This Handbook is conceived to provide the foundation to readers who wish to embark on a research project in order to form knowledge that they need. This Handbook attests to the diversity and richness of research methods in the health and social sciences. It will benefit many readers, particularly students and researchers who undertake research in health and social science areas.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• About the Editors and Contributors
• Section I Traditional Research Methods in Health and Social Sciences
• 1 Traditional Research Methods in Health and Social Sciences: An Introduction - Pranee Liamputtong
• 2 Qualitative Inquiry - Pranee Liamputtong
• 3 Quantitative Research - Leigh A. Wilson
• 4 The Nature of Mixed Methods Research - Cara Meixner and John D. Hathcoat
• 5 Recruitment of Research Participants - Narendar Manohar, Freya MacMillan, Genevieve Z. Steiner and Amit Arora
• 6 Ontology and Epistemology - John D. Hathcoat, Cara Meixner and Mark C. Nicholas
• 7 Social Constructionism - Viv Burr
• 8 Critical Theory: Epistemological Content and Method - Anastasia Marinopoulou
• 9 Positivism and Realism - Priya Khanna
• 10 Symbolic Interactionism as a Methodological Framework - Michael J. Carter and Andrea Montes Alvarado
• 11 Hermeneutics: A Boon for Cross-Disciplinary Research - Suzanne D’Souza
• 12 Feminism and Healthcare: Toward a Feminist Pragmatist Model of Healthcare Provision - Claudia Gillberg and Geoffrey Jones
• 13 Critical Ethnography in Public Health: Politicizing Culture and Politicizing Methodology - Patti Shih
• 14 Empathy as Research Methodology - Eric Leake
• 15 Indigenist and Decolonizing Research Methodology - Elizabeth F. Rix, Shawn Wilson, Norm Sheehan and Nicole Tujague
• 16 Ethnomethodology - Rona Pillay
• 17 Community-Based Participatory Action Research - Elena Wilson
• 18 Grounded Theory Methodology: Principles and Practices - Linda Liska Belgrave and Kapriskie Seide
• 19 Case Study Research - Pota Forrest-Lawrence
• 20 Evaluation Research in Public Health - Angela J. Dawson
• 21 Methods for Evaluating Online Health Information Systems - Gary L. Kreps and Jordan Alpert
• 22 Translational Research: Bridging the Chasm Between New Knowledge and Useful Knowledge - Lynn Kemp
• 23 Qualitative Interviewing - Sally Nathan, Christy Newman and Kari Lancaster
• 24 Narrative Research - Kayi Ntinda
• 25 The Life History Interview - Erin Jessee
• 26 Ethnographic Method - Bonnie Pang
• 27 Institutional Ethnography - Michelle LaFrance
• 28 Conversation Analysis: An Introduction to Methodology, Data Collection, and Analysis - Sarah J. White
• 29 Unobtrusive Methods - Raymond M. Lee
• 30 Autoethnography - Anne Bunde-Birouste, Fiona Byrne and Lynn Kemp
• 31 Memory Work - Lia Bryant and Katerina Bryant
• 32 Traditional Survey and Questionnaire Platforms - Magen Mhaka Mutepfa and Roy Tapera
• 33 Epidemiology - Kate A. McBride, Felix Ogbo and Andrew Page
• 34 Single-Case Designs - Breanne Byiers
• 35 Longitudinal Study Designs - Stewart J. Anderson
• 36 Eliciting Preferences from Choices: Discrete Choice Experiments - Martin Howell and Kirsten Howard
• 37 Randomized Controlled Trials - Mike Armour, Carolyn Ee and Genevieve Z. Steiner
• 38 Measurement Issues in Quantitative Research - Dafna Merom and James Rufus John
• 39 Integrated Methods in Research - Graciela Tonon
• 40 The Use of Mixed Methods in Research - Kate A. McBride, Freya MacMillan, Emma S. George and Genevieve Z. Steiner
• 41 The Delphi Technique - Jane Chalmers and Mike Armour
• 42 Consensus Methods: Nominal Group Technique - Karine Manera, Camilla S. Hanson, Talia Gutman and Allison Tong
• 43 Jumping the Methodological Fence: Q Methodology - Tinashe Dune, Zelalem Mengesha, Valentina Buscemi and Janette Perz
• 44 Social Network Research - Janet C. Long and Simon Bishop
• 45 Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Research - Angela J. Dawson
• 46 Conducting a Systematic Review: A Practical Guide - Freya MacMillan, Kate A. McBride, Emma S. George and Genevieve Z. Steiner
• 47 Content Analysis: Using Critical Realism to Extend Its Utility - Doris Y. Leung and Betty P. M. Chung
• 48 Thematic Analysis - Virginia Braun, Victoria Clarke, Nikki Hayfield and Gareth Terry
• 49 Narrative Analysis - Nicole L. Sharp, Rosalind A. Bye and Anne Cusick
• 50 Critical Discourse/Discourse Analysis - Jane M. Ussher and Janette Perz
• 51 Schema Analysis of Qualitative Data: A Team-Based Approach - Frances Rapport, Patti Shih, Mia Bierbaum and Anne Hogden
• 52 Using Qualitative Data Analysis Software (QDAS) to Assist Data Analyses - Pat Bazeley
• 53 Sequence Analysis of Life History Data - Bram Vanhoutte, Morten Wahrendorf and Jennifer Prattley
• 54 Data Analysis in Quantitative Research - Yong Moon Jung
• 55 Reporting of Qualitative Health Research - Allison Tong and Jonathan C. Craig
• 56 Writing Quantitative Research Studies - Ankur Singh, Adyya Gupta and Karen G. Peres
• 57 Traditional Academic Presentation of Research Findings and Public Policies - Graciela Tonon
• 58 Appraisal of Qualitative Studies - Camilla S. Hanson, Angela Ju and Allison Tong
• 59 Critical Appraisal of Quantitative Research - Rocco Cavaleri, Sameer Bhole and Amit Arora
• 60 Appraising Mixed Methods Research - Elizabeth J. Halcomb
• Section II Innovative Research Methods in Health Social Sciences
• 61 Innovative Research Methods in Health Social Sciences: An Introduction - Pranee Liamputtong
• 62 Personal Construct Qualitative Methods - Viv Burr, Angela McGrane and Nigel King
• 63 Mind Maps in Qualitative Research - Johannes Wheeldon and Mauri Ahlberg
• 64 Creative Insight Method Through Arts-Based Research - Jane Marie Edwards
• 65 Understanding Health Through a Different Lens: Photovoice Method - Michelle Teti, Wilson Majee, Nancy Cheak-Zamora and Anna Maurer-Batjer
• 66 IMAGINE: A Card-Based Discussion Method - Ulrike Felt, Simone Schumann and Claudia G. Schwarz-Plaschg
• 67 Timeline Drawing Methods - E. Anne Marshall
• 68 Semistructured Life History Calendar Method - Ingrid A. Nelson
• 69 Calendar and Time Diary Methods - Ana Lucía Córdova-Cazar and Robert F. Belli
• 70 Body Mapping in Research - Bronwyne Coetzee, Rizwana Roomaney, Nicola Willis and Ashraf Kagee
• 71 Self-portraits and Maps as a Window on Participants’ Worlds - Anna Bagnoli
• 72 Walking Interviews - Alexandra C. King and Jessica Woodroffe
• 73 Participant-Guided Mobile Methods - Karen Block, Lisa Gibbs and Colin MacDougall
• 74 Digital Storytelling Method - Brenda M. Gladstone and Elaine Stasiulis
• 75 Netnography: Researching Online Populations - Stephanie T. Jong
• 76 Web-Based Survey Methodology - Kevin B. Wright
• 77 Blogs in Social Research - Nicholas Hookway and Helene Snee
• 78 Synchronous Text-Based Instant Messaging: Online Interviewing Tool - Gemma Pearce, Cecilie Thøgersen-Ntoumani and Joan L. Duda
• 79 Asynchronous Email Interviewing Method - Mario Brondani and Rodrigo Mariño
• 80 Cell Phone Survey - Lilian A. Ghandour, Ghinwa Y. El Hayek and Abla Mehio Sibai
• 81 Phone Surveys: Introductions and Response Rates - Jessica Broome
• 82 The Freelisting Method - Marsha B. Quinlan
• 83 Solicited Diary Methods - Christine Milligan and Ruth Bartlett
• 84 Teddy Diaries: Exploring Social Topics Through Socially Saturated Data - Marit Haldar and Randi Wærdahl
• 85 Qualitative Story Completion: A Method with Exciting Promise - Virginia Braun, Victoria Clarke, Nikki Hayfield, Naomi Moller and Irmgard Tischner
• Section III Doing Cross-Cultural Research in Health Social Sciences
• 86 Doing Cross-Cultural Research: An Introduction - Pranee Liamputtong
• 87 Kaupapa Māori Health Research - Fiona Cram
• 88 Culturally Safe Research with Vulnerable Populations (Māori) - Denise Wilson
• 89 Using an Indigenist Framework for Decolonizing Health Promotion Research - Karen McPhail-Bell, Alison Nelson, Ian Lacey, Bronwyn Fredericks, Chelsea Bond and Mark Brough
• 90 Engaging Aboriginal People in Research: Taking a Decolonizing Gaze - Emma Webster, Craig Johnson, Monica Johnson, Bernie Kemp, Valerie Smith and Billie Townsend
• 91 Space, Place, Common Wounds and Boundaries: Insider/Outsider Debates in Research with Black Women and Deaf Women - Chijioke Obasi
• 92 Researcher Positionality in Cross-Cultural and Sensitive Research - Narendar Manohar, Pranee Liamputtong, Sameer Bhole and Amit Arora
• 93 Considerations About Translation: Strategies About Frontiers - Lía Rodriguez de la Vega
• 94 Finding Meaning: A Cross-Language Mixed-Methods Research Strategy - Catrina A. MacKenzie
• 95 An Approach to Conducting Cross-Language Qualitative Research with People from Multiple Language Groups - Caroline Elizabeth Fryer
• 96 The Role of Research Assistants in Qualitative and Cross-Cultural Social Science Research - Sara Stevano and Kevin Deane
• 97 Indigenous Statistics - Tahu Kukutai and Maggie Walter
• 98 A Culturally Competent Approach to Suicide Research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples - Monika Ferguson, Amy Baker and Nicholas Procter
• 99 Visual Methods in Research with Migrant and Refugee Children and Young People - Marta Moskal
• 100 Participatory and Visual Research with Roma Youth - Oana Marcu
• 101 Drawing Method and Infant Feeding Practices Among Refugee Women - June Joseph, Pranee Liamputtong and Wendy Brodribb
• 102 Understanding Refugee Children's Perceptions of Their Well-Being in Australia Using Computer-Assisted Interviews - Jeanette A. Lawrence, Ida Kaplan and Agnes E. Dodds
• 103 Conducting Focus Groups in Terms of an Appreciation of Indigenous Ways of Knowing - Norma R. A. Romm
• 104 Visual Depictions of Refugee Camps: (De)constructing Notions of Refugee-ness? - Caroline Lenette
• 105 Autoethnography as a Phenomenological Tool: Connecting the Personal to the Cultural - Jayne Pitard
• 106 Ethics and Research with Indigenous Peoples - Noreen D. Willows
• 107 Conducting Ethical Research with People from Asylum Seeker and Refugee Backgrounds - Anna Ziersch, Clemence Due, Kathy Arthurson and Nicole Loehr
• 108 Ethical Issues in Cultural Research on Human Development - Namrata Goyal, Matthew Wice and Joan D. Willows
• Section IV Sensitive Research Methodology and Approach: Researching with Particular Groups in Health Social Sciences
• 109 Sensitive Research Methodology and Approach: An Introduction - Pranee Liamputtong
• 110 “With Us and About Us”: Participatory Methods in Research with “Vulnerable” or Marginalized Groups - Jo Aldridge
• 111 Inclusive Disability Research - Jennifer Smith-Merry
• 112 Understanding Sexuality and Disability: Using Interpretive Hermeneutic Phenomenological Approaches - Tinashe Dune and Elias Mpofu
• 113 Ethics and Practice of Research with People Who Use Drugs - Julaine Allan
• 114 Researching with People with Dementia - Jane McKeown
• 115 Researching with Children - Graciela Tonon, Lia Rodriguez de la Vega and Denise Benatuil
• 116 Optimizing Interviews with Children and Youth with Disability - Gail Teachman
• 117 Participant-Generated Visual Timelines and Street-Involved Youth Who Have Experienced Violent Victimization - Kat Kolar and Farah Ahmad
• 118 Capturing the Research Journey: A Feminist Application of Bakhtin to Examine Eating Disorders and Child Sexual Abuse - Lisa Hodge
• 119 Feminist Dilemmas in Researching Women's Violence: Issues of Allegiance, Representation, Ambivalence, and Compromise - Lizzie Seal
• 120 Animating Like Crazy: Researching in the Animated Visual Arts and Mental Welfare Fields - Andi Spark
• 121 Researching Underage Sex Work: Dynamic Risk, Responding Sensitively, and Protecting Participants and Researchers - Natalie Thorburn
• 122 The Internet and Research Methods in the Study of Sex Research: Investigating the Good, the Bad, and the (Un)ethical - Lauren Rosewarne
• 123 Emotion and Sensitive Research - Virginia Dickson-Swift
• 124 Doing Reflectively Engaged, Face-to-Face Research in Prisons: Contexts and Sensitivities - James E. Sutton
• 125 Police Research and Public Health - Jyoti Belur
• 126 Researching Among Elites - Neil Stephens and Rebecca Dimond
• 127 Eliciting Expert Practitioner Knowledge Through Pedagogy and Infographics - Robert H. Campbell