Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering
Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering
Editor/Author
Kulacki, Francis A.
Publication Year: 2018
Publisher: Springer Science+Business Media
Single-User Purchase Price:
$1399.99

Unlimited-User Purchase Price:
Not Available
ISBN: 978-3-319-26694-7
Category: Technology & Engineering - Engineering
Image Count:
1420
Book Status: Available
Table of Contents
This Handbook provides researchers, faculty, design engineers in industrial R&D, and practicing engineers in the field concise treatments of advanced and more-recently established topics in thermal science and engineering, with an important emphasis on micro- and nanosystems, not covered in earlier references on applied thermal science, heat transfer or relevant aspects of mechanical/chemical engineering.
Table of Contents
- Part I Heat Transfer Fundamentals
- 1 Macroscopic Heat Conduction Formulation - Leandro A. Sphaier, Jian Su and Renato Machado Cotta
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Basic Heat Conduction Theory
- 2.1 General Mathematical Formulation for Heat Conduction
- 2.2 Isotropic Materials
- 2.3 Anisotropic Materials
- 2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions
- 2.5 Heat Conduction Equation in Different Coordinate Systems
- 2.6 Regular and Irregular Domains
- 2.7 Dimensionless Form of the Heat Conduction Equation
- 2.8 Nonlinear Heat Conduction
- 3 Extended Heat Conduction Formulations
- 3.1 Heat Conduction in Heterogeneous Media
- 3.2 Heat Conduction in Multilayered Composite Media
- 3.3 Heat Conduction with Phase Change
- 3.4 Hyperbolic Heat Conduction
- 3.5 Conjugate Conduction-Convection
- 3.6 Drying
- 3.7 Heat Conduction with Mass Transfer and Physical Adsorption
- 4 Lumped and Improved-Lumped Formulations
- 4.1 Lumped-Capacitance Formulations
- 4.2 Lumped-Differential Formulations
- 4.3 Improved Lumped-Differential Formulations
- References
- 2 Analytical Methods in Heat Transfer - Renato Machado Cotta, Diego C. Knupp and João N. N. Quaresma
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Separation of Variables
- 2.1 One-Dimensional Formulation
- 2.2 Multidimensional Formulation
- 3 Classical Integral Transform Technique
- 4 Filtering Schemes
- 5 Generalized Integral Transform Technique
- 5.1 Formal Solution
- 5.2 Reordering Schemes
- 5.3 Single-Domain Formulation
- 5.4 GITT for Eigenvalue Problems
- 6 Advanced Topics
- 6.1 Integral Balance Procedure for Convergence Improvement
- 6.2 Integral Transforms with Convective Eigenvalue Problem
- 6.3 Integral Transforms with Nonlinear Eigenfunction Expansions
- 7 Closing Remarks
- References
- 3 Numerical Methods for Conduction-Type Phenomena - Bantwal R. Baliga, Iurii Lokhmanets and Massimo Cimmino
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Conduction-Type Phenomena
- 1.2 Additional Background Material and the Scope of the Chapter
- 2 Mathematical Model
- 3 CVFDM for Steady Two-Dimensional Planar (x,y) Problems
- 3.1 Domain Discretization
- 3.2 Integral Conservation Equation
- 3.3 Interpolation Functions
- 3.4 Discretized Equations
- 3.5 Boundary Treatments
- 3.6 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations
- 4 CVFDM for Steady Three-Dimensional (x,y,z) Problems
- 4.1 Domain Discretization
- 4.2 Integral Conservation Equation
- 4.3 Interpolation Functions
- 4.4 Discretized Equations
- 4.5 Boundary Treatments
- 4.6 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations.
- 5 Overview of CVFDMs for Steady Multidimensional (r,θ,z) and (r,θ,φ) Problems
- 6 CVFEM for Steady Two-Dimensional Planar Problems
- 6.1 Domain Discretization
- 6.2 Integral Conservation Equation
- 6.3 Interpolation Functions
- 6.4 Discretized Equations
- 6.5 Boundary Treatments
- 6.6 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations
- 7 Overview of a CVFEM for Steady Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric (r,z) Problems
- 8 CVFEM for Steady Three-Dimensional Problems
- 8.1 Domain Discretization
- 8.2 Integral Conservation Equation
- 8.3 Interpolation Functions
- 8.4 Discretized Equations
- 8.5 Boundary Treatments
- 8.6 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations
- 9 CVFDMs and CVFEMs for Unsteady Multidimensional Problems
- 9.1 General Integral Conservation Equation
- 9.2 Discretized Equations
- 9.3 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations
- 10 Solution of the Discretized Equations
- 11 Comments on Validation and Verification
- 12 Estimation of Grid-Independent Numerical Solutions and Order of Accuracy
- 13 Measures of Error
- 14 Application to a Demonstration Problem
- 15 Concluding Remarks
- 16 Cross-References
- References
- 4 Thermophysical Properties Measurement and Identification - Helcio R. B. Orlande and Olivier Fudym
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Inverse Problems
- 2.1 Bayesian Framework for the Solution of Inverse Problems
- 2.2 A Maximum a Posteriori Objective Function
- 2.3 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Methods
- 3 Applications
- 3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Highly Orthotropic Materials
- 3.2 Nanofilm Thermal characterization from a Picoseconds Thermoreflectometry Experiment
- 3.3 Simultaneous Estimation of Local Thermal Diffusivity and Heat Flux
- 4 Conclusions
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- 5 Design of Thermal Systems - Yogesh Jaluria
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Thermal Systems
- 3 Modeling and Simulation
- 4 Simulation Results
- 4.1 Typical Results
- 4.2 Boundary Conditions
- 4.3 Combined Mechanisms
- 4.4 Complex Transport Phenomena
- 4.5 Multiple Scales
- 4.6 Validation
- 5 Design
- 5.1 Basic Design Strategy
- 5.2 Inverse Problem
- 5.3 Feasibility
- 5.4 Sensitivity Analysis
- 5.5 Acceptable Design Domain
- 6 Additional Design Aspects and Strategies
- 6.1 Knowledge-Based Design
- 6.2 Concurrent Experimentation and Simulation
- 6.3 Uncertainty- and Reliability-Based Design
- 7 Optimization
- 7.1 Basic Aspects
- 7.2 Lagrange Multiplier Method
- 7.3 Search Methods
- 7.4 Response Surfaces
- 7.5 Multi-Objective Optimization
- 8 Conclusions
- 9 Cross-References
- References
- 6 Thermal Transport in Micro- and Nanoscale Systems - Tanmoy Maitra, Shigang Zhang and Manish K. Tiwari
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Heat Conduction
- 2.1 Introduction to Boltzmann Transport Equation
- 2.2 Derivation of Fourier's Law from BTE
- 3 Heat Conduction at Microscale
- 3.1 Thermoelectricity
- 3.2 Thermal Interface Materials
- 4 Heat Convection
- 4.1 Governing Equations and Dimensionless Numbers in Heat Convection
- 4.2 Single-Phase Convection at Microscale
- 4.3 Two-Phase Convection at Microscale
- 5 Summary and Future Trend
- 5.1 Conduction at Microscale: Thermoelectricity and Thermal Interface Materials
- 5.2 Single-Phase Convection
- 5.3 Phase Change Processes and Heat Transfer
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 7 Constructal Theory in Heat Transfer - Luiz A. O. Rocha, S. Lorente and A. Bejan
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Fundamentals of Constructal Theory in Heat Transfer
- 2.1 Constructal Law, Constructal Theory, and Vascularization
- 2.2 Thermal Resistance
- 2.3 Imperfection
- 2.4 Constructal Design Method
- 3 Configurations for Open Cavities
- 3.1 Isothermal Elemental Open Cavity
- 3.2 Complex Cavities
- 4 Flow Spacings
- 5 Trees for Heat Conduction
- 6 Constructal Invasion of a Conducting Tree into a Conducting Body
- 7 The Effect of Size on the Design of Distributed Heating on the Landscape
- 8 Conclusions
- 9 Cross-References
- References
- Part II Convective Heat Transfer
- 8 Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer: Basic Equations and Solutions - Sumanta Acharya
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Governing Equations
- 3 External Flow
- 3.1 Flat Plate Boundary Layers
- 3.2 Wedge Flow
- 4 Internal Flow
- 4.1 Flow in a Circular Pipe
- 4.2 Temperature Solution in a Pipe
- 4.3 Flow in a Channel
- 4.4 Temperature Solution for a Channel
- 5 Natural (Free) and Mixed Convection
- 6 Concluding Remarks
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- 9 Turbulence Effects on Convective Heat Transfer - Forrest E. Ames
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Interaction of Turbulence with a Flat Plate
- 3 The Influence of Turbulence on Flat Plate Turbulent Boundary Layer Heat Transfer
- 4 The Influence of Turbulence on Laminar Boundary Layer Heat Transfer
- 4.1 The Influence of Turbulence on Stagnation Region Heat Transfer
- 4.2 The Influence of Scale
- 4.3 Turbulent Augmentation of Laminar Boundary Layer Heat Transfer
- 5 Chapter Summary
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 10 Full-Coverage Effusion Cooling in External Forced Convection: Sparse and Dense Hole Arrays - Phil Ligrani
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedures, Film Cooling Test Section Configuration
- 3 Experimental Results
- 3.1 Blowing Ratio Variations
- 3.2 Contraction Ratio Effects on Mainstream Acceleration and Variation of Coolant Mass Flow Rate
- 3.3 Blowing Ratio Effects on Adiabatic Film Effectiveness for a Sparse Hole Array
- 3.4 Blowing Ratio Effects on Heat Transfer Coefficients for a Sparse Hole Array
- 3.5 Contraction Ratio and Blowing Ratio Effects on Adiabatic Film Effectiveness for a Dense Hole Array
- 3.6 Contraction Ratio and Blowing Ratio Effects on Heat Transfer Coefficients for a Dense Hole Array
- 3.7 Hole Angle, Contraction Ratio, and Blowing Ratio Effects on Adiabatic Film Effectiveness for a Dense Hole Array
- 3.8 Hole Angle, Contraction Ratio, and Blowing Ratio Effects on Heat Transfer Coefficients for a Dense Hole Array
- 3.9 Comparisons of Adiabatic Effectiveness for Sparse and Dense Hole Arrays
- 3.10 Comparisons of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Sparse and Dense Hole Arrays
- 3.11 Comparisons of Contraction Ratio Effects and the Influences of Mainstream Acceleration
- 4 Summary and Conclusions
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- 11 Enhancement of Convective Heat Transfer - Raj M. Manglik
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Enhancement of Single-Phase Convection
- 3 Rough Surfaces
- 4 Extended Surfaces
- 5 Displaced Enhancement Devices
- 6 Swirl-Flow Devices
- 7 Coiled Tubes
- 8 Other Techniques and Compound Enhancement
- 9 Performance Evaluation Criteria
- References
- 12 Electrohydrodynamically Augmented Internal Forced Convection - Michal Talmor and Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Transport Equations
- 3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
- 4 Electrohydrodynamically Driven Internal Flows
- 4.1 Introduction to Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Pumping
- 4.2 EHD Theoretical Background
- 4.3 Experimental Studies of EHD Driven Single Phase Flows: Macroscale
- 4.4 EHD Driven Single Phase Flows: Microscale
- 4.5 EHD Driven Two Phase Flows
- 4.6 Example Application: EHD Driven Single Phase Flow Distribution Control
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- 13 Free Convection: External Surface - Patrick H. Oosthuizen
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Narrow Vertical Plane Surfaces
- 2.1 Heat Transfer from Adjacent Narrow Plane Surfaces
- 3 Horizontal Plane Surfaces
- 3.1 Horizontal Two-Sided Circular Bodies
- 3.2 Recessed Heated Horizontal Circular Surface
- 3.3 Adjacent Horizontal Isothermal Square Surfaces
- 3.4 Horizontal Rectangular Surface with a Parallel Adiabatic Covering Surface
- 4 Bodies with a Wavy Surface
- 4.1 Vertical Wavy Surfaces
- 4.2 Horizontal Wavy Surfaces
- 4.3 Free Convection from Cylindrical Wavy Surfaces
- 5 Short Vertical Cylinders with an Exposed Upper Surface
- 6 External Free Convection in Systems Involving a Nanofluid
- 7 Conclusions
- 8 Cross-References
- References
- 14 Free Convection: Cavities and Layers - Andrey V. Kuznetsov and Ivan A. Kuznetsov
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Some Classical Results of Studies on Heat Transfer in Cavities. Natural Convection Driven by a Temperature Variation in a Fluid
- 2.1 Rectangular Cavity
- 2.2 Three-Dimensional Cavities and Cavities with Shapes Other than Rectangular
- 3 Some Emerging Results on Heat Transfer in Cavities. Situations When There Are Other Contributors to the Buoyancy Force, in Addition to the Density Variation Due to a Temperature Change
- 3.1 Double-Diffusive Convection
- 3.2 MHD Convection
- 3.3 Mixed Convection in Lid-Driven Enclosures
- 4 Non-Newtonian Fluids
- 5 Cavities Filled with Nanofluids. Single-Phase Modeling Approach
- 6 Ferrofluids
- 7 Research on the Onset of Convection Instability in Natural Convection
- 7.1 Recent Developments in Classical Natural Convection
- 8 Emerging Topics: Links between Internal Natural Convection and Bio- and Nanofluidics
- 8.1 Bioconvection: Macroscopic Motion of a Fluid Caused by Many Mesoscale Swimmers
- 9 Conclusions
- References
- 15 Heat Transfer in Rotating Flows - Stefan aus der Wiesche
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Methods and Basic Principles
- 2.1 Similarity Numbers for Rotating Flows
- 2.2 Experimental Investigations
- 2.3 Governing Equations and Theoretical Methods
- 2.4 Computational Fluid Mechanics
- 3 Rotating Bodies of Revolution in an Infinite Resting Fluid
- 3.1 Flow and Heat Transfer Regimes
- 3.2 Effect of Prandtl Number
- 3.3 Numerical Investigations
- 3.4 Rotating Spheres
- 4 Enclosed Rotating Disk Systems
- 4.1 Flow Configurations
- 4.2 Heat Transfer from Enclosed Rotating Disks
- 4.3 Unsteadiness and Numerical Investigations
- 5 Rotating Disks Subjected to External Flows
- 5.1 Perpendicular Jets on Rotating Disks
- 5.2 Rotating Disk Subjected to a Parallel Stream of Air
- 5.3 Critical Point and Bifurcation Theory: Fundamental Concepts
- 5.4 Inclined Rotating Disk in a Stream of Air
- References
- 16 Natural Convection in Rotating Flows - Peter Vadasz
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Natural Convection in Fluids Subject to Rotation
- 2.1 Governing Equations
- 2.2 Taylor–Proudman Columns and Geostrophic Flow
- 2.3 Natural Convection in a Rotating Fluid Layer Heated from Below
- 3 Modeling of Flow and Heat Transfer in Porous Media
- 3.1 Modeling of Flow in Porous Media
- 3.2 Modeling of Heat Transfer in Porous Media
- 3.3 Natural Convection and Buoyancy in Porous Media
- 3.4 Classification of Convective Flows in Porous Media Subject to Rotation
- 4 Fundamentals of Flow in Rotating Porous Media
- 4.1 Taylor–Proudman Columns and Geostrophic Flow in Rotating Porous Media
- 5 Natural Convection in Porous Media due to Thermal Buoyancy of Centrifugal Body Forces
- 5.1 General Background
- 5.2 Temperature Gradients Perpendicular to the Centrifugal Body Force
- 5.3 Temperature Gradients Collinear with the Centrifugal Body Force
- 6 Coriolis Effects on Natural Convection in Porous Media
- 6.1 Coriolis Effect on Natural Convection in Porous Media due to Thermal Buoyancy of Centrifugal Body Forces
- 6.2 Coriolis Effect on Natural Convection due to Thermal Buoyancy of Gravity Forces
- 7 Other Effects of Rotation on Flow and Natural Convection in Porous Media
- 7.1 Natural Convection in Porous Media due to Thermal Buoyancy of Combined Centrifugal and Gravity Forces
- 7.2 Onset of Convection due to Thermohaline (Binary Mixture) Buoyancy of Gravity Forces
- 7.3 Finite Heat Transfer Between the Phases and Temperature Modulation
- 7.4 Anisotropic Effects
- 7.5 Applications to Nanofluids
- 7.6 Applications to Solidification of Binary Alloys
- 8 Cross-References
- References
- 17 Visualization of Convective Heat Transfer - Pradipta K. Panigrahi and K. Muralidhar
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Refractive Index Techniques
- 2.1 Optical Configurations
- 2.2 Data Analysis
- 2.3 Color Schlieren Technique
- 2.4 Tomography
- 2.5 Experimentally Recorded Images
- 3 Scattering Techniques
- 3.1 Liquid Crystal Thermography
- 3.2 Infrared Thermography
- 4 Closure
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- Part III Single-Phase Heat Transfer in Porous and Particulate Media
- 18 Applications of Flow-Induced Vibration in Porous Media - Khalil Khanafer, Mohamed Gaith and Abdalla AlAmiri
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Non-Darcian Effects on Natural Convection in a Porous Enclosure
- 2.1 Numerical Analysis
- 2.2 Solution Method
- 2.3 Results and Discussion
- 3 Fluid-Structure Interactions in a Tissue During Hyperthermia
- 3.1 Mathematical Formulation
- 3.2 Results and Discussion
- 4 Conclusions
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- 19 Imaging the Mechanical Properties of Porous Biological Tissue - John J. PitreJr. and Joseph L. Bull
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Biot Theory of Poroelasticity
- 2.1 Constitutive Relationships
- 2.2 Physical Interpretation of the Poroelastic Parameters
- 2.3 Governing Equations
- 3 Ultrasound Elastography
- 4 Ultrasound Poroelastography
- 4.1 Background and Theory
- 4.2 Early Studies
- 4.3 In Vivo Studies
- 5 Magnetic Resonance Poroelastography
- 5.1 Background and Theory
- 5.2 Laboratory Studies of MR Poroelastography
- 5.3 Compression-Sensitive MR Elastography
- 6 Measured Properties of Poroelastic Materials and Tissues
- 7 Conclusion
- 8 Cross-References
- References
- 20 Nanoparticles and Metal Foam in Thermal Control and Storage by Phase Change Materials - Bernardo Buonomo, Davide Ercole, Oronzio Manca and Sergio Nardini
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Models and Governing Equations
- 3 Results and Discussion for Main Contributions
- 4 Conclusions
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- 21 Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Porous Textile Medium Subject to External Wind: Improving Clothing Design - Nesreen Ghaddar and Kamel Ghali
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Review of Fabric Heat, Air, and Water Vapor Transport Models
- 2.1 Fabric Physical Parameters
- 2.2 Diffusive and Convective Fabric Models
- 3 Mathematical Formulation of Thin Fabric Model for Clothing Ventilation Applications
- 4 Integration of Thin Fabric Model with Segmental Clothed Human Thermal Model
- 4.1 Clothed Cylinder Model of Independent Body Segments
- 4.2 Bio-Heat Model Integration and Overall Clothing Ventilation
- 4.3 Connected Clothed Cylinders Model to Improve Clothing Ventilation Predictions
- 4.4 Effect of Walking on Ventilation and the Clothed Swinging Arm Model
- 5 Closing Remarks and Future Trends
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- Part IV Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer
- 22 A Prelude to the Fundamentals and Applications of Radiation Transfer - M. Pinar Mengüç
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Fundamental Concepts and Equations
- 2.1 The Planck and Wien Laws
- 2.2 Solid Angle
- 3 Radiative Transfer Equation
- 4 Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation
- 5 Applications of Radiative Transfer
- 6 Near-Field Radiative Transfer
- 7 Remarks
- 8 Cross-References
- References
- 23 Radiative Transfer Equation and Solutions - Junming M. Zhao and Linhua H. Liu
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Radiative Transfer Equation
- 2.1 The Classical Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE)
- 2.2 The Second-Order Form of RTE
- 2.3 The Radiative Transfer Equation in Refractive Media
- 3 Solution Techniques of the Radiative Transfer Equation
- 3.1 Spherical Harmonics Method
- 3.2 Discrete-Ordinate Method
- 3.3 Finite Volume Method
- 3.4 Finite Element Method
- 3.5 Solution Methods for RTE in Refractive Media
- 4 Numerical Errors and Accuracy Improvement Strategies
- 4.1 Origin of Numerical Errors in DOM
- 4.2 Error from Differencing Scheme
- 4.3 Scattering Term Discretization Error
- 4.4 Error from Heat Flux Calculation
- 5 Conclusions
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 24 Near-Field Thermal Radiation - Mathieu Francoeur
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Fluctuational Electrodynamics
- 2.1 Overview of Maxwell's Equations
- 2.2 Thermal Stochastic Maxwell's Equations
- 2.3 Further Reading
- 3 Thermal Emission
- 3.1 Propagatingand Evanescent Modes
- 3.2 Near-Field Thermal Emission
- 3.3 Size Effect on the Emissivity of Thin Films
- 3.4 Further Reading
- 4 Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Calculations
- 4.1 Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Between Two Bulk Materials
- 4.2 Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer in Complex Geometries
- 4.3 Overview of the Thermal Discrete Dipole Approximation (T-DDA)
- 4.4 Further Reading
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- 25 Design of Optical and Radiative Properties of Surfaces - Bo Zhao and Zhuomin M. Zhang
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Modeling and Theoretical Fundamentals of Periodic Structures
- 2.1 Numerical Methods for Modeling Optical Properties of Period Structures
- 2.2 Anisotropic Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis
- 2.3 Surface Plasmon Polaritonsand Magnetic Polaritonsin Nanostructures
- 2.4 Polarization Dependence of Radiative Properties
- 3 Applications of Periodic Nano-/Microstructures and Metamaterials
- 4 Tailoring Thermal Radiation Using 2D Materials
- 4.1 Optical and Radiative Properties of Graphene and its Ribbons
- 4.2 Graphene-Covered Metal Gratings
- 4.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Covered Metal Gratings
- 5 Conclusion and Outlook
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 26 Radiative Properties of Gases - Vladimir P. Solovjov, Brent W. Webb and Frederic Andre
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Radiative Transfer in Gaseous Medium
- 1.2 Variables, Constants, and Units in Gas Radiation
- 1.3 Planck Blackbody Emissive Power
- 1.4 Radiative Transfer Equation in Absorbing and Emitting Gaseous Medium
- 2 Gas Absorption Spectra
- 2.1 Physical Nature of Gas Radiation Emission and Absorption
- 2.2 Molecular Vibrational-Rotational Energy Transitions
- 2.3 Rotations of Diatomic Molecules
- 2.4 Vibrations of Diatomic Molecules
- 2.5 Combined Vibration-Rotation Transitions
- 2.6 Line Positions
- 2.7 Line Intensities
- 2.8 Spectral Line Shape
- 2.9 Lorentz Profile of Collision Broadening (Pressure Broadening)
- 2.10 HITRAN Spectral Database
- 2.11 Line-by-Line Model (LBL) of Gas Absorption Spectrum
- 2.12 Uniform Narrow Band Model of Gas Absorption Spectrum
- 2.13 Spectral Absorption Coefficient and Absorption Cross Section
- 2.14 The Line-by-Line Method of Solution of the Spectral RTE
- 3 Narrow Band Models
- 3.1 Principle of Statistical Narrow Band (SNB) Models
- 3.2 The SNB Model with Malkmus’ Distribution of Line Strengths for an Array of Lorentz Lines
- 3.3 SNB Models in Nonuniform Gaseous Media
- 3.4 Fictitious Gases and Mapping Methods
- 3.5 Additional Comments
- 4 Global Models of Gas Radiation
- 4.1 Introduction to Global Models
- 4.2 Gray Model
- 4.3 WSGG Model
- 4.4 The Spectral Group Model
- 4.5 WSGG RTE Model
- 4.6 SLW, ADF, and FSK Models
- 4.7 Continuous Limit of the SLW Method in Uniform Media: the FSK Model
- 5 Conclusions and Perspectives of Gas Radiation
- References
- 27 Radiative Properties of Particles - Rodolphe Vaillon
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Assumptions and Parameters
- 2.1 Particle Size Versus Wavelength
- 2.2 Absorption and Scattering by an Ensemble of Particles
- 2.3 Shapes
- 2.4 Optical/Electromagnetic Properties
- 3 Basic Formulations, Methodology, and Toolbox
- 3.1 Basic Formulations of Electromagnetic Scattering by Particles
- 3.2 Radiative Properties of Particles: Derivation and Application
- 3.3 Methodology and Toolbox for Calculating the Radiative Properties of Particles
- 4 Predicting the Radiative Properties of Individual Particles
- 4.1 Arbitrarily Shaped Individual Particles
- 4.2 Regularly Shaped Individual Particles
- 5 Deriving the Radiative Properties of Particles from Experiments
- 5.1 Analog Experiments on Model Particles
- 5.2 Laboratory Experiments on Real Particles
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 28 Radiative Transfer in Combustion Systems - Pedro J. Coelho
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Laminar Flames
- 3 Turbulent Flames
- 4 Laboratory Combustion Chambers
- 4.1 Gas-Fired Combustion Chambers
- 4.2 Liquid-Fired and Solid-Fired Combustion Chambers
- 5 Industrial Applications
- 5.1 Gas Turbine Combustors
- 5.2 Industrial Furnaces
- 5.3 Utility Boilers
- 5.4 Other Applications
- 6 Concluding Remarks
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- 29 Monte Carlo Methods for Radiative Transfer - Hakan Ertürk and John R. Howell
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Energy Equation for Radiative Transport
- 3 Statistical Representation of Physical Events
- 3.1 Wavelength of Emission
- 3.2 Direction of Emission
- 3.3 Location of Emission
- 3.4 Absorption and Scattering by Participating Medium
- 3.5 Absorption or Reflection by a Surface
- 4 Pseudorandom Numbers
- 5 Statistical Uncertainty of Monte Carlo Simulations
- 6 General Outline
- 6.1 Preprocessing: Defining Geometry, Properties, and Boundary Conditions
- 6.2 Monte Carlo Simulation
- 6.3 Post-Processing
- 7 Ray Tracing
- 7.1 Collision-Based Algorithm
- 7.2 Path Length-Based Algorithm
- 7.3 Reverse Algorithm
- 8 Implementing Spectral Properties
- 8.1 Probability-Based Modeling
- 8.2 Bandwise Modeling
- 8.3 Full-Spectrum K-Distribution Method
- 9 Performance Considerations
- 9.1 General Guidelines
- 9.2 Selecting Different Approaches or Algorithms
- 9.3 Smoothing Exchange Factors
- 9.4 Parallel Processing
- 10 Conclusions
- 11 Cross-References
- References
- 30 Inverse Problems in Radiative Transfer - Kyle J. Daun
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Overview of Inverse Analysis
- 2.1 What is Inverse Analysis?
- 2.2 Types of Inverse Problems
- 3 Solution Methods for Inverse Problems
- 3.1 Linear Regularization Techniques
- 3.2 Nonlinear Programming Methods
- 3.3 Metaheuristic Methods
- 3.4 Bayesian Inference
- 3.5 Does Least-Squares Minimization Constitute Inverse Analysis?
- 4 Radiant Enclosure Design Problems
- 4.1 Linear Problems
- 4.2 Nonlinear Problems
- 4.3 Case Study: Inverse Design
- 5 Parameter Estimation Problems
- 5.1 Linear Problems
- 5.2 Nonlinear Problems
- 5.3 Case Study: Parameter Estimation
- 6 Conclusions and Outlook
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- Part V Heat Transfer Equipment
- 31 Introduction and Classification of Heat Transfer Equipment - Yaroslav Chudnovsky and Dusan P. Sekulic
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Classification Approach
- 3 Types of Heat Exchangers
- 3.1 Recuperators
- 3.2 Regenerators
- 3.3 Direct Type Exchangers
- 3.4 Electrical Resistance Heaters
- 4 Heat Transfer Media and Applications Spectrum
- 4.1 Boilers
- 4.2 Condensers and Evaporators
- 4.3 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
- 4.4 Coolers, Refrigerators, and Chillers
- 4.5 Radiators
- 4.6 Furnaces and Ovens
- 4.7 Dryers
- 4.8 Heat Pumps
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- 32 Heat Exchanger Fundamentals: Analysis and Theory of Design - Ahmad Fakheri
- 1 Introduction: General Heat Exchanger Analysis
- 2 Log Mean Temperature Difference Approach
- 3 The Effectiveness: NTU Method
- 4 The Heat Exchanger Efficiency
- 5 The Sizing Problem
- 6 The Rating Problem
- 7 Heat Exchangers Networks (HENs)
- 8 Heat Exchangers in Series
- 9 Multi-pass Heat Exchangers
- 10 Compact Heat Exchangers
- 11 Pressure Drop
- 12 Microchannel Heat Exchangers
- 13 Cross-References
- References
- 33 Heat Transfer Media and Their Properties - Igor L. Pioro, Mohammed Mahdi and Roman Popov
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Impact of Various Properties on Heat Transfer
- 2.1 Conduction
- 2.2 Forced Convection (Single Phase)
- 2.3 Natural or Free Convection
- 2.4 Nucleate Pool Boiling
- 2.5 Condensation
- 2.6 Radiation Heat Transfer
- 3 Properties of Selected Solids
- 3.1 Properties of Selected Metals, Alloys, and Diamond
- 3.2 Properties of Selected Insulating Materials
- 3.3 Radiative Properties of Selected Materials
- 3.4 Properties of Selected Nuclear Fuels
- 4 Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric Pressure
- 5 Properties of Selected Cryogenic Gases
- 6 Properties of Selected Fluids on Saturation Line
- 7 Properties of Selected Supercritical Fluids
- 8 Properties of Selected Liquid Alkali Metals
- 9 Thermophysical Properties of Nuclear-Reactor Coolants
- 10 Conclusions
- References
- 34 Single-Phase Heat Exchangers - Sunil S. Mehendale
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
- 3 Common Heat Exchanger Problems
- 3.1 Heat Exchanger Analysis Method 1: The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method
- 3.2 Heat Exchanger Analysis Method 2: The Effectiveness–NTU Method
- 4 Determination of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U and Pressure Drop
- 4.1 Internal Flow
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- 35 Two-Phase Heat Exchangers - Vladimir V. Kuznetsov
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Applications of Two-Phase Heat Exchangers
- 3 Basic Types of Two-Phase Heat Exchangers
- 4 Thermal and Hydraulic Design of Two-Phase Heat Exchangers
- 4.1 Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design
- 4.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
- 4.3 Log Mean Temperature Difference
- 4.4 Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop
- 5 Construction Features of Basic Types of Heat Exchangers
- 5.1 Design Concepts of Recuperative Exchangers
- 5.2 Tubular Heat Exchangers
- 5.3 Plate-Type Heat Exchangers
- 5.4 Extended Surface Heat Exchangers
- 5.5 Microchannel Heat Exchangers
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 36 Compact Heat Exchangers - Dusan P. Sekulic
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Heat Exchanger Compactness
- 3 Construction Details of a Compact Heat Exchanger
- 4 Design Problem of a Compact Heat Exchanger
- 5 Solving a Compact Heat Exchanger Design Problem
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 37 Evaporative Heat Exchangers - Takahiko Miyazaki
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Water as a Refrigerant
- 3 Theory of Evaporative Cooling
- 3.1 Psychrometrics
- 3.2 Evaporative Cooling Process
- 4 Air Coolers/Humidifiers
- 5 Water and Other Fluid Coolers
- References
- 38 Process Intensification - Anna Lee Tonkovich and Eric Daymo
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Heat Transfer Enhancement Methods for Process Intensification
- 2.1 Microchannels
- 2.2 Passive Fluid Rotation
- 2.3 Nanoparticle Additives
- 2.4 Surface Modifications
- 2.5 Active Flow Rotation
- 2.6 Fluid Vibration and Ultrasonic Enhancement
- 2.7 Bubble Injection
- 2.8 Electrostatic Fields
- 2.9 Suction
- 3 Heat Exchange Reactors
- 3.1 Gas-Phase Reaction with Catalyst Wall
- 3.2 Intensified Liquid-Phase Reactions
- 3.3 Liquid-Phase Bioreactor for Analytical Applications
- 3.4 Liquid-Phase Organic Synthesis Reactor
- 3.5 Sequential Heat Exchange Reactors
- 3.6 Heat-Integrated Plants with Intensified Reactor Technology
- 3.7 Case Study: Velocys Microreactor to Intensify Fischer-Tropsch Reaction
- 3.8 Case Study: Use of Lonza's FlowPlate® Microreactor Technology for Intensification of Fine Chemical Production
- 4 Heat-Integrated Separations
- 4.1 Heat Integrated Distillation (HIDiC) and Separations
- 4.2 Case Study: Sulzer Heat-Integrated Distillation Technology for Hydrogen Peroxide
- 4.3 Temperature Swing Adsorption
- 5 Heat Transfer Equipment in Process-Intensified Systems
- 5.1 Reactive Distillation
- 5.2 Case Study: Catalytic Distillation by CB&I
- 6 Commercial Status and Outlook
- 6.1 Outlook
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- 39 Energy Efficiency and Advanced Heat Recovery Technologies - Helen Skop and Yaroslav Chudnovsky
- 1 Introduction
- 2 It Is All About Saving Energy
- 2.1 Waste Heat Energy
- 2.2 Rules of Thumb
- 2.3 Appropriate Equipment
- 2.4 State-of-the-Art Technologies
- 2.5 Integrated Use of Waste Heat
- 3 Cross-References
- References
- 40 Heat Exchangers Fouling, Cleaning, and Maintenance - Thomas Lestina
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Fouling Mechanisms
- 2.1 Particulate/Sedimentation
- 2.2 Chemical Reaction
- 2.3 Crystallization
- 2.4 Biological
- 3 Designing Exchangers for Fouling Service
- 3.1 General Considerations
- 3.2 Shell‐and‐Tube
- 3.3 Plate
- 3.4 Spiral Plate
- 3.5 Air Coolers and Economizers
- 4 Status of Fouling Research
- 4.1 General
- 4.2 Water Fouling
- 4.3 Crude Oil
- 5 Cleaning and Mitigation Methods
- 5.1 Online Technologies
- 5.2 Offline Technologies
- 6 Conclusion
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- Part VI Heat Transfer with Phase Change
- 41 Nucleate Pool Boiling - Vijay K. Dhir
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Mechanistic Description
- 2.1 Nucleation Site Density
- 2.2 Bubble Dynamics
- 2.3 Thermal Response of the Solid
- 2.4 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
- 3 Correlations
- 4 Effect of Various System Variables on Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer
- 4.1 Surface Finish
- 4.2 Surface Wettability
- 4.3 Heater Orientation and Geometry
- 4.4 Liquid Subcooling and System Pressure
- 4.5 Surface Contamination
- 4.6 Gravity
- 5 Maximum Heat Flux
- 5.1 Surface Finish
- 5.2 Surface Wettability
- 5.3 Heater Orientation and Geometry
- 5.4 Thermophysical Properties of the Substrate and Mode of Experiments
- 5.5 Liquid Subcooling, Viscosity, and System Pressure
- 5.6 Gravity
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 42 Transition and Film Boiling - S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Pool Boiling
- 2.1 The Pool Boiling Regimes and Pool Boiling Curve
- 2.2 Boiling Curve Hysteresis
- 2.3 Parametric Effects
- 2.4 Film Boiling
- 2.5 The Effect of Thermal Radiation in Film Boiling
- 2.6 Minimum Film Boiling Heat Flux and Temperature
- 2.7 Transition Boiling
- 3 Flow Boiling
- 3.1 Forced-Flow Boiling Regimes
- 3.2 Minimum Film Boiling Point and Transition Boiling
- 3.3 Stable Film Boiling and Dispersed Flow Film Boiling
- 4 Cross-References
- References
- 43 Boiling on Enhanced Surfaces - Dion S. Antao, Yangying Zhu and Evelyn N. Wang
- 1 Introduction
- 2 General Boiling Theory: Bubble Nucleation, Growth, and Departure
- 2.1 General Concepts in Interfacial Phenomena and Liquid-to-Vapor Phase-Change Heat Transfer
- 2.2 Bubble Nucleation
- 3 Pool Boiling
- 3.1 Smooth/Flat Surfaces
- 3.2 Micro/Nanostructures on the Boiling Surface
- 3.3 Wettability of Surface
- 3.4 Surface Thermal Conductivity Variation
- 3.5 Section Conclusions
- 4 Microchannel Flow/Convective Boiling
- 4.1 Inlet Restrictors
- 4.2 Artificial Nucleation Sites
- 4.3 Surface Structuring
- 5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
- References
- 44 Mixture Boiling - Mark A. Kedzierski
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Mixture Properties
- 2.1 Thermodynamic Properties
- 2.2 Transport Properties
- 2.3 Nanofluid Properties
- 3 Composition Gradients
- 4 Pool Boiling of Mixtures
- 5 Prediction of Mixture Flow Boiling in Horizontal Smooth Tubes
- 6 Prediction of Flow Boiling in Horizontal Micofin Tubes
- 7 Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixture Boiling
- 7.1 Nucleate Boiling of Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixtures
- 7.2 Convective Boiling of Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixtures
- 8 Nanofluid Pool Boiling
- 8.1 Water-Based Nanofluid Boiling
- 8.2 Prediction of Refrigerant/Nanolubricant Pool Boiling
- 9 Pool Boiling with Additives
- 9.1 Additives for Boiling Water
- 9.2 Additives for Boiling Refrigerant
- 10 Cross-References
- References
- 45 Boiling in Reagent and Polymeric Solutions - Raj M. Manglik
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Nucleate Boiling in Water
- 3 Nucleate Boiling in Reagent and Polymeric Solutions
- 3.1 Molecular Dynamics of Water-Soluble Additives
- 3.2 Dynamic Gas-Liquid Interfacial Tension Relaxation
- 3.3 Liquid-Solid Surface Wetting and Electrokinetics
- 3.4 Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer in Aqueous Reagent Solutions
- 3.5 Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer in Aqueous Polymeric Solutions
- 4 Concluding Observations
- References
- 46 Fundamental Equations for Two-Phase Flow in Tubes - Masahiro Kawaji
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Basic Parameters
- 2 Two-Phase Flow Patterns
- 2.1 Vertical Tube
- 2.2 Horizontal Tube
- 2.3 Two-Phase Flow Pattern Maps and Transition Criteria
- 3 Two-Phase Flow Model
- 3.1 Volume Averaging
- 3.2 Multidimensional Two-Phase Flow Model
- 3.3 Interfacial Area Transport Equation
- 3.4 One-Dimensional Two-Fluid Model
- 3.5 Homogeneous Flow Model
- 4 Void Fraction
- 4.1 Void Fraction Distribution
- 4.2 Homogeneous Flow Model
- 4.3 One-Dimensional Models
- 4.4 Drift Flux Model
- 4.5 Empirical Correlations
- 4.6 Models for Stratified Flow
- 5 Two-Phase Pressure Drop
- 5.1 Gravitational Pressure Drop
- 5.2 Frictional Pressure Drop
- 5.3 Acceleration Pressure Drop
- 6 Summary
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- 47 Flow Boiling in Tubes - Yang Liu and Nam Dinh
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Characterization of Flow Boiling
- 2.1 Overview of Phenomenology
- 2.2 Flow Regimes
- 2.3 Heat Transfer Regimes
- 2.4 Multiscale Phenomena in Flow Boiling
- 2.5 Approaches of Flow Boiling Modeling
- 3 One-Dimensional Modeling of Flow Boiling
- 3.1 Conservation Equations
- 3.2 Flow Regimes and Heat Transfer Regimes
- 3.3 Wall Friction Closures
- 3.4 Wall Boiling Closures
- 3.5 Volume Fraction and Relative Velocity Closures
- 4 Multidimensional Modeling of Flow Boiling
- 4.1 Conservation Equations
- 4.2 Interfacial Dynamics Closures
- 4.3 Wall Boiling Closures (Multidimensional)
- 4.4 Phenomenological Model for DNB Prediction
- 4.5 Phenomenological Model for Dryout Prediction
- 5 Open Issues and Perspective
- 5.1 Open Issues for Current Modeling Approaches
- 5.2 Advanced Modeling Approach: Direct Numerical Simulation
- 6 Conclusion
- References
- 48 Boiling and Two-Phase Flow in Narrow Channels - Satish G. Kandlikar
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Microchannel Definition
- 3 Progression of Flow Boiling Research in Minichannels and Microchannels
- 4 Onset of Nucleate Boiling
- 5 Explosive Boiling
- 6 Flow Boiling Instability in Microchannels
- 7 Pressure Drop During Flow Boiling in Microchannels
- 7.1 Single-Phase Flow
- 7.2 Two-Phase Flow
- 7.3 Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop
- 7.4 Acceleration Pressure Drop
- 7.5 Gravitational Pressure Gradient
- 7.6 Total Pressure Gradient
- 8 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels
- 9 Critical Heat Flux in Microchannels
- 10 Enhanced Flow Boiling in New Microchannel Configurations
- 10.1 Pin Fins and Nanowires Within Microchannels
- 10.2 Vapor Extraction Through Hollow Open Fins
- 10.3 Vapor Removal Through a Hydrophobic Membrane Cover
- 10.4 Tapered gap Microchannels
- 10.5 Radial Microchannels
- 11 Conclusions
- 12 Cross-References
- References
- 49 Single- and Multiphase Flow for Electronic Cooling - Yogendra Joshi and Zhimin Wan
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Why Liquid Cooling?
- 1.2 Indirect Cooling and Direct Immersion Cooling
- 2 Single-Phase Convection
- 2.1 Microchannel Arrays
- 2.2 Micropin-Enhanced Microgaps
- 2.3 System Configuration and Design Consideration
- 3 Thermal/Electrical Codesign of Microfluidic Cooled 3D ICs
- 3.1 Experiments
- 3.2 Modeling
- 4 Flow Boiling in Microgaps
- 4.1 Characteristics of Pure Fluid Flow Boiling
- 4.2 Flow Boiling Modeling
- 4.3 Flow Boiling of Fluid Mixtures
- 4.4 System Configuration and Design Consideration
- 5 Summary
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 50 Film and Dropwise Condensation - John W. Rose
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Interface Temperature Discontinuity
- 3 Film Condensation on Plates and Tubes
- 3.1 Natural Convection
- 3.2 Forced Convection
- 3.3 Effect of Vapor Superheat
- 3.4 Effect of Presence of a Noncondensing Gas in the Vapor
- 4 Film Condensation on Low Integral-Finned Tubes
- 5 Condensation in Microchannels
- 6 Dropwise Condensation
- 6.1 Experimental Investigations
- 6.2 Theory of Dropwise Condensation
- 6.3 Transition
- 6.4 Conclusion
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- 51 Internal Annular Flow Condensation and Flow Boiling: Context, Results, and Recommendations - Amitabh Narain, Hrishikesh Prasad Ranga Prasad and Aliihsan Koca
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Basic Variables and Correlations of Scientific and Engineering Interest and their Relationship to One-Dimensional Modeling of Flow Boiling and Flow Condensation
- 2.1 Basic Variables and Their Correlations
- 2.2 Other Indirect Variables and Their Influence on Aforementioned Key Variables
- 2.3 Segmented Flow-Regime Dependent Nux Correlations
- 2.4 Underlying One-Dimensional Modeling Approach to Obtain Spatial x–Variations of Flow Variables That Are Known or Correlated in Terms of Quality X and Other Parameters
- 3 Overview of Available Correlations for Direct and Indirect Variables of Interest
- 3.1 Local Heat Transfer Coefficient hx from Nusselt Number Nux Correlations
- 3.2 Flow-Regime Maps/Correlations
- 3.3 Void Fraction (ϵ) and Quality (X) Correlations
- 3.4 Pressure-Drop Correlations
- 3.5 Available CHF Considerations and Correlations
- 4 Above-Reviewed Two-Phase Flow Correlations in the Context of their Use in the Design of Innovative Devices Experiencing Annular and Steady Flow Boiling and Flow Condensation
- 4.1 Design of Millimeter-Scale Annular Flow Boilers: An Example Illustrating Use of the Reviewed Correlations
- 4.2 Design of Millimeter-Scale Annular Flow Condensers: An Example Illustrating Use of the Reviewed Correlations
- 5 Improved CFD-Enabled Correlations (Current Status and Future Trends) Toward Developing Better Design Tools and Improved Understanding of Flow Physics
- 5.1 Annular Flow Boiling
- 5.2 Annular Flow Condensation
- 6 High Heat-Flux Advantages of Superposing High-Amplitude Standing Waves on the Interface for Steady-in-the-Mean Innovative Annular Flow-Boiling and Flow-Condensation Operations
- 7 Summary
- 8 Cross-References
- References
- 52 Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons - Amir Faghri
- 1 Background
- 2 Principles of Operation
- 3 Types of Heat Pipes
- 4 Working Fluids and Temperature Range
- 5 Capillary Wicks
- 6 Heat Pipe Heat Transport Limitations
- 7 Heat Pipe Thermal Network Modeling
- 7.1 Thermosyphon Thermal Resistance (RTS)
- 7.2 Heat Pipe Thermal Resistance (RHP)
- 8 Heat Pipe Analysis and Numerical Simulation
- 8.1 Formulation
- 8.2 Steady State
- 8.3 Transient
- 8.4 Frozen Startup
- 8.5 Thermosyphons
- 8.6 Loop Heat Pipes
- 8.7 Axial Grooved Heat Pipes
- 8.8 Pulsating Heat Pipes
- 9 Heat Pipe Applications
- 9.1 Electronic and Electrical Equipment Cooling
- 9.2 Energy Systems
- 9.3 Aerospace and Avionics
- 9.4 Heat Exchangers and Heat Pumps
- 9.5 Gas Turbine Engines and the Automotive Industry
- 9.6 Production Tools
- 9.7 Medicine and Human Body Temperature Control
- 9.8 Ovens and Furnaces
- 9.9 Permafrost Stabilization
- 9.10 Transportation Systems and Deicing
- 10 Summary
- References
- 53 Phase Change Materials - Navin Kumar and Debjyoti Banerjee
- 1 Introduction
- 2 An Introduction to Phase Change Materials
- 2.1 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
- 2.2 A Brief History of PCM Research
- 2.3 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and Thermal Management Applications (TMAs)
- 2.4 Material Classifications
- 2.5 Thermophysical Properties
- 2.6 Material Property Measurement Techniques
- 2.7 Analytical Solutions
- 3 Implementation Issues for PCM
- 3.1 Need for Subcooling
- 3.2 Phase Segregation
- 3.3 Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity
- 3.4 PCM Containment Issues
- 4 Phase Change Applications
- 4.1 Thermal Management of Electronics
- 4.2 Thermal Management of Batteries
- 4.3 Energy Storage in Building Materials
- 4.4 Solar Energy Systems
- 4.5 Domestic Solar Application
- 4.6 Heat Exchanger Designs
- 4.7 Phase Change Slurry
- 5 Numerical/Computational Modeling of PCM
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Numerical Simulation
- 5.3 System Modeling
- 5.4 Molecular Dynamic (MD) Simulations of PCMs
- 6 Future Directions: Microlevel
- 6.1 Microscale Improvements
- 6.2 Subcooling and Phase Segregation
- 6.3 Thermal Conductivity
- 6.4 Improvement of Latent Heat Capacity
- 6.5 Encapsulation
- 7 Future Directions: Macro-level
- 7.1 Dry Cooling with PCM
- 7.2 Futuristic Design of PCM-Based Heat Exchangers
- 7.3 Phase Change Slurry (PCS)
- 7.4 Textiles
- 7.5 Thermal Switches
- 7.6 Thermal Protection
- 7.7 PCM in Nano-lithography Applications
- 7.8 PCM in Memory Storage Applications
- 8 Summary
- 9 Cross-References
- References
- Part VII Heat Transfer in Biology and Biological Systems
- 54 Thermal Properties of Porcine and Human Biological Systems - Shaunak Phatak, Harishankar Natesan, Jeunghwan Choi, Robert Sweet and John Bischof
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Thermal Properties
- 2.1 Thermal Conductivity Measurement
- 2.2 Specific Heat Capacity Measurement
- 3 Factors That Affect Thermal Property Values
- 3.1 High-Temperature Effects (37 °C –100 °C): Protein Phase Change and Water Loss
- 3.2 Low-Temperature Effects (37 °C to −196 °C): Water Phase Change and Cryoprotectant Effects
- 4 Modeling Case Study
- 5 Thermal Properties Dataset Tables
- 6 Conclusion
- References
- 55 Microsensors for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Biomaterials and Solutions - Xin M. Liang, Praveen K. Sekar and Dayong Gao
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Different Methods to Measure Thermal Conductivity
- 2.1 Guarded Hot Plate Method
- 2.2 Thermal Comparator Method
- 2.3 Heated Thermocouple Method
- 2.4 Thermistor Method with Step Change in Temperature
- 2.5 Thermistor Method with Pulse Heat Input
- 3 Microfabricated Thermal Sensor
- 3.1 Reagents
- 3.2 Measurement System
- 3.3 Sensor Fabrication
- 3.4 Theory, Experiment Procedure, and Data Analysis Protocol
- 3.5 Thermal Conductivity Sensor System Calibration and Statistical Analysis of Data
- 3.6 Temperature Effect on Thermal Conductivity of Commonly Used CPA Mixtures and Statistical Analysis of Data
- 3.7 Soft Biological Samples with Various Heterogeneity and Statistical Analysis of Data
- 4 Results and Discussion
- 4.1 Microthermal Conductivity Sensor System Calibration Using Thermal Standard Materials
- 4.2 Influence of Temperature on Thermal Conductivity of CPA Mixtures
- 4.3 Thermal Conductivity Distribution of Soft Biological Materials
- 5 Conclusions
- 6 Cross-References
- References
- 56 Heat Transfer In Vivo: Phenomena and Models - Alexander I. Zhmakin
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Effects of Extreme Temperatures on Living Tissues
- 2.1 High Temperatures
- 2.2 Low Temperatures
- 3 Whole-Body Models
- 4 Regional Models
- 4.1 Respiratory System
- 4.2 Skin and Deep Tissues
- 4.3 Classical (Fourier) Continuum Models
- 4.4 Non-Fourier Continuum Models
- 4.5 Porous Media Models
- 4.6 Fractal Models
- 4.7 Vascular Models
- 4.8 Temperature Fluctuations in Living Tissues
- 5 Thermal Properties of Tissues
- 5.1 Human
- 5.2 Animals
- 5.3 Latent Heat
- 6 Exact Solutions
- 6.1 Solution of One-Dimensional Multiregion Bioheat Equation
- 6.2 Heat Transfer with a Sinusoidal Heat Flux on Skin Surface
- 6.3 Freezing of the Cylindrical Tissue Region with a Single Embedded Coaxial Blood Vessel
- 6.4 Heat Transfer in a Finite Tissue Region with Two Embedded Blood Vessels
- 7 Conclusions
- 8 Cross-References
- References
- 57 Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in the Eye - Arunn Narasimhan
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Anatomy of the Human Eye
- 3 Thermal Transport in Eye and Heat-Based Treatment of Eye Maladies
- 3.1 Corneal Laser Treatment
- 3.2 Lens Laser Treatment: Cataract Surgery
- 3.3 Laser Treatment of the Vitreous Humor: Laser Vitreolysis
- 3.4 Retinal Laser Treatment
- 3.5 Transpupillary Thermal Therapy
- 4 Types of Lasers Used in Eye Therapies
- 5 Laser-Eye Interaction
- 6 Laser Treatments in the Retinal Region
- 6.1 Diabetic Retinopathy
- 6.2 Retinal Vein Occlusions
- 6.3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- 6.4 Ocular Histoplasmosis
- 6.5 Retinal Breaks and Detachment
- 6.6 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
- 6.7 Ocular Tumors
- 7 Computer Modeling in Laser Retinal Therapies
- 7.1 Heat and Bioheat Transfer Equations for the Eye
- 7.2 Geometry and Properties of the Eye
- 7.3 Typical 3-D Modeling of Laser Retinal Surgery
- 8 Ocular Cryotherapy
- 9 Mass Transfer in the Eye
- 10 Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer in Drug Delivery
- 11 Mass Transfer in Ocular Drug Delivery
- 11.1 Drug Delivery to the Anterior Segment
- 11.2 Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment
- 12 Transscleral Drug Delivery
- 12.1 Anatomy of the Sclera
- 12.2 Modes of Transscleral Administration of Drugs
- 12.3 Modeling Transscleral Drug Delivery
- 13 Drug Development for Enhanced Drug Bioavailability
- 14 Conclusion
- References
- 58 Heat and Mass Transfer Models and Measurements for Low-Temperature Storage of Biological Systems - Shahensha M. Shaik and Ram Devireddy
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Osmotic Injury
- 2.1 Measurement of Cell Permeability to Water and CPAs at Suprazero Temperatures (Absence of Extracellular Ice)
- 2.2 Mathematical Modeling of CPA Addition and Removal Process
- 3 Cold Shock or Chilling Injury
- 4 Freezing Injury
- 4.1 Measurement of Freezing Processes
- 4.2 Modeling of Freezing Processes: Water Transport
- 4.3 Modeling of Freezing Processes: Intracellular Ice Formation
- 4.4 Curve Fitting Procedures
- 4.5 Optimal Cooling Rate Based on Water Transport
- 5 Coupled (Water Transport and IIF) Model of Freezing in Tissue Sections
- 6 Perils of Extrapolation: Suprazero Membrane Permeability (Absence of Extracellular Ice) Compared to Subzero Membrane Permeability Parameters (Presence of Extracellular Ice)
- 7 Thawing Injury
- 8 Closing Remarks and Future Trends
- 9 Cross-References
- References
- 59 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Laser Photothermal Therapy - Navid Manuchehrabadi and Liang Zhu
- 1 Introduction
- 2 History and Development of Hyperthermia Treatment Methods
- 3 Gold Nanoparticle Design for Laser Photothermal Therapy Applications
- 3.1 Gold-Silica Nanoshells
- 3.2 Gold Nanorods
- 3.3 Gold Nanorods/Nanospheres Excitation Mechanisms
- 3.4 Gold Nanoparticle Delivery
- 3.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Their Clearance from the Body
- 4 Animal and Clinical Studies of Thermal Effects of Laser Photothermal Therapy Using Gold Nanoshells/Nanorods
- 5 Monte Carlo Simulation of Laser Energy Absorption in Tissue
- 6 Modeling Heat Transfer in Biological Tissue
- 7 Assessment of Thermal Damage
- 8 Concluding Remarks
- 9 Cross-References
- References
- 60 Thermal Considerations with Tissue Electroporation - Timothy J. O’Brien, Christopher B. Arena and Rafael V. Davalos
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Theoretical Considerations of Electroporation
- 2.1 Determining the Electric Field Distribution
- 2.2 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions
- 2.3 Joule Heating
- 2.4 Dynamic Electrical Properties
- 3 Determining the Thermal Distribution
- 3.1 Derivation of the Heat Diffusion Equation
- 3.2 Pennes Bioheat Equation
- 3.3 Dynamic Thermal Properties
- 4 Assessing Thermal Damage
- 4.1 Damage Equation
- 4.2 Thermal Dose
- 5 Numerical Modeling of Electroporation
- 5.1 Special Tissue Considerations
- 6 Thermal Mitigation Strategies
- 6.1 Active Cooling
- 6.2 Phase Change Material (PCM)
- 7 Concluding Remarks
- 8 Cross-References
- References
- Part VIII Heat Transfer in Plasmas
- 61 Heat Transfer in DC and RF Plasma Torches - Javad Mostaghimi, Larry Pershin and Subramaniam Yugeswaran
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Arc Discharge
- 2.1 Potential Distribution Along an Arc
- 2.2 The Arc Column
- 3 Plasma Regions
- 3.1 Cathode Region
- 3.2 Anode Region
- 3.3 Arc Column
- 4 Modeling non-transferred Plasma Torch
- 4.1 One-Dimensional Model of the Arc Column
- 4.2 Three-Dimensional Model of non-transferred DC Arcs
- 5 Arc Characteristics and Electrical Stability
- 5.1 Current-Voltage Characteristics
- 5.2 Electrical Stability
- 5.3 Arc Stabilization Methods
- 6 Spray Torches and Equipment
- 6.1 Power Supply
- 6.2 Typical Spray Torches and Working Problems
- 7 Radio-Frequency (RF) Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
- 7.1 Theory of Induction Heating
- 7.2 Flow and Temperature Field in an Argon RF-ICP
- 7.3 Plasma Fields
- 7.4 Effect of Plasma Gas
- 7.5 Kinetic Nonequilibrium
- 7.6 Electron Energy Equation
- 7.7 Performance of the RF Induction Plasma Generator
- References
- 62 Radiative Plasma Heat Transfer - Alain Gleizes
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Generalities on Thermal Plasma Radiation
- 2.1 Nature and Importance of Radiation in Thermal Plasmas
- 2.2 Definitions, Blackbody, and Basic Laws
- 3 Emission and Absorption Phenomena in Thermal Plasmas
- 3.1 Generalities
- 3.2 Atomic Continuum
- 3.3 Molecular Continuum
- 3.4 Atomic Lines
- 3.5 Molecular Bands
- 3.6 Examples
- 4 Radiative Transfer: Net Emission Coefficient
- 4.1 Bases of the Radiative Transfer
- 4.2 Definition of the Net Emission Coefficient (NEC)
- 4.3 Influence of Various Parameters on the NEC
- 4.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of the Net Emission Coefficient
- 5 Other Methods of Radiative Transfer Calculation
- 5.1 Generalities
- 5.2 Mean Absorption Coefficients
- 5.3 Partial Characteristics
- 5.4 Radiative Transfer in Nonequilibrium Plasmas
- 6 Examples of the Role of Radiative Transfer in Applications
- 6.1 Local Role in Thermal Plasmas
- 6.2 Role of Radiation in the Global Energy Balance of Various TP Sources
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- 63 Heat Transfer in Arc Welding - Anthony B. Murphy and John J. Lowke
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Types of Arc Welding
- 1.2 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
- 2 Heat Transfer Mechanisms in the Arc Column
- 2.1 Equations for Arc Modeling
- 2.2 Thermophysical Properties of Plasmas
- 2.3 Convection
- 2.4 Thermal Conduction
- 2.5 Radiation
- 2.6 Influence of Different Gases
- 2.7 Influence of Metal Vapor
- 3 Arc–Electrode Interactions
- 3.1 Arc–Anode Boundary
- 3.2 Arc–Cathode Boundary
- 3.3 Production and Effects of Metal Vapor
- 4 Heat Transfer by Droplets
- 4.1 Droplet Formation and Detachment
- 4.2 Droplet Transfer
- 5 Heat Transfer in the Electrode and Workpiece
- 5.1 Weld Pool Surface Profile
- 5.2 Weld Pool Flow
- 5.3 Melting and Solidification
- 5.4 Thermal Conduction and Resistive Losses
- 6 Welding Efficiency
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- 64 Heat Transfer in Plasma Arc Cutting - Valerian Nemchinsky
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 What Puts a Limit for Further Increase of the PAC Productivity?
- 2 Energy Balance During Cutting
- 2.1 The Total Energy Balance of the Arc
- 2.2 Where in the Kerf the Arc Attaches to the Workpiece?
- 2.3 Conclusion
- 3 General Description of the Cathode Processes in PAC Systems
- 3.1 Emission Mechanism: Schottky Correction
- 3.2 Simple Model of Cathode Functioning
- 3.3 Experiments on Current Density
- 3.4 Conclusion
- 4 Cathode Erosion
- 4.1 Constant Current Erosion
- 4.2 Plasma Swirl and the Erosion Rate
- 4.3 Cyclic Erosion
- 4.4 Models of Cycling Erosion
- 4.5 First Start Erosion
- 4.6 Conclusion
- 5 Plasma Jet as a Main Instrument of the PAC
- 5.1 Experimental Data
- 5.2 Plasma Modeling
- 5.3 Conclusion
- 6 Double Arcing
- 6.1 DA with a Clean Nozzle
- 6.2 Role of Dielectric Deposits Inside the Nozzle
- 6.3 Conclusion
- 7 Heat Transfer Inside the Kerf
- 7.1 Tilted Cut
- 7.2 Effect of Heat of Fusion
- 7.3 Conclusion
- 8 Quality of Cut
- 8.1 Dross
- 8.2 Striations
- 8.3 Squareness of the Cut (Bevel Angle) and Kerf Tilt
- 8.4 Conclusion
- 9 Some Ideas for Further Development
- 9.1 N-W Height Control
- 9.2 Sectioned Nozzle
- 9.3 New Cathode Materials
- 10 Concluding Remarks
- 11 Cross-References
- References
- 65 Synthesis of Nanosize Particles in Thermal Plasmas - Yasunori Tanaka
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Fundamentals of Nanoparticle Synthesis by Thermal Plasmas
- 2.1 Particle Size and Basic Nanoparticle Features
- 2.2 Dynamics and Evaporation of Feedstock Particles to Atomic Species in Gas Phase
- 2.3 Thermodynamic Properties
- 2.4 Gas-to-Particle Conversion: Nucleation, Condensation, and Coagulation
- 2.5 Particle Growth Due to Coagulation
- 2.6 General Dynamic Equation for the Discrete Distribution Function
- 2.7 General Dynamic Equation for the Continuous Distribution Function
- 2.8 Examples of Modeling Approach for Particle Growth
- 2.9 Experimental Setups for Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Thermal Plasmas
- 3 Conclusions
- 4 Cross-References
- References
- 66 Plasma Waste Destruction - Milan Hrabovsky and Izak Jacobus van der Walt
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Waste Destruction Methods
- 2.1 Incineration
- 2.2 Pyrolysis and Fast Pyrolysis
- 2.3 Gasification
- 2.4 Plasma Arc Gasification
- 3 Characteristics of Plasma Treatment
- 4 Plasma Gasification Processes
- 5 Chemistry of Organics Gasification
- 6 Plasma-Material Heat Transfer and Gasification Rate
- 7 Mass and Energy Balance
- 8 Syngas Production from Organic Waste
- 9 Plasma Waste to Energy
- 9.1 Energy Products
- 9.2 Process Layout
- 9.3 Influence of Waste Type
- 9.4 Financial Viability (Financial Modeling)
- 10 Conclusions
- References
- 67 Plasma-Particle Heat Transfer - Pierre Proulx
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Single-Particle Trajectory
- 2.1 Drag Force Calculation with Strongly Variating Properties Due to Temperature Gradients
- 2.2 Virtual Mass
- 2.3 Basset History Term
- 2.4 Thermophoresis
- 2.5 Rarefaction Effect (Knudsen)
- 2.6 Brownian Force
- 2.7 Turbulence
- 2.8 Other Forces (Saffman and Magnus Lift, Charging)
- 3 Single-Particle Heat Transfer
- 3.1 Convective Heat Transfer
- 3.2 Radiative Heat Transfer
- 3.3 Rarefaction Effect (Knudsen)
- 3.4 Internal Conduction Effect (Biot)
- 3.5 Melting and Evaporation
- 3.6 Charging
- 4 Plasma-Particle (Loading) Interaction Effects
- 4.1 Loading Effects in RF Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Torches
- 4.2 Particle Heating in DC Plasma Jets
- 5 Cross-References
- References
- 68 Heat Transfer in Suspension Plasma Spraying - Mehdi Jadidi, Armelle Vardelle, Ali Dolatabadi and Christian Moreau
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Suspension Properties
- 3 Plasma Jet Modeling
- 4 Suspension/Plasma Jet Interaction
- 4.1 Suspension/Liquid Breakup
- 4.2 Droplet/Particle Phase Modeling
- 5 Heat Transfer to the Substrate
- 5.1 Particle Trajectories Around the Substrate
- 6 Conclusion
- 7 Cross-References
- References
- 69 Droplet Impact and Solidification in Plasma Spraying - Javad Mostaghimi and Sanjeev Chandra
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Droplet Impact, Spread, and Solidification
- 2.1 Axisymmetric Impact
- 2.2 Droplet Splashing
- 2.3 Photographing Plasma Particle Impact
- 2.4 Splat Shapes
- 3 Mathematical Model of Impact
- 3.1 Fluid Flow
- 3.2 Interface Tracking
- 3.3 Heat Transfer and Solidification
- 3.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions
- 3.5 Simulations of Droplet Impact
- 3.6 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
- 4 Coating Buildup
- 4.1 Porosity Formation
- 4.2 Modeling Coating Formation
- References