tissue
• Suborbicularis Fibroadipose Tissue
• Subperiosteal Orbitotomy
• Subretinal Fluid
• Subtenon's Anesthesia
• Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
• Sunset Eye Sign
• Superficial Central Primary Degeneration Oleogutta
• Superficial Granular Corneal Dystrophy
• Superficial Keratectomy
• Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
• Superior or Inferior Altitudinal Visual Field Defects
• Superior Orbital Fissure
• Superior Transverse Ligament
• Suprasellar Mass Lesions
• Surface-Wrinkling Maculopathy
• Surgical Approaches
• Surgical PION
• Surgical Spaces, Orbital
• Surgically Induced Astigmatism
• Suspicious Pigmented Choroidal Lesions
• Sutures (Surgical), Quickert, for Involutional Entropion
• Sweat Glands of Eyelid
• Sweat Glands of Eyelid, Tumors Arising in
• Swinging-Light Test, for RAPD Identification
• Symblepharon
• Sympathetic Nerves/Pathway, Orbit Supplied by
• Syphilis: Overview
• T
• T1 Image
• T1 Sequence
• T1-Weighted Image
• T2
• T2 Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)
• T2-Weighted Image
• Tablets
• Tamsulosin
• Tangier Disease, Corneal Changes
• Tarsal Conjunctiva
• Tarsal Fracture Operation, for Cicatricial Entropion
• Tarsal Kink
• Tarsal Muscles, Inferior
• Tarsal Plates/Tarsus
• Tarsal Strip Procedure
• Tarsoconjunctival Graft
• Tarsorrhaphy
• Tarsotomy
• TASS
• Tay-Sachs Disease (GM2 Gangliosidosis Type I)
• Tear Breakup Time
• Tear Film (Tears)
• Tear Meniscus
• Tearing (Epiphora)
• Tearing, Reflex, Absorption of Ocular Medication
• Tectonic Penetrating Keratoplasty, for Herpetic Keratitis
• Telecanthus
• Telorbitism (Hypertelorism)
• Temporal Artery, Eye Supplied by
• Temporary Suture Tarsorrhaphy (TST)
• Tenon's Capsule
• Tenzel Flaps
• Teratoid Tumor
• Teratomas, Orbital
• Terrien Marginal Degeneration
• Terson Syndrome Caused by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
• Tetrapod Fracture
• Thermal Cautery
• Thermal Injury: Overview
• Thiel-Behnke Dystrophy
• Third Nerve Palsy
• Thorazine-Induced Retinal Degeneration
• Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography, in Orbital Evaluation
• Thrombophlebitis, of Orbital Vein
• Thygeson's Superficial Punctate Keratitis
• Thyroid Associated Orbitopathy (TAO)
• Thyroid Eye Disease
• Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
• Tight Orbit
• Tissue Adhesives, Cyanoacrylate, for Anterior Segment
• Tobacco-Alcohol Amblyopia
• Tonic Pupil (Adie's Pupil), Pharmacological Testing for
• Topical Anesthesia in Eye Surgery
• Topography (Corneal)
• Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome
• Toxic Optic Neuropathy
• Toxic/Nutritional and Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
• Trachoma
• Tractional Retinal Detachment
• Transcaruncular Route, for Anterior Orbitotomy
• Transconjunctival Route
• Transcutaneous Routes
• Transepithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy
• Transient Cerebral Blindness
• Transient Light-Sensitivity Syndrome
• Transient Monocular Visual Loss
• Transient Obscurations of Vision
• Transplantation
• Transplantation, Amniotic Membrane
• Transposition Flaps, for Lateral Canthal Defects
• Transseptal Route, for Anterior Orbitotomy
• Transverse (Lateral) Sinus Thrombosis
• Transverse Keratotomy
• Transverse Tarsotomy Procedure
• Trapezoidal Keratotomy
• Trauma, Canalicular
• Trauma, Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal Duct
• Traumatic Aniridia
• Traumatic Glaucoma
• Traumatic Retinopathy
• Treacher Collins-Franceschetti Syndrome (Mandibulofacial Dysostosis)
• Treatment for Lid Retraction
• Trichiasis
• Trichilemmoma
• Trichinella spiralis Trichinosis, Orbital Infection Caused by
• Trichoepithelioma
• Trichofolliculoma
• Trigeminal Ganglion
• Trigeminal Ganglion (Gasserian/Semilunar Ganglion)
• Trimalar Fracture
• Trochlear Nerve
• Trypan Blue
• Tumors of Eccrine Origin
• Tunneling
• TVOs
• Type-II Vascular Malformation
• U
• Ulcerative Keratitis
• Ulcerative Keratitis Disease
• Ulcerative Keratopathy, Toxic
• Ulcers
• Ultrafast Laser
• Ultrasonic Pachymetry
• Ultrasonography, in Orbital Evaluation
• Ultrasound Pachymetry
• Upper Lid Loading
• Upper Lid Retraction
• Usher Syndrome
• Uvea (Uveal Tract)
• Uveal Melanoma
• Uveitic Glaucoma
• Uveitis in Multiple Sclerosis
• Uveoparotid Fever
• V
• V1 (Ophthalmic Nerve)
• V2 (Maxillary Nerve)
• V3 (Mandibular Nerve)
• Valve of Hanske
• Varices, Orbital
• Vascular Nevus
• Vascular System of Orbit
• Vascular Tumors Disease of the Conjunctiva
• Venereal Disease
• Venography, in Orbital Evaluation
• Verisyse Iris-Supported Phakic Intraocular Lens
• Vernal Conjunctivitis/Keratoconjunctivitis
• Verruca
• Verruca Vulgaris
• Vertebrobasilar Atherothrombotic Disease (VBATD)
• Vertex Keratopathy
• Vertical Eyelid Splitting, for Anterior Orbitotomy
• Vertical Gaze Palsy
• VHL
• VHL Syndrome
• Viral Keratitis with Ulceration
• Viscoelastic Agents
• Visual Agnosia
• Visual Form Agnosia
• Visual Perseveration
• Visual Release Phenomena
• Vitamin A
• Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy
• Vitiliginous Chorioretinitis (No Longer Used)
• Vitrectomy
• Vitreolysis, Enzymatic
• Vitreous Base Avulsion, “Bucket-Handle Sign”
• Vitreous Humor
• Vitreous Substitute
• VKC
• Vogt Lines, Keratoconus
• Vogt's Crocodile Shagreen Dystrophy
• Voluntary Gaze Paresis
• Von Hippel-Lindau Disease, VHL
• Vortex (Hurricane) Keratopathy
• W
• Wallenberg Syndrome
• Watershed Zone of the Choroid
• Wave Front Analysis
• Wavefront Measurement
• Wavefront-Guided Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
• Wavefront-Guided Laser Refractive Surgery
• Wavefront-Optimized Ablation Profile
• WEBINO
• WEBINO (“Wall-Eyed” Bilateral Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia) Syndrome
• Wegener Granulomatosis
• Weill-Marchesani Syndrome
• Welders Maculopathy
• White-to-White Distance
• Wies Procedure
• Wies Repair
• Wilbrand Knee
• Wilson Disease
• Wound Healing
• X
• Xanthelasma Palpebrarum
• Xanthelasma, Dyslipoproteinemia
• Xanthomas
• Xeroderma Pigmentosum
• Xerophthalmia
• Xerosis
• X-Linked Megalocornea
• Y
• Y-V-Plasty for Blepharophimosis Syndrome
• Z
• Zeis Gland Cyst
• Zernike Coefficients
• Z-Plasties
• Zygomatic Bone
• Zygomatic-Maxillary Complex Fractures
• Zygomaticofacial Canal
• Zygomaticotemporal Canal