This Handbook provides researchers, faculty, design engineers in industrial R&D, and practicing engineers in the field concise treatments of advanced and more-recently established topics in thermal science and engineering, with an important emphasis on micro- and nanosystems, not covered in earlier references on applied thermal science, heat transfer or relevant aspects of mechanical/chemical engineering.

Table of Contents

• Part I Heat Transfer Fundamentals
• 1 Macroscopic Heat Conduction Formulation - Leandro A. Sphaier, Jian Su and Renato Machado Cotta
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Basic Heat Conduction Theory
• 2.1 General Mathematical Formulation for Heat Conduction
• 2.2 Isotropic Materials
• 2.3 Anisotropic Materials
• 2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions
• 2.5 Heat Conduction Equation in Different Coordinate Systems
• 2.6 Regular and Irregular Domains
• 2.7 Dimensionless Form of the Heat Conduction Equation
• 2.8 Nonlinear Heat Conduction
• 3 Extended Heat Conduction Formulations
• 3.1 Heat Conduction in Heterogeneous Media
• 3.2 Heat Conduction in Multilayered Composite Media
• 3.3 Heat Conduction with Phase Change
• 3.4 Hyperbolic Heat Conduction
• 3.5 Conjugate Conduction-Convection
• 3.6 Drying
• 3.7 Heat Conduction with Mass Transfer and Physical Adsorption
• 4 Lumped and Improved-Lumped Formulations
• 4.1 Lumped-Capacitance Formulations
• 4.2 Lumped-Differential Formulations
• 4.3 Improved Lumped-Differential Formulations
• References
• 2 Analytical Methods in Heat Transfer - Renato Machado Cotta, Diego C. Knupp and João N. N. Quaresma
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Separation of Variables
• 2.1 One-Dimensional Formulation
• 2.2 Multidimensional Formulation
• 3 Classical Integral Transform Technique
• 4 Filtering Schemes
• 5 Generalized Integral Transform Technique
• 5.1 Formal Solution
• 5.2 Reordering Schemes
• 5.3 Single-Domain Formulation
• 5.4 GITT for Eigenvalue Problems
• 6 Advanced Topics
• 6.1 Integral Balance Procedure for Convergence Improvement
• 6.2 Integral Transforms with Convective Eigenvalue Problem
• 6.3 Integral Transforms with Nonlinear Eigenfunction Expansions
• 7 Closing Remarks
• References
• 3 Numerical Methods for Conduction-Type Phenomena - Bantwal R. Baliga, Iurii Lokhmanets and Massimo Cimmino
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Conduction-Type Phenomena
• 1.2 Additional Background Material and the Scope of the Chapter
• 2 Mathematical Model
• 3 CVFDM for Steady Two-Dimensional Planar (x,y) Problems
• 3.1 Domain Discretization
• 3.2 Integral Conservation Equation
• 3.3 Interpolation Functions
• 3.4 Discretized Equations
• 3.5 Boundary Treatments
• 3.6 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations
• 4 CVFDM for Steady Three-Dimensional (x,y,z) Problems
• 4.1 Domain Discretization
• 4.2 Integral Conservation Equation
• 4.3 Interpolation Functions
• 4.4 Discretized Equations
• 4.5 Boundary Treatments
• 4.6 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations.
• 5 Overview of CVFDMs for Steady Multidimensional (r,θ,z) and (r,θ,φ) Problems
• 6 CVFEM for Steady Two-Dimensional Planar Problems
• 6.1 Domain Discretization
• 6.2 Integral Conservation Equation
• 6.3 Interpolation Functions
• 6.4 Discretized Equations
• 6.5 Boundary Treatments
• 6.6 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations
• 7 Overview of a CVFEM for Steady Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric (r,z) Problems
• 8 CVFEM for Steady Three-Dimensional Problems
• 8.1 Domain Discretization
• 8.2 Integral Conservation Equation
• 8.3 Interpolation Functions
• 8.4 Discretized Equations
• 8.5 Boundary Treatments
• 8.6 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations
• 9 CVFDMs and CVFEMs for Unsteady Multidimensional Problems
• 9.1 General Integral Conservation Equation
• 9.2 Discretized Equations
• 9.3 Procedure for Solving the Discretized Equations
• 10 Solution of the Discretized Equations
• 11 Comments on Validation and Verification
• 12 Estimation of Grid-Independent Numerical Solutions and Order of Accuracy
• 13 Measures of Error
• 14 Application to a Demonstration Problem
• 15 Concluding Remarks
• 16 Cross-References
• References
• 4 Thermophysical Properties Measurement and Identification - Helcio R. B. Orlande and Olivier Fudym
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Inverse Problems
• 2.1 Bayesian Framework for the Solution of Inverse Problems
• 2.2 A Maximum a Posteriori Objective Function
• 2.3 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Methods
• 3 Applications
• 3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Highly Orthotropic Materials
• 3.2 Nanofilm Thermal characterization from a Picoseconds Thermoreflectometry Experiment
• 3.3 Simultaneous Estimation of Local Thermal Diffusivity and Heat Flux
• 4 Conclusions
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• 5 Design of Thermal Systems - Yogesh Jaluria
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Thermal Systems
• 3 Modeling and Simulation
• 4 Simulation Results
• 4.1 Typical Results
• 4.2 Boundary Conditions
• 4.3 Combined Mechanisms
• 4.4 Complex Transport Phenomena
• 4.5 Multiple Scales
• 4.6 Validation
• 5 Design
• 5.1 Basic Design Strategy
• 5.2 Inverse Problem
• 5.3 Feasibility
• 5.4 Sensitivity Analysis
• 5.5 Acceptable Design Domain
• 6 Additional Design Aspects and Strategies
• 6.1 Knowledge-Based Design
• 6.2 Concurrent Experimentation and Simulation
• 6.3 Uncertainty- and Reliability-Based Design
• 7 Optimization
• 7.1 Basic Aspects
• 7.2 Lagrange Multiplier Method
• 7.3 Search Methods
• 7.4 Response Surfaces
• 7.5 Multi-Objective Optimization
• 8 Conclusions
• 9 Cross-References
• References
• 6 Thermal Transport in Micro- and Nanoscale Systems - Tanmoy Maitra, Shigang Zhang and Manish K. Tiwari
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Heat Conduction
• 2.1 Introduction to Boltzmann Transport Equation
• 2.2 Derivation of Fourier's Law from BTE
• 3 Heat Conduction at Microscale
• 3.1 Thermoelectricity
• 3.2 Thermal Interface Materials
• 4 Heat Convection
• 4.1 Governing Equations and Dimensionless Numbers in Heat Convection
• 4.2 Single-Phase Convection at Microscale
• 4.3 Two-Phase Convection at Microscale
• 5 Summary and Future Trend
• 5.1 Conduction at Microscale: Thermoelectricity and Thermal Interface Materials
• 5.2 Single-Phase Convection
• 5.3 Phase Change Processes and Heat Transfer
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 7 Constructal Theory in Heat Transfer - Luiz A. O. Rocha, S. Lorente and A. Bejan
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Fundamentals of Constructal Theory in Heat Transfer
• 2.1 Constructal Law, Constructal Theory, and Vascularization
• 2.2 Thermal Resistance
• 2.3 Imperfection
• 2.4 Constructal Design Method
• 3 Configurations for Open Cavities
• 3.1 Isothermal Elemental Open Cavity
• 3.2 Complex Cavities
• 4 Flow Spacings
• 5 Trees for Heat Conduction
• 6 Constructal Invasion of a Conducting Tree into a Conducting Body
• 7 The Effect of Size on the Design of Distributed Heating on the Landscape
• 8 Conclusions
• 9 Cross-References
• References
• Part II Convective Heat Transfer
• 8 Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer:​ Basic Equations and Solutions - Sumanta Acharya
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Governing Equations
• 3 External Flow
• 3.1 Flat Plate Boundary Layers
• 3.2 Wedge Flow
• 4 Internal Flow
• 4.1 Flow in a Circular Pipe
• 4.2 Temperature Solution in a Pipe
• 4.3 Flow in a Channel
• 4.4 Temperature Solution for a Channel
• 5 Natural (Free) and Mixed Convection
• 6 Concluding Remarks
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• 9 Turbulence Effects on Convective Heat Transfer - Forrest E. Ames
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Interaction of Turbulence with a Flat Plate
• 3 The Influence of Turbulence on Flat Plate Turbulent Boundary Layer Heat Transfer
• 4 The Influence of Turbulence on Laminar Boundary Layer Heat Transfer
• 4.1 The Influence of Turbulence on Stagnation Region Heat Transfer
• 4.2 The Influence of Scale
• 4.3 Turbulent Augmentation of Laminar Boundary Layer Heat Transfer
• 5 Chapter Summary
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 10 Full-Coverage Effusion Cooling in External Forced Convection:​ Sparse and Dense Hole Arrays - Phil Ligrani
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedures, Film Cooling Test Section Configuration
• 3 Experimental Results
• 3.1 Blowing Ratio Variations
• 3.2 Contraction Ratio Effects on Mainstream Acceleration and Variation of Coolant Mass Flow Rate
• 3.3 Blowing Ratio Effects on Adiabatic Film Effectiveness for a Sparse Hole Array
• 3.4 Blowing Ratio Effects on Heat Transfer Coefficients for a Sparse Hole Array
• 3.5 Contraction Ratio and Blowing Ratio Effects on Adiabatic Film Effectiveness for a Dense Hole Array
• 3.6 Contraction Ratio and Blowing Ratio Effects on Heat Transfer Coefficients for a Dense Hole Array
• 3.7 Hole Angle, Contraction Ratio, and Blowing Ratio Effects on Adiabatic Film Effectiveness for a Dense Hole Array
• 3.8 Hole Angle, Contraction Ratio, and Blowing Ratio Effects on Heat Transfer Coefficients for a Dense Hole Array
• 3.9 Comparisons of Adiabatic Effectiveness for Sparse and Dense Hole Arrays
• 3.10 Comparisons of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Sparse and Dense Hole Arrays
• 3.11 Comparisons of Contraction Ratio Effects and the Influences of Mainstream Acceleration
• 4 Summary and Conclusions
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• 11 Enhancement of Convective Heat Transfer - Raj M. Manglik
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Enhancement of Single-Phase Convection
• 3 Rough Surfaces
• 4 Extended Surfaces
• 5 Displaced Enhancement Devices
• 6 Swirl-Flow Devices
• 7 Coiled Tubes
• 8 Other Techniques and Compound Enhancement
• 9 Performance Evaluation Criteria
• References
• 12 Electrohydrodyna​mically Augmented Internal Forced Convection - Michal Talmor and Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Transport Equations
• 3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
• 4 Electrohydrodynamically Driven Internal Flows
• 4.1 Introduction to Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Pumping
• 4.2 EHD Theoretical Background
• 4.3 Experimental Studies of EHD Driven Single Phase Flows: Macroscale
• 4.4 EHD Driven Single Phase Flows: Microscale
• 4.5 EHD Driven Two Phase Flows
• 4.6 Example Application: EHD Driven Single Phase Flow Distribution Control
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• 13 Free Convection:​ External Surface - Patrick H. Oosthuizen
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Narrow Vertical Plane Surfaces
• 2.1 Heat Transfer from Adjacent Narrow Plane Surfaces
• 3 Horizontal Plane Surfaces
• 3.1 Horizontal Two-Sided Circular Bodies
• 3.2 Recessed Heated Horizontal Circular Surface
• 3.3 Adjacent Horizontal Isothermal Square Surfaces
• 3.4 Horizontal Rectangular Surface with a Parallel Adiabatic Covering Surface
• 4 Bodies with a Wavy Surface
• 4.1 Vertical Wavy Surfaces
• 4.2 Horizontal Wavy Surfaces
• 4.3 Free Convection from Cylindrical Wavy Surfaces
• 5 Short Vertical Cylinders with an Exposed Upper Surface
• 6 External Free Convection in Systems Involving a Nanofluid
• 7 Conclusions
• 8 Cross-References
• References
• 14 Free Convection:​ Cavities and Layers - Andrey V. Kuznetsov and Ivan A. Kuznetsov
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Some Classical Results of Studies on Heat Transfer in Cavities. Natural Convection Driven by a Temperature Variation in a Fluid
• 2.1 Rectangular Cavity
• 2.2 Three-Dimensional Cavities and Cavities with Shapes Other than Rectangular
• 3 Some Emerging Results on Heat Transfer in Cavities. Situations When There Are Other Contributors to the Buoyancy Force, in Addition to the Density Variation Due to a Temperature Change
• 3.1 Double-Diffusive Convection
• 3.2 MHD Convection
• 3.3 Mixed Convection in Lid-Driven Enclosures
• 4 Non-Newtonian Fluids
• 5 Cavities Filled with Nanofluids. Single-Phase Modeling Approach
• 6 Ferrofluids
• 7 Research on the Onset of Convection Instability in Natural Convection
• 7.1 Recent Developments in Classical Natural Convection
• 8 Emerging Topics: Links between Internal Natural Convection and Bio- and Nanofluidics
• 8.1 Bioconvection: Macroscopic Motion of a Fluid Caused by Many Mesoscale Swimmers
• 9 Conclusions
• References
• 15 Heat Transfer in Rotating Flows - Stefan aus der Wiesche
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Methods and Basic Principles
• 2.1 Similarity Numbers for Rotating Flows
• 2.2 Experimental Investigations
• 2.3 Governing Equations and Theoretical Methods
• 2.4 Computational Fluid Mechanics
• 3 Rotating Bodies of Revolution in an Infinite Resting Fluid
• 3.1 Flow and Heat Transfer Regimes
• 3.2 Effect of Prandtl Number
• 3.3 Numerical Investigations
• 3.4 Rotating Spheres
• 4 Enclosed Rotating Disk Systems
• 4.1 Flow Configurations
• 4.2 Heat Transfer from Enclosed Rotating Disks
• 4.3 Unsteadiness and Numerical Investigations
• 5 Rotating Disks Subjected to External Flows
• 5.1 Perpendicular Jets on Rotating Disks
• 5.2 Rotating Disk Subjected to a Parallel Stream of Air
• 5.3 Critical Point and Bifurcation Theory: Fundamental Concepts
• 5.4 Inclined Rotating Disk in a Stream of Air
• References
• 16 Natural Convection in Rotating Flows - Peter Vadasz
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Natural Convection in Fluids Subject to Rotation
• 2.1 Governing Equations
• 2.2 Taylor–Proudman Columns and Geostrophic Flow
• 2.3 Natural Convection in a Rotating Fluid Layer Heated from Below
• 3 Modeling of Flow and Heat Transfer in Porous Media
• 3.1 Modeling of Flow in Porous Media
• 3.2 Modeling of Heat Transfer in Porous Media
• 3.3 Natural Convection and Buoyancy in Porous Media
• 3.4 Classification of Convective Flows in Porous Media Subject to Rotation
• 4 Fundamentals of Flow in Rotating Porous Media
• 4.1 Taylor–Proudman Columns and Geostrophic Flow in Rotating Porous Media
• 5 Natural Convection in Porous Media due to Thermal Buoyancy of Centrifugal Body Forces
• 5.1 General Background
• 5.2 Temperature Gradients Perpendicular to the Centrifugal Body Force
• 5.3 Temperature Gradients Collinear with the Centrifugal Body Force
• 6 Coriolis Effects on Natural Convection in Porous Media
• 6.1 Coriolis Effect on Natural Convection in Porous Media due to Thermal Buoyancy of Centrifugal Body Forces
• 6.2 Coriolis Effect on Natural Convection due to Thermal Buoyancy of Gravity Forces
• 7 Other Effects of Rotation on Flow and Natural Convection in Porous Media
• 7.1 Natural Convection in Porous Media due to Thermal Buoyancy of Combined Centrifugal and Gravity Forces
• 7.2 Onset of Convection due to Thermohaline (Binary Mixture) Buoyancy of Gravity Forces
• 7.3 Finite Heat Transfer Between the Phases and Temperature Modulation
• 7.4 Anisotropic Effects
• 7.5 Applications to Nanofluids
• 7.6 Applications to Solidification of Binary Alloys
• 8 Cross-References
• References
• 17 Visualization of Convective Heat Transfer - Pradipta K. Panigrahi and K. Muralidhar
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Refractive Index Techniques
• 2.1 Optical Configurations
• 2.2 Data Analysis
• 2.3 Color Schlieren Technique
• 2.4 Tomography
• 2.5 Experimentally Recorded Images
• 3 Scattering Techniques
• 3.1 Liquid Crystal Thermography
• 3.2 Infrared Thermography
• 4 Closure
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• Part III Single-Phase Heat Transfer in Porous and Particulate Media
• 18 Applications of Flow-Induced Vibration in Porous Media - Khalil Khanafer, Mohamed Gaith and Abdalla AlAmiri
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Non-Darcian Effects on Natural Convection in a Porous Enclosure
• 2.1 Numerical Analysis
• 2.2 Solution Method
• 2.3 Results and Discussion
• 3 Fluid-Structure Interactions in a Tissue During Hyperthermia
• 3.1 Mathematical Formulation
• 3.2 Results and Discussion
• 4 Conclusions
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• 19 Imaging the Mechanical Properties of Porous Biological Tissue - John J. PitreJr. and Joseph L. Bull
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Biot Theory of Poroelasticity
• 2.1 Constitutive Relationships
• 2.2 Physical Interpretation of the Poroelastic Parameters
• 2.3 Governing Equations
• 3 Ultrasound Elastography
• 4 Ultrasound Poroelastography
• 4.1 Background and Theory
• 4.2 Early Studies
• 4.3 In Vivo Studies
• 5 Magnetic Resonance Poroelastography
• 5.1 Background and Theory
• 5.2 Laboratory Studies of MR Poroelastography
• 5.3 Compression-Sensitive MR Elastography
• 6 Measured Properties of Poroelastic Materials and Tissues
• 7 Conclusion
• 8 Cross-References
• References
• 20 Nanoparticles and Metal Foam in Thermal Control and Storage by Phase Change Materials - Bernardo Buonomo, Davide Ercole, Oronzio Manca and Sergio Nardini
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Models and Governing Equations
• 3 Results and Discussion for Main Contributions
• 4 Conclusions
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• 21 Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Porous Textile Medium Subject to External Wind:​ Improving Clothing Design - Nesreen Ghaddar and Kamel Ghali
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Review of Fabric Heat, Air, and Water Vapor Transport Models
• 2.1 Fabric Physical Parameters
• 2.2 Diffusive and Convective Fabric Models
• 3 Mathematical Formulation of Thin Fabric Model for Clothing Ventilation Applications
• 4 Integration of Thin Fabric Model with Segmental Clothed Human Thermal Model
• 4.1 Clothed Cylinder Model of Independent Body Segments
• 4.2 Bio-Heat Model Integration and Overall Clothing Ventilation
• 4.3 Connected Clothed Cylinders Model to Improve Clothing Ventilation Predictions
• 4.4 Effect of Walking on Ventilation and the Clothed Swinging Arm Model
• 5 Closing Remarks and Future Trends
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• Part IV Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer
• 22 A Prelude to the Fundamentals and Applications of Radiation Transfer - M. Pinar Mengüç
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Fundamental Concepts and Equations
• 2.1 The Planck and Wien Laws
• 2.2 Solid Angle
• 3 Radiative Transfer Equation
• 4 Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation
• 5 Applications of Radiative Transfer
• 6 Near-Field Radiative Transfer
• 7 Remarks
• 8 Cross-References
• References
• 23 Radiative Transfer Equation and Solutions - Junming M. Zhao and Linhua H. Liu
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Radiative Transfer Equation
• 2.1 The Classical Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE)
• 2.2 The Second-Order Form of RTE
• 2.3 The Radiative Transfer Equation in Refractive Media
• 3 Solution Techniques of the Radiative Transfer Equation
• 3.1 Spherical Harmonics Method
• 3.2 Discrete-Ordinate Method
• 3.3 Finite Volume Method
• 3.4 Finite Element Method
• 3.5 Solution Methods for RTE in Refractive Media
• 4 Numerical Errors and Accuracy Improvement Strategies
• 4.1 Origin of Numerical Errors in DOM
• 4.2 Error from Differencing Scheme
• 4.3 Scattering Term Discretization Error
• 4.4 Error from Heat Flux Calculation
• 5 Conclusions
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 24 Near-Field Thermal Radiation - Mathieu Francoeur
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Fluctuational Electrodynamics
• 2.1 Overview of Maxwell's Equations
• 2.2 Thermal Stochastic Maxwell's Equations
• 2.3 Further Reading
• 3 Thermal Emission
• 3.1 Propagatingand Evanescent Modes
• 3.2 Near-Field Thermal Emission
• 3.3 Size Effect on the Emissivity of Thin Films
• 3.4 Further Reading
• 4 Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Calculations
• 4.1 Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Between Two Bulk Materials
• 4.2 Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer in Complex Geometries
• 4.3 Overview of the Thermal Discrete Dipole Approximation (T-DDA)
• 4.4 Further Reading
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• 25 Design of Optical and Radiative Properties of Surfaces - Bo Zhao and Zhuomin M. Zhang
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Modeling and Theoretical Fundamentals of Periodic Structures
• 2.1 Numerical Methods for Modeling Optical Properties of Period Structures
• 2.2 Anisotropic Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis
• 2.3 Surface Plasmon Polaritonsand Magnetic Polaritonsin Nanostructures
• 2.4 Polarization Dependence of Radiative Properties
• 3 Applications of Periodic Nano-/Microstructures and Metamaterials
• 4 Tailoring Thermal Radiation Using 2D Materials
• 4.1 Optical and Radiative Properties of Graphene and its Ribbons
• 4.2 Graphene-Covered Metal Gratings
• 4.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Covered Metal Gratings
• 5 Conclusion and Outlook
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 26 Radiative Properties of Gases - Vladimir P. Solovjov, Brent W. Webb and Frederic Andre
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Radiative Transfer in Gaseous Medium
• 1.2 Variables, Constants, and Units in Gas Radiation
• 1.3 Planck Blackbody Emissive Power
• 1.4 Radiative Transfer Equation in Absorbing and Emitting Gaseous Medium
• 2 Gas Absorption Spectra
• 2.1 Physical Nature of Gas Radiation Emission and Absorption
• 2.2 Molecular Vibrational-Rotational Energy Transitions
• 2.3 Rotations of Diatomic Molecules
• 2.4 Vibrations of Diatomic Molecules
• 2.5 Combined Vibration-Rotation Transitions
• 2.6 Line Positions
• 2.7 Line Intensities
• 2.8 Spectral Line Shape
• 2.9 Lorentz Profile of Collision Broadening (Pressure Broadening)
• 2.10 HITRAN Spectral Database
• 2.11 Line-by-Line Model (LBL) of Gas Absorption Spectrum
• 2.12 Uniform Narrow Band Model of Gas Absorption Spectrum
• 2.13 Spectral Absorption Coefficient and Absorption Cross Section
• 2.14 The Line-by-Line Method of Solution of the Spectral RTE
• 3 Narrow Band Models
• 3.1 Principle of Statistical Narrow Band (SNB) Models
• 3.2 The SNB Model with Malkmus’ Distribution of Line Strengths for an Array of Lorentz Lines
• 3.3 SNB Models in Nonuniform Gaseous Media
• 3.4 Fictitious Gases and Mapping Methods
• 3.5 Additional Comments
• 4 Global Models of Gas Radiation
• 4.1 Introduction to Global Models
• 4.2 Gray Model
• 4.3 WSGG Model
• 4.4 The Spectral Group Model
• 4.5 WSGG RTE Model
• 4.6 SLW, ADF, and FSK Models
• 4.7 Continuous Limit of the SLW Method in Uniform Media: the FSK Model
• 5 Conclusions and Perspectives of Gas Radiation
• References
• 27 Radiative Properties of Particles - Rodolphe Vaillon
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Assumptions and Parameters
• 2.1 Particle Size Versus Wavelength
• 2.2 Absorption and Scattering by an Ensemble of Particles
• 2.3 Shapes
• 2.4 Optical/Electromagnetic Properties
• 3 Basic Formulations, Methodology, and Toolbox
• 3.1 Basic Formulations of Electromagnetic Scattering by Particles
• 3.2 Radiative Properties of Particles: Derivation and Application
• 3.3 Methodology and Toolbox for Calculating the Radiative Properties of Particles
• 4 Predicting the Radiative Properties of Individual Particles
• 4.1 Arbitrarily Shaped Individual Particles
• 4.2 Regularly Shaped Individual Particles
• 5 Deriving the Radiative Properties of Particles from Experiments
• 5.1 Analog Experiments on Model Particles
• 5.2 Laboratory Experiments on Real Particles
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 28 Radiative Transfer in Combustion Systems - Pedro J. Coelho
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Laminar Flames
• 3 Turbulent Flames
• 4 Laboratory Combustion Chambers
• 4.1 Gas-Fired Combustion Chambers
• 4.2 Liquid-Fired and Solid-Fired Combustion Chambers
• 5 Industrial Applications
• 5.1 Gas Turbine Combustors
• 5.2 Industrial Furnaces
• 5.3 Utility Boilers
• 5.4 Other Applications
• 6 Concluding Remarks
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• 29 Monte Carlo Methods for Radiative Transfer - Hakan Ertürk and John R. Howell
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Energy Equation for Radiative Transport
• 3 Statistical Representation of Physical Events
• 3.1 Wavelength of Emission
• 3.2 Direction of Emission
• 3.3 Location of Emission
• 3.4 Absorption and Scattering by Participating Medium
• 3.5 Absorption or Reflection by a Surface
• 4 Pseudorandom Numbers
• 5 Statistical Uncertainty of Monte Carlo Simulations
• 6 General Outline
• 6.1 Preprocessing: Defining Geometry, Properties, and Boundary Conditions
• 6.2 Monte Carlo Simulation
• 6.3 Post-Processing
• 7 Ray Tracing
• 7.1 Collision-Based Algorithm
• 7.2 Path Length-Based Algorithm
• 7.3 Reverse Algorithm
• 8 Implementing Spectral Properties
• 8.1 Probability-Based Modeling
• 8.2 Bandwise Modeling
• 8.3 Full-Spectrum K-Distribution Method
• 9 Performance Considerations
• 9.1 General Guidelines
• 9.2 Selecting Different Approaches or Algorithms
• 9.3 Smoothing Exchange Factors
• 9.4 Parallel Processing
• 10 Conclusions
• 11 Cross-References
• References
• 30 Inverse Problems in Radiative Transfer - Kyle J. Daun
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Overview of Inverse Analysis
• 2.1 What is Inverse Analysis?
• 2.2 Types of Inverse Problems
• 3 Solution Methods for Inverse Problems
• 3.1 Linear Regularization Techniques
• 3.2 Nonlinear Programming Methods
• 3.3 Metaheuristic Methods
• 3.4 Bayesian Inference
• 3.5 Does Least-Squares Minimization Constitute Inverse Analysis?
• 4 Radiant Enclosure Design Problems
• 4.1 Linear Problems
• 4.2 Nonlinear Problems
• 4.3 Case Study: Inverse Design
• 5 Parameter Estimation Problems
• 5.1 Linear Problems
• 5.2 Nonlinear Problems
• 5.3 Case Study: Parameter Estimation
• 6 Conclusions and Outlook
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• Part V Heat Transfer Equipment
• 31 Introduction and Classification of Heat Transfer Equipment - Yaroslav Chudnovsky and Dusan P. Sekulic
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Classification Approach
• 3 Types of Heat Exchangers
• 3.1 Recuperators
• 3.2 Regenerators
• 3.3 Direct Type Exchangers
• 3.4 Electrical Resistance Heaters
• 4 Heat Transfer Media and Applications Spectrum
• 4.1 Boilers
• 4.2 Condensers and Evaporators
• 4.3 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
• 4.4 Coolers, Refrigerators, and Chillers
• 4.5 Radiators
• 4.6 Furnaces and Ovens
• 4.7 Dryers
• 4.8 Heat Pumps
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• 32 Heat Exchanger Fundamentals:​ Analysis and Theory of Design - Ahmad Fakheri
• 1 Introduction: General Heat Exchanger Analysis
• 2 Log Mean Temperature Difference Approach
• 3 The Effectiveness: NTU Method
• 4 The Heat Exchanger Efficiency
• 5 The Sizing Problem
• 6 The Rating Problem
• 7 Heat Exchangers Networks (HENs)
• 8 Heat Exchangers in Series
• 9 Multi-pass Heat Exchangers
• 10 Compact Heat Exchangers
• 11 Pressure Drop
• 12 Microchannel Heat Exchangers
• 13 Cross-References
• References
• 33 Heat Transfer Media and Their Properties - Igor L. Pioro, Mohammed Mahdi and Roman Popov
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Impact of Various Properties on Heat Transfer
• 2.1 Conduction
• 2.2 Forced Convection (Single Phase)
• 2.3 Natural or Free Convection
• 2.4 Nucleate Pool Boiling
• 2.5 Condensation
• 2.6 Radiation Heat Transfer
• 3 Properties of Selected Solids
• 3.1 Properties of Selected Metals, Alloys, and Diamond
• 3.2 Properties of Selected Insulating Materials
• 3.3 Radiative Properties of Selected Materials
• 3.4 Properties of Selected Nuclear Fuels
• 4 Properties of Selected Gases at Atmospheric Pressure
• 5 Properties of Selected Cryogenic Gases
• 6 Properties of Selected Fluids on Saturation Line
• 7 Properties of Selected Supercritical Fluids
• 8 Properties of Selected Liquid Alkali Metals
• 9 Thermophysical Properties of Nuclear-Reactor Coolants
• 10 Conclusions
• References
• 34 Single-Phase Heat Exchangers - Sunil S. Mehendale
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• 3 Common Heat Exchanger Problems
• 3.1 Heat Exchanger Analysis Method 1: The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method
• 3.2 Heat Exchanger Analysis Method 2: The Effectiveness–NTU Method
• 4 Determination of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U and Pressure Drop
• 4.1 Internal Flow
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• 35 Two-Phase Heat Exchangers - Vladimir V. Kuznetsov
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Applications of Two-Phase Heat Exchangers
• 3 Basic Types of Two-Phase Heat Exchangers
• 4 Thermal and Hydraulic Design of Two-Phase Heat Exchangers
• 4.1 Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design
• 4.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• 4.3 Log Mean Temperature Difference
• 4.4 Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop
• 5 Construction Features of Basic Types of Heat Exchangers
• 5.1 Design Concepts of Recuperative Exchangers
• 5.2 Tubular Heat Exchangers
• 5.3 Plate-Type Heat Exchangers
• 5.4 Extended Surface Heat Exchangers
• 5.5 Microchannel Heat Exchangers
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 36 Compact Heat Exchangers - Dusan P. Sekulic
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Heat Exchanger Compactness
• 3 Construction Details of a Compact Heat Exchanger
• 4 Design Problem of a Compact Heat Exchanger
• 5 Solving a Compact Heat Exchanger Design Problem
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 37 Evaporative Heat Exchangers - Takahiko Miyazaki
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Water as a Refrigerant
• 3 Theory of Evaporative Cooling
• 3.1 Psychrometrics
• 3.2 Evaporative Cooling Process
• 4 Air Coolers/Humidifiers
• 5 Water and Other Fluid Coolers
• References
• 38 Process Intensification - Anna Lee Tonkovich and Eric Daymo
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Heat Transfer Enhancement Methods for Process Intensification
• 2.1 Microchannels
• 2.2 Passive Fluid Rotation
• 2.3 Nanoparticle Additives
• 2.4 Surface Modifications
• 2.5 Active Flow Rotation
• 2.6 Fluid Vibration and Ultrasonic Enhancement
• 2.7 Bubble Injection
• 2.8 Electrostatic Fields
• 2.9 Suction
• 3 Heat Exchange Reactors
• 3.1 Gas-Phase Reaction with Catalyst Wall
• 3.2 Intensified Liquid-Phase Reactions
• 3.3 Liquid-Phase Bioreactor for Analytical Applications
• 3.4 Liquid-Phase Organic Synthesis Reactor
• 3.5 Sequential Heat Exchange Reactors
• 3.6 Heat-Integrated Plants with Intensified Reactor Technology
• 3.7 Case Study: Velocys Microreactor to Intensify Fischer-Tropsch Reaction
• 3.8 Case Study: Use of Lonza's FlowPlate® Microreactor Technology for Intensification of Fine Chemical Production
• 4 Heat-Integrated Separations
• 4.1 Heat Integrated Distillation (HIDiC) and Separations
• 4.2 Case Study: Sulzer Heat-Integrated Distillation Technology for Hydrogen Peroxide
• 4.3 Temperature Swing Adsorption
• 5 Heat Transfer Equipment in Process-Intensified Systems
• 5.1 Reactive Distillation
• 5.2 Case Study: Catalytic Distillation by CB&I
• 6 Commercial Status and Outlook
• 6.1 Outlook
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• 39 Energy Efficiency and Advanced Heat Recovery Technologies - Helen Skop and Yaroslav Chudnovsky
• 1 Introduction
• 2 It Is All About Saving Energy
• 2.1 Waste Heat Energy
• 2.2 Rules of Thumb
• 2.3 Appropriate Equipment
• 2.4 State-of-the-Art Technologies
• 2.5 Integrated Use of Waste Heat
• 3 Cross-References
• References
• 40 Heat Exchangers Fouling, Cleaning, and Maintenance - Thomas Lestina
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Fouling Mechanisms
• 2.1 Particulate/Sedimentation
• 2.2 Chemical Reaction
• 2.3 Crystallization
• 2.4 Biological
• 3 Designing Exchangers for Fouling Service
• 3.1 General Considerations
• 3.2 Shell‐and‐Tube
• 3.3 Plate
• 3.4 Spiral Plate
• 3.5 Air Coolers and Economizers
• 4 Status of Fouling Research
• 4.1 General
• 4.2 Water Fouling
• 4.3 Crude Oil
• 5 Cleaning and Mitigation Methods
• 5.1 Online Technologies
• 5.2 Offline Technologies
• 6 Conclusion
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• Part VI Heat Transfer with Phase Change
• 41 Nucleate Pool Boiling - Vijay K. Dhir
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Mechanistic Description
• 2.1 Nucleation Site Density
• 2.2 Bubble Dynamics
• 2.3 Thermal Response of the Solid
• 2.4 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• 3 Correlations
• 4 Effect of Various System Variables on Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer
• 4.1 Surface Finish
• 4.2 Surface Wettability
• 4.3 Heater Orientation and Geometry
• 4.4 Liquid Subcooling and System Pressure
• 4.5 Surface Contamination
• 4.6 Gravity
• 5 Maximum Heat Flux
• 5.1 Surface Finish
• 5.2 Surface Wettability
• 5.3 Heater Orientation and Geometry
• 5.4 Thermophysical Properties of the Substrate and Mode of Experiments
• 5.5 Liquid Subcooling, Viscosity, and System Pressure
• 5.6 Gravity
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 42 Transition and Film Boiling - S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Pool Boiling
• 2.1 The Pool Boiling Regimes and Pool Boiling Curve
• 2.2 Boiling Curve Hysteresis
• 2.3 Parametric Effects
• 2.4 Film Boiling
• 2.5 The Effect of Thermal Radiation in Film Boiling
• 2.6 Minimum Film Boiling Heat Flux and Temperature
• 2.7 Transition Boiling
• 3 Flow Boiling
• 3.1 Forced-Flow Boiling Regimes
• 3.2 Minimum Film Boiling Point and Transition Boiling
• 3.3 Stable Film Boiling and Dispersed Flow Film Boiling
• 4 Cross-References
• References
• 43 Boiling on Enhanced Surfaces - Dion S. Antao, Yangying Zhu and Evelyn N. Wang
• 1 Introduction
• 2 General Boiling Theory: Bubble Nucleation, Growth, and Departure
• 2.1 General Concepts in Interfacial Phenomena and Liquid-to-Vapor Phase-Change Heat Transfer
• 2.2 Bubble Nucleation
• 3 Pool Boiling
• 3.1 Smooth/Flat Surfaces
• 3.2 Micro/Nanostructures on the Boiling Surface
• 3.3 Wettability of Surface
• 3.4 Surface Thermal Conductivity Variation
• 3.5 Section Conclusions
• 4 Microchannel Flow/Convective Boiling
• 4.1 Inlet Restrictors
• 4.2 Artificial Nucleation Sites
• 4.3 Surface Structuring
• 5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
• References
• 44 Mixture Boiling - Mark A. Kedzierski
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Mixture Properties
• 2.1 Thermodynamic Properties
• 2.2 Transport Properties
• 2.3 Nanofluid Properties
• 3 Composition Gradients
• 4 Pool Boiling of Mixtures
• 5 Prediction of Mixture Flow Boiling in Horizontal Smooth Tubes
• 6 Prediction of Flow Boiling in Horizontal Micofin Tubes
• 7 Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixture Boiling
• 7.1 Nucleate Boiling of Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixtures
• 7.2 Convective Boiling of Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixtures
• 8 Nanofluid Pool Boiling
• 8.1 Water-Based Nanofluid Boiling
• 8.2 Prediction of Refrigerant/Nanolubricant Pool Boiling
• 9 Pool Boiling with Additives
• 9.1 Additives for Boiling Water
• 9.2 Additives for Boiling Refrigerant
• 10 Cross-References
• References
• 45 Boiling in Reagent and Polymeric Solutions - Raj M. Manglik
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Nucleate Boiling in Water
• 3 Nucleate Boiling in Reagent and Polymeric Solutions
• 3.1 Molecular Dynamics of Water-Soluble Additives
• 3.2 Dynamic Gas-Liquid Interfacial Tension Relaxation
• 3.3 Liquid-Solid Surface Wetting and Electrokinetics
• 3.4 Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer in Aqueous Reagent Solutions
• 3.5 Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer in Aqueous Polymeric Solutions
• 4 Concluding Observations
• References
• 46 Fundamental Equations for Two-Phase Flow in Tubes - Masahiro Kawaji
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Basic Parameters
• 2 Two-Phase Flow Patterns
• 2.1 Vertical Tube
• 2.2 Horizontal Tube
• 2.3 Two-Phase Flow Pattern Maps and Transition Criteria
• 3 Two-Phase Flow Model
• 3.1 Volume Averaging
• 3.2 Multidimensional Two-Phase Flow Model
• 3.3 Interfacial Area Transport Equation
• 3.4 One-Dimensional Two-Fluid Model
• 3.5 Homogeneous Flow Model
• 4 Void Fraction
• 4.1 Void Fraction Distribution
• 4.2 Homogeneous Flow Model
• 4.3 One-Dimensional Models
• 4.4 Drift Flux Model
• 4.5 Empirical Correlations
• 4.6 Models for Stratified Flow
• 5 Two-Phase Pressure Drop
• 5.1 Gravitational Pressure Drop
• 5.2 Frictional Pressure Drop
• 5.3 Acceleration Pressure Drop
• 6 Summary
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• 47 Flow Boiling in Tubes - Yang Liu and Nam Dinh
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Characterization of Flow Boiling
• 2.1 Overview of Phenomenology
• 2.2 Flow Regimes
• 2.3 Heat Transfer Regimes
• 2.4 Multiscale Phenomena in Flow Boiling
• 2.5 Approaches of Flow Boiling Modeling
• 3 One-Dimensional Modeling of Flow Boiling
• 3.1 Conservation Equations
• 3.2 Flow Regimes and Heat Transfer Regimes
• 3.3 Wall Friction Closures
• 3.4 Wall Boiling Closures
• 3.5 Volume Fraction and Relative Velocity Closures
• 4 Multidimensional Modeling of Flow Boiling
• 4.1 Conservation Equations
• 4.2 Interfacial Dynamics Closures
• 4.3 Wall Boiling Closures (Multidimensional)
• 4.4 Phenomenological Model for DNB Prediction
• 4.5 Phenomenological Model for Dryout Prediction
• 5 Open Issues and Perspective
• 5.1 Open Issues for Current Modeling Approaches
• 5.2 Advanced Modeling Approach: Direct Numerical Simulation
• 6 Conclusion
• References
• 48 Boiling and Two-Phase Flow in Narrow Channels - Satish G. Kandlikar
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Microchannel Definition
• 3 Progression of Flow Boiling Research in Minichannels and Microchannels
• 4 Onset of Nucleate Boiling
• 5 Explosive Boiling
• 6 Flow Boiling Instability in Microchannels
• 7 Pressure Drop During Flow Boiling in Microchannels
• 7.1 Single-Phase Flow
• 7.2 Two-Phase Flow
• 7.3 Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop
• 7.4 Acceleration Pressure Drop
• 7.5 Gravitational Pressure Gradient
• 7.6 Total Pressure Gradient
• 8 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels
• 9 Critical Heat Flux in Microchannels
• 10 Enhanced Flow Boiling in New Microchannel Configurations
• 10.1 Pin Fins and Nanowires Within Microchannels
• 10.2 Vapor Extraction Through Hollow Open Fins
• 10.3 Vapor Removal Through a Hydrophobic Membrane Cover
• 10.4 Tapered gap Microchannels
• 10.5 Radial Microchannels
• 11 Conclusions
• 12 Cross-References
• References
• 49 Single- and Multiphase Flow for Electronic Cooling - Yogendra Joshi and Zhimin Wan
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Why Liquid Cooling?
• 1.2 Indirect Cooling and Direct Immersion Cooling
• 2 Single-Phase Convection
• 2.1 Microchannel Arrays
• 2.2 Micropin-Enhanced Microgaps
• 2.3 System Configuration and Design Consideration
• 3 Thermal/Electrical Codesign of Microfluidic Cooled 3D ICs
• 3.1 Experiments
• 3.2 Modeling
• 4 Flow Boiling in Microgaps
• 4.1 Characteristics of Pure Fluid Flow Boiling
• 4.2 Flow Boiling Modeling
• 4.3 Flow Boiling of Fluid Mixtures
• 4.4 System Configuration and Design Consideration
• 5 Summary
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 50 Film and Dropwise Condensation - John W. Rose
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Interface Temperature Discontinuity
• 3 Film Condensation on Plates and Tubes
• 3.1 Natural Convection
• 3.2 Forced Convection
• 3.3 Effect of Vapor Superheat
• 3.4 Effect of Presence of a Noncondensing Gas in the Vapor
• 4 Film Condensation on Low Integral-Finned Tubes
• 5 Condensation in Microchannels
• 6 Dropwise Condensation
• 6.1 Experimental Investigations
• 6.2 Theory of Dropwise Condensation
• 6.3 Transition
• 6.4 Conclusion
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• 51 Internal Annular Flow Condensation and Flow Boiling:​ Context, Results, and Recommendations - Amitabh Narain, Hrishikesh Prasad Ranga Prasad and Aliihsan Koca
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Basic Variables and Correlations of Scientific and Engineering Interest and their Relationship to One-Dimensional Modeling of Flow Boiling and Flow Condensation
• 2.1 Basic Variables and Their Correlations
• 2.2 Other Indirect Variables and Their Influence on Aforementioned Key Variables
• 2.3 Segmented Flow-Regime Dependent Nux Correlations
• 2.4 Underlying One-Dimensional Modeling Approach to Obtain Spatial x–Variations of Flow Variables That Are Known or Correlated in Terms of Quality X and Other Parameters
• 3 Overview of Available Correlations for Direct and Indirect Variables of Interest
• 3.1 Local Heat Transfer Coefficient hx from Nusselt Number Nux Correlations
• 3.2 Flow-Regime Maps/Correlations
• 3.3 Void Fraction (ϵ) and Quality (X) Correlations
• 3.4 Pressure-Drop Correlations
• 3.5 Available CHF Considerations and Correlations
• 4 Above-Reviewed Two-Phase Flow Correlations in the Context of their Use in the Design of Innovative Devices Experiencing Annular and Steady Flow Boiling and Flow Condensation
• 4.1 Design of Millimeter-Scale Annular Flow Boilers: An Example Illustrating Use of the Reviewed Correlations
• 4.2 Design of Millimeter-Scale Annular Flow Condensers: An Example Illustrating Use of the Reviewed Correlations
• 5 Improved CFD-Enabled Correlations (Current Status and Future Trends) Toward Developing Better Design Tools and Improved Understanding of Flow Physics
• 5.1 Annular Flow Boiling
• 5.2 Annular Flow Condensation
• 6 High Heat-Flux Advantages of Superposing High-Amplitude Standing Waves on the Interface for Steady-in-the-Mean Innovative Annular Flow-Boiling and Flow-Condensation Operations
• 7 Summary
• 8 Cross-References
• References
• 52 Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons - Amir Faghri
• 1 Background
• 2 Principles of Operation
• 3 Types of Heat Pipes
• 4 Working Fluids and Temperature Range
• 5 Capillary Wicks
• 6 Heat Pipe Heat Transport Limitations
• 7 Heat Pipe Thermal Network Modeling
• 7.1 Thermosyphon Thermal Resistance (RTS)
• 7.2 Heat Pipe Thermal Resistance (RHP)
• 8 Heat Pipe Analysis and Numerical Simulation
• 8.1 Formulation
• 8.2 Steady State
• 8.3 Transient
• 8.4 Frozen Startup
• 8.5 Thermosyphons
• 8.6 Loop Heat Pipes
• 8.7 Axial Grooved Heat Pipes
• 8.8 Pulsating Heat Pipes
• 9 Heat Pipe Applications
• 9.1 Electronic and Electrical Equipment Cooling
• 9.2 Energy Systems
• 9.3 Aerospace and Avionics
• 9.4 Heat Exchangers and Heat Pumps
• 9.5 Gas Turbine Engines and the Automotive Industry
• 9.6 Production Tools
• 9.7 Medicine and Human Body Temperature Control
• 9.8 Ovens and Furnaces
• 9.9 Permafrost Stabilization
• 9.10 Transportation Systems and Deicing
• 10 Summary
• References
• 53 Phase Change Materials - Navin Kumar and Debjyoti Banerjee
• 1 Introduction
• 2 An Introduction to Phase Change Materials
• 2.1 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
• 2.2 A Brief History of PCM Research
• 2.3 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and Thermal Management Applications (TMAs)
• 2.4 Material Classifications
• 2.5 Thermophysical Properties
• 2.6 Material Property Measurement Techniques
• 2.7 Analytical Solutions
• 3 Implementation Issues for PCM
• 3.1 Need for Subcooling
• 3.2 Phase Segregation
• 3.3 Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity
• 3.4 PCM Containment Issues
• 4 Phase Change Applications
• 4.1 Thermal Management of Electronics
• 4.2 Thermal Management of Batteries
• 4.3 Energy Storage in Building Materials
• 4.4 Solar Energy Systems
• 4.5 Domestic Solar Application
• 4.6 Heat Exchanger Designs
• 4.7 Phase Change Slurry
• 5 Numerical/Computational Modeling of PCM
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Numerical Simulation
• 5.3 System Modeling
• 5.4 Molecular Dynamic (MD) Simulations of PCMs
• 6 Future Directions: Microlevel
• 6.1 Microscale Improvements
• 6.2 Subcooling and Phase Segregation
• 6.3 Thermal Conductivity
• 6.4 Improvement of Latent Heat Capacity
• 6.5 Encapsulation
• 7 Future Directions: Macro-level
• 7.1 Dry Cooling with PCM
• 7.2 Futuristic Design of PCM-Based Heat Exchangers
• 7.3 Phase Change Slurry (PCS)
• 7.4 Textiles
• 7.5 Thermal Switches
• 7.6 Thermal Protection
• 7.7 PCM in Nano-lithography Applications
• 7.8 PCM in Memory Storage Applications
• 8 Summary
• 9 Cross-References
• References
• Part VII Heat Transfer in Biology and Biological Systems
• 54 Thermal Properties of Porcine and Human Biological Systems - Shaunak Phatak, Harishankar Natesan, Jeunghwan Choi, Robert Sweet and John Bischof
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Thermal Properties
• 2.1 Thermal Conductivity Measurement
• 2.2 Specific Heat Capacity Measurement
• 3 Factors That Affect Thermal Property Values
• 3.1 High-Temperature Effects (37 °C –100 °C): Protein Phase Change and Water Loss
• 3.2 Low-Temperature Effects (37 °C to −196 °C): Water Phase Change and Cryoprotectant Effects
• 4 Modeling Case Study
• 5 Thermal Properties Dataset Tables
• 6 Conclusion
• References
• 55 Microsensors for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Biomaterials and Solutions - Xin M. Liang, Praveen K. Sekar and Dayong Gao
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Different Methods to Measure Thermal Conductivity
• 2.1 Guarded Hot Plate Method
• 2.2 Thermal Comparator Method
• 2.3 Heated Thermocouple Method
• 2.4 Thermistor Method with Step Change in Temperature
• 2.5 Thermistor Method with Pulse Heat Input
• 3 Microfabricated Thermal Sensor
• 3.1 Reagents
• 3.2 Measurement System
• 3.3 Sensor Fabrication
• 3.4 Theory, Experiment Procedure, and Data Analysis Protocol
• 3.5 Thermal Conductivity Sensor System Calibration and Statistical Analysis of Data
• 3.6 Temperature Effect on Thermal Conductivity of Commonly Used CPA Mixtures and Statistical Analysis of Data
• 3.7 Soft Biological Samples with Various Heterogeneity and Statistical Analysis of Data
• 4 Results and Discussion
• 4.1 Microthermal Conductivity Sensor System Calibration Using Thermal Standard Materials
• 4.2 Influence of Temperature on Thermal Conductivity of CPA Mixtures
• 4.3 Thermal Conductivity Distribution of Soft Biological Materials
• 5 Conclusions
• 6 Cross-References
• References
• 56 Heat Transfer In Vivo:​ Phenomena and Models - Alexander I. Zhmakin
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Effects of Extreme Temperatures on Living Tissues
• 2.1 High Temperatures
• 2.2 Low Temperatures
• 3 Whole-Body Models
• 4 Regional Models
• 4.1 Respiratory System
• 4.2 Skin and Deep Tissues
• 4.3 Classical (Fourier) Continuum Models
• 4.4 Non-Fourier Continuum Models
• 4.5 Porous Media Models
• 4.6 Fractal Models
• 4.7 Vascular Models
• 4.8 Temperature Fluctuations in Living Tissues
• 5 Thermal Properties of Tissues
• 5.1 Human
• 5.2 Animals
• 5.3 Latent Heat
• 6 Exact Solutions
• 6.1 Solution of One-Dimensional Multiregion Bioheat Equation
• 6.2 Heat Transfer with a Sinusoidal Heat Flux on Skin Surface
• 6.3 Freezing of the Cylindrical Tissue Region with a Single Embedded Coaxial Blood Vessel
• 6.4 Heat Transfer in a Finite Tissue Region with Two Embedded Blood Vessels
• 7 Conclusions
• 8 Cross-References
• References
• 57 Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in the Eye - Arunn Narasimhan
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Anatomy of the Human Eye
• 3 Thermal Transport in Eye and Heat-Based Treatment of Eye Maladies
• 3.1 Corneal Laser Treatment
• 3.2 Lens Laser Treatment: Cataract Surgery
• 3.3 Laser Treatment of the Vitreous Humor: Laser Vitreolysis
• 3.4 Retinal Laser Treatment
• 3.5 Transpupillary Thermal Therapy
• 4 Types of Lasers Used in Eye Therapies
• 5 Laser-Eye Interaction
• 6 Laser Treatments in the Retinal Region
• 6.1 Diabetic Retinopathy
• 6.2 Retinal Vein Occlusions
• 6.3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration
• 6.4 Ocular Histoplasmosis
• 6.5 Retinal Breaks and Detachment
• 6.6 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
• 6.7 Ocular Tumors
• 7 Computer Modeling in Laser Retinal Therapies
• 7.1 Heat and Bioheat Transfer Equations for the Eye
• 7.2 Geometry and Properties of the Eye
• 7.3 Typical 3-D Modeling of Laser Retinal Surgery
• 8 Ocular Cryotherapy
• 9 Mass Transfer in the Eye
• 10 Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer in Drug Delivery
• 11 Mass Transfer in Ocular Drug Delivery
• 11.1 Drug Delivery to the Anterior Segment
• 11.2 Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment
• 12 Transscleral Drug Delivery
• 12.1 Anatomy of the Sclera
• 12.2 Modes of Transscleral Administration of Drugs
• 12.3 Modeling Transscleral Drug Delivery
• 13 Drug Development for Enhanced Drug Bioavailability
• 14 Conclusion
• References
• 58 Heat and Mass Transfer Models and Measurements for Low-Temperature Storage of Biological Systems - Shahensha M. Shaik and Ram Devireddy
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Osmotic Injury
• 2.1 Measurement of Cell Permeability to Water and CPAs at Suprazero Temperatures (Absence of Extracellular Ice)
• 2.2 Mathematical Modeling of CPA Addition and Removal Process
• 3 Cold Shock or Chilling Injury
• 4 Freezing Injury
• 4.1 Measurement of Freezing Processes
• 4.2 Modeling of Freezing Processes: Water Transport
• 4.3 Modeling of Freezing Processes: Intracellular Ice Formation
• 4.4 Curve Fitting Procedures
• 4.5 Optimal Cooling Rate Based on Water Transport
• 5 Coupled (Water Transport and IIF) Model of Freezing in Tissue Sections
• 6 Perils of Extrapolation: Suprazero Membrane Permeability (Absence of Extracellular Ice) Compared to Subzero Membrane Permeability Parameters (Presence of Extracellular Ice)
• 7 Thawing Injury
• 8 Closing Remarks and Future Trends
• 9 Cross-References
• References
• 59 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Laser Photothermal Therapy - Navid Manuchehrabadi and Liang Zhu
• 1 Introduction
• 2 History and Development of Hyperthermia Treatment Methods
• 3 Gold Nanoparticle Design for Laser Photothermal Therapy Applications
• 3.1 Gold-Silica Nanoshells
• 3.2 Gold Nanorods
• 3.3 Gold Nanorods/Nanospheres Excitation Mechanisms
• 3.4 Gold Nanoparticle Delivery
• 3.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Their Clearance from the Body
• 4 Animal and Clinical Studies of Thermal Effects of Laser Photothermal Therapy Using Gold Nanoshells/Nanorods
• 5 Monte Carlo Simulation of Laser Energy Absorption in Tissue
• 6 Modeling Heat Transfer in Biological Tissue
• 7 Assessment of Thermal Damage
• 8 Concluding Remarks
• 9 Cross-References
• References
• 60 Thermal Considerations with Tissue Electroporation - Timothy J. O’Brien, Christopher B. Arena and Rafael V. Davalos
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Theoretical Considerations of Electroporation
• 2.1 Determining the Electric Field Distribution
• 2.2 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions
• 2.3 Joule Heating
• 2.4 Dynamic Electrical Properties
• 3 Determining the Thermal Distribution
• 3.1 Derivation of the Heat Diffusion Equation
• 3.2 Pennes Bioheat Equation
• 3.3 Dynamic Thermal Properties
• 4 Assessing Thermal Damage
• 4.1 Damage Equation
• 4.2 Thermal Dose
• 5 Numerical Modeling of Electroporation
• 5.1 Special Tissue Considerations
• 6 Thermal Mitigation Strategies
• 6.1 Active Cooling
• 6.2 Phase Change Material (PCM)
• 7 Concluding Remarks
• 8 Cross-References
• References
• Part VIII Heat Transfer in Plasmas
• 61 Heat Transfer in DC and RF Plasma Torches - Javad Mostaghimi, Larry Pershin and Subramaniam Yugeswaran
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Arc Discharge
• 2.1 Potential Distribution Along an Arc
• 2.2 The Arc Column
• 3 Plasma Regions
• 3.1 Cathode Region
• 3.2 Anode Region
• 3.3 Arc Column
• 4 Modeling non-transferred Plasma Torch
• 4.1 One-Dimensional Model of the Arc Column
• 4.2 Three-Dimensional Model of non-transferred DC Arcs
• 5 Arc Characteristics and Electrical Stability
• 5.1 Current-Voltage Characteristics
• 5.2 Electrical Stability
• 5.3 Arc Stabilization Methods
• 6 Spray Torches and Equipment
• 6.1 Power Supply
• 6.2 Typical Spray Torches and Working Problems
• 7 Radio-Frequency (RF) Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
• 7.1 Theory of Induction Heating
• 7.2 Flow and Temperature Field in an Argon RF-ICP
• 7.3 Plasma Fields
• 7.4 Effect of Plasma Gas
• 7.5 Kinetic Nonequilibrium
• 7.6 Electron Energy Equation
• 7.7 Performance of the RF Induction Plasma Generator
• References
• 62 Radiative Plasma Heat Transfer - Alain Gleizes
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Generalities on Thermal Plasma Radiation
• 2.1 Nature and Importance of Radiation in Thermal Plasmas
• 2.2 Definitions, Blackbody, and Basic Laws
• 3 Emission and Absorption Phenomena in Thermal Plasmas
• 3.1 Generalities
• 3.2 Atomic Continuum
• 3.3 Molecular Continuum
• 3.4 Atomic Lines
• 3.5 Molecular Bands
• 3.6 Examples
• 4 Radiative Transfer: Net Emission Coefficient
• 4.1 Bases of the Radiative Transfer
• 4.2 Definition of the Net Emission Coefficient (NEC)
• 4.3 Influence of Various Parameters on the NEC
• 4.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of the Net Emission Coefficient
• 5 Other Methods of Radiative Transfer Calculation
• 5.1 Generalities
• 5.2 Mean Absorption Coefficients
• 5.3 Partial Characteristics
• 5.4 Radiative Transfer in Nonequilibrium Plasmas
• 6 Examples of the Role of Radiative Transfer in Applications
• 6.1 Local Role in Thermal Plasmas
• 6.2 Role of Radiation in the Global Energy Balance of Various TP Sources
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• 63 Heat Transfer in Arc Welding - Anthony B. Murphy and John J. Lowke
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Types of Arc Welding
• 1.2 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• 2 Heat Transfer Mechanisms in the Arc Column
• 2.1 Equations for Arc Modeling
• 2.2 Thermophysical Properties of Plasmas
• 2.3 Convection
• 2.4 Thermal Conduction
• 2.5 Radiation
• 2.6 Influence of Different Gases
• 2.7 Influence of Metal Vapor
• 3 Arc–Electrode Interactions
• 3.1 Arc–Anode Boundary
• 3.2 Arc–Cathode Boundary
• 3.3 Production and Effects of Metal Vapor
• 4 Heat Transfer by Droplets
• 4.1 Droplet Formation and Detachment
• 4.2 Droplet Transfer
• 5 Heat Transfer in the Electrode and Workpiece
• 5.1 Weld Pool Surface Profile
• 5.2 Weld Pool Flow
• 5.3 Melting and Solidification
• 5.4 Thermal Conduction and Resistive Losses
• 6 Welding Efficiency
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• 64 Heat Transfer in Plasma Arc Cutting - Valerian Nemchinsky
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 What Puts a Limit for Further Increase of the PAC Productivity?
• 2 Energy Balance During Cutting
• 2.1 The Total Energy Balance of the Arc
• 2.2 Where in the Kerf the Arc Attaches to the Workpiece?
• 2.3 Conclusion
• 3 General Description of the Cathode Processes in PAC Systems
• 3.1 Emission Mechanism: Schottky Correction
• 3.2 Simple Model of Cathode Functioning
• 3.3 Experiments on Current Density
• 3.4 Conclusion
• 4 Cathode Erosion
• 4.1 Constant Current Erosion
• 4.2 Plasma Swirl and the Erosion Rate
• 4.3 Cyclic Erosion
• 4.4 Models of Cycling Erosion
• 4.5 First Start Erosion
• 4.6 Conclusion
• 5 Plasma Jet as a Main Instrument of the PAC
• 5.1 Experimental Data
• 5.2 Plasma Modeling
• 5.3 Conclusion
• 6 Double Arcing
• 6.1 DA with a Clean Nozzle
• 6.2 Role of Dielectric Deposits Inside the Nozzle
• 6.3 Conclusion
• 7 Heat Transfer Inside the Kerf
• 7.1 Tilted Cut
• 7.2 Effect of Heat of Fusion
• 7.3 Conclusion
• 8 Quality of Cut
• 8.1 Dross
• 8.2 Striations
• 8.3 Squareness of the Cut (Bevel Angle) and Kerf Tilt
• 8.4 Conclusion
• 9 Some Ideas for Further Development
• 9.1 N-W Height Control
• 9.2 Sectioned Nozzle
• 9.3 New Cathode Materials
• 10 Concluding Remarks
• 11 Cross-References
• References
• 65 Synthesis of Nanosize Particles in Thermal Plasmas - Yasunori Tanaka
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Fundamentals of Nanoparticle Synthesis by Thermal Plasmas
• 2.1 Particle Size and Basic Nanoparticle Features
• 2.2 Dynamics and Evaporation of Feedstock Particles to Atomic Species in Gas Phase
• 2.3 Thermodynamic Properties
• 2.4 Gas-to-Particle Conversion: Nucleation, Condensation, and Coagulation
• 2.5 Particle Growth Due to Coagulation
• 2.6 General Dynamic Equation for the Discrete Distribution Function
• 2.7 General Dynamic Equation for the Continuous Distribution Function
• 2.8 Examples of Modeling Approach for Particle Growth
• 2.9 Experimental Setups for Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Thermal Plasmas
• 3 Conclusions
• 4 Cross-References
• References
• 66 Plasma Waste Destruction - Milan Hrabovsky and Izak Jacobus van der Walt
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Waste Destruction Methods
• 2.1 Incineration
• 2.2 Pyrolysis and Fast Pyrolysis
• 2.3 Gasification
• 2.4 Plasma Arc Gasification
• 3 Characteristics of Plasma Treatment
• 4 Plasma Gasification Processes
• 5 Chemistry of Organics Gasification
• 6 Plasma-Material Heat Transfer and Gasification Rate
• 7 Mass and Energy Balance
• 8 Syngas Production from Organic Waste
• 9 Plasma Waste to Energy
• 9.1 Energy Products
• 9.2 Process Layout
• 9.3 Influence of Waste Type
• 9.4 Financial Viability (Financial Modeling)
• 10 Conclusions
• References
• 67 Plasma-Particle Heat Transfer - Pierre Proulx
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Single-Particle Trajectory
• 2.1 Drag Force Calculation with Strongly Variating Properties Due to Temperature Gradients
• 2.2 Virtual Mass
• 2.3 Basset History Term
• 2.4 Thermophoresis
• 2.5 Rarefaction Effect (Knudsen)
• 2.6 Brownian Force
• 2.7 Turbulence
• 2.8 Other Forces (Saffman and Magnus Lift, Charging)
• 3 Single-Particle Heat Transfer
• 3.1 Convective Heat Transfer
• 3.2 Radiative Heat Transfer
• 3.3 Rarefaction Effect (Knudsen)
• 3.4 Internal Conduction Effect (Biot)
• 3.5 Melting and Evaporation
• 3.6 Charging
• 4 Plasma-Particle (Loading) Interaction Effects
• 4.1 Loading Effects in RF Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Torches
• 4.2 Particle Heating in DC Plasma Jets
• 5 Cross-References
• References
• 68 Heat Transfer in Suspension Plasma Spraying - Mehdi Jadidi, Armelle Vardelle, Ali Dolatabadi and Christian Moreau
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Suspension Properties
• 3 Plasma Jet Modeling
• 4 Suspension/Plasma Jet Interaction
• 4.1 Suspension/Liquid Breakup
• 4.2 Droplet/Particle Phase Modeling
• 5 Heat Transfer to the Substrate
• 5.1 Particle Trajectories Around the Substrate
• 6 Conclusion
• 7 Cross-References
• References
• 69 Droplet Impact and Solidification in Plasma Spraying - Javad Mostaghimi and Sanjeev Chandra
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Droplet Impact, Spread, and Solidification
• 2.1 Axisymmetric Impact
• 2.2 Droplet Splashing
• 2.3 Photographing Plasma Particle Impact
• 2.4 Splat Shapes
• 3 Mathematical Model of Impact
• 3.1 Fluid Flow
• 3.2 Interface Tracking
• 3.3 Heat Transfer and Solidification
• 3.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions
• 3.5 Simulations of Droplet Impact
• 3.6 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
• 4 Coating Buildup
• 4.1 Porosity Formation
• 4.2 Modeling Coating Formation
• References