The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology

Editor: Slotten, Hugh Richard
Publication Year: 2014
Publisher: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Price: Core Collection Only
ISBN: 978-0-19-976666-6
Category: History - United States -- History
Book Status: Available
Table of Contents

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology covers these topics from the early colonial era to present-day.

Share this

Table of Contents

  • List of Entries
  • Introduction Paul S. Boyer
  • Preface
  • Common Abbreviations Used in This Work
  • ABORTION DEBATES AND SCIENCE—LUMBERING
  • A
  • Abortion Debates and Science
  • Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  • Advertising, Medical
  • Agassiz, Louis (1807–1873), zoologist, geologist.
  • Agricultural Education and Extension
  • Agricultural Experiment Stations
  • Agricultural Technology
  • Agriculture, U.S. Department of
  • AIDS
  • Airplanes and Air Transport
  • Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse
  • Alvarez, Luis Walter (1911–1988), Nobel Laureate in physics.
  • Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Association for the History of Medicine
  • American Institute of Physics
  • American Medical Association
  • American Museum of Natural History
  • American Philosophical Society
  • American System of Manufactures
  • Amniocentesis
  • Anatomy and Human Dissection
  • Andrews, Roy Chapman (1884–1960), naturalist and explorer.
  • Anesthesiology
  • Animal and Human Experimentation
  • Animation Technology and Computer Graphics
  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • Anthropology
  • Archaeology
  • Armstrong, Edwin Howard (1890–1954), inventor of five important radio circuits,
  • Army Corps of Engineers, U.S.
  • Arthritis
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Asthma and Allergy
  • Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Atlantic Cable
  • Atomic Energy Commission
  • Atoms For Peace
  • Audubon, John James (1785–1851), artist and naturalist famed for his striking color portraits of North American birds and mammals.
  • Autism
  • Automation and Computerization
  • B
  • Baby and Child Care
  • Bache, Alexander Dallas (1806–1867), geophysicist, educator, and science administrator.
  • Baird, Spencer Fullerton (1823–1887) naturalist, museum director, and science administrator.
  • Barbed Wire
  • Bardeen, John (1908–1991), theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate.
  • Bartram, John and William (1699–1777) and (1739–1823), botanist, father of William; and naturalist, respectively.
  • Beadle, George Wells
  • Beaumont, William (1785–1853), physician and scientist, the first American physiologist to achieve international renown.
  • Behaviorism
  • Bell, Alexander Graham (1847–1922), inventor and scientist best known for his invention of the telephone.
  • Bell Laboratories
  • Berkner, Lloyd (1905–1967), physicist, engineer, and science administrator.
  • Bethe, Hans (1906–2005), theoretical physicist and nuclear weapons expert, Nobel laureate, was born in Strassburg, which was then part of Germany.
  • Bicycles and Bicycling
  • Biochemistry
  • Biological Sciences
  • Biology
  • Biomedical Research
  • Biotechnology
  • Birth Control and Family Planning
  • Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821–1910),
  • Blalock, Alfred (1899–1964), surgeon,
  • Blindness, Assistive Technologies and
  • Boas, Franz (1858–1942), founder of modern American cultural anthropology.
  • Botanical Gardens
  • Botany
  • Bowditch, Nathaniel (1773–1838), astronomer and navigator.
  • BP Gulf Oil Spill
  • Bridgman, Percy (1882–1961), Harvard physicist, philosopher of science, and Nobel laureate.
  • Brin, Sergey
  • Brooklyn Bridge
  • Building Technology
  • Bureau of Standards, U.S.
  • Bush, Vannevar (1890–1974), inventor, engineer, wartime administrator.
  • C
  • Canals and Waterways
  • Cancer
  • Cannon, Walter Bradford (1871–1945), physiologist.
  • Cardiology
  • Carothers, Wallace Hume (1896–1937), chemist, inventor.
  • Carson, Rachel (1907–1964), nature writer, environmentalist.
  • Cartography
  • Carver, George Washington (1864 [?]–1943), botanist, agricultural chemist, was born in the southwestern Missouri farm community of Diamond Grove (now Diamond), near Joplin.
  • Cattell, James Mckeen (1860–1944), psychologist and editor.
  • Cellular Phones
  • Centers For Disease Control And Prevention
  • CGI (Computer-Generated Images)
  • Challenger Disaster
  • Chemistry
  • Childbirth
  • Cholera
  • Christian Science
  • Clocks and Clockmaking
  • Cloning
  • Colden, Cadwallader and Jane (1688–1776) and (1724–1760), respectively.
  • Colt, Samuel (1814–1862), firearms manufacturer.
  • Columbian Exchange
  • Compton, Arthur H. (1892–1962), physicist and Nobel laureate.
  • Compton, Karl Taylor (1887–1954), American scientist administrator and statesman.
  • Computer Science
  • Computerized Axial Tomography
  • Computers, Mainframe, Mini, and Micro
  • Conant, James B. (1893–1978), president of Harvard University, science administrator, diplomat.
  • Condon, Edward (1902–1974), theoretical physicist and research director.
  • Conservation Movement
  • Contraceptives
  • Cope, Edward Drinker (1840–1897), paleontologist, zoologist, and neo-Lamarckian evolutionary theorist.
  • Cori, Gerty and Carl (1896–1957) and (1896–1984),
  • Cotton Gin
  • Creationism
  • D
  • Dalton, John Call Jr. (1825–1889), pioneer physiologist, was born in Chelmsford, Massachusetts.
  • Dams and Hydraulic Engineering
  • Dana, James Dwight (1813–1895), geologist, mineralogist, zoologist.
  • Davenport, Charles Benedict (1866–1944), zoologist, geneticist, eugenicist, and science administrator.
  • DDT
  • Deafness
  • Death and Dying
  • Debakey, Michael (1908–2008), pioneer cardiovascular surgeon,
  • Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Oil Spill
  • Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
  • De Forest, Lee (1873–1961), engineer and inventor,
  • Delbrück, Max (1906–1981),
  • Demography
  • Dentistry
  • Diabetes
  • Dinosaurs
  • Diphtheria
  • Diplomacy (Post-1945), Science and Technology AND
  • Disabilities, Intellectual and Developmental
  • Disease
  • Disney, Walt
  • DNA Sequencing
  • Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1900–1975), geneticist and evolutionary biologist,
  • Drew, Charles Richard (1904–1950), pioneering blood plasma scientist, surgeon, teacher.
  • Dubos, René Jules (1901–1982), French-born American microbiologist, medical scientist, and environmentalist.
  • Du Pont, Pierre S. (1870–1954), chemist, business executive.
  • Dust Bowl
  • E
  • Eastman, George (1854–1932), inventor.
  • Ecology
  • Edison, Thomas (1847–1931), best known today as America’s greatest inventor.
  • Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), physicist and Nobel Prize laureate,
  • Electricity and Electrification
  • Electronic Communication Devices, Mobile
  • Elevator
  • Empire State Building
  • Engineering
  • ENIAC
  • Entomology
  • Environmentalism
  • Environmental Protection Agency
  • Epidemiology and Population Health
  • Epilepsy
  • Erie Canal
  • Ethics and Medicine
  • Ethics and Professionalism In Engineering
  • Eugenics
  • Evolution, Theory Of
  • Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
  • F
  • Farnsworth, Philo Taylor (1906–1971),
  • Fermi, Enrico (1901–1954), nuclear physicist, Nobel laureate, and inventor of nuclear power.
  • Feynman, Richard (1918–1988), theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate.
  • Film Technology
  • Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.
  • Fisheries and Fishing
  • Flexner Report
  • Food and Diet
  • Food Processing
  • Ford, Henry (1863–1947)
  • Foreign Relations
  • Forensic Pathology and Death Investigation
  • Forestry Technology and Lumbering
  • Forest Service, U.S.
  • Foundations and Health
  • 4-H Club Movement
  • Franklin, Benjamin
  • Fulton, Robert (1765–1815), builder of America’s first commercially successful steamboat, was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
  • G
  • Gates, William H. III
  • Gell-Mann, Murray (1929– ), physicist.
  • Gender and Science
  • Gender and Technology
  • Genetics and Genetic Engineering
  • Geography
  • Geological Surveys
  • Geology
  • Geophysics
  • Germ Theory of Disease
  • Gerontology
  • Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839–1903), foremost mathematical physicist in nineteenth-century America.
  • Global Warming
  • Goddard, Robert H. (1926–1945), physicist and rocket enthusiast.
  • Goodyear, Charles (1800–1860), the American inventor of vulcanization,
  • Gould, Stephen Jay (1941–2002), evolutionary biologist, historian of science, and science popularizer.
  • Graham, Sylvester (1794–1851), health reformer.
  • Gray, Asa (1810–1888), botanist.
  • Group Practice
  • Guyot, Arnold Henry (1807–1884), physical geographer and geologist.
  • H
  • Hale, George Ellery (1868–1938), astronomer and creator of scientific institutions.
  • Hall, G. Stanley (1844–1924), psychologist and educator.
  • Halsted, William (1852–1922), surgeon.
  • Health and Fitness
  • Health Insurance
  • Health Maintenance Organizations
  • Heating Technology
  • Henry, Joseph (1797–1878), physicist and first director of the Smithsonian Institution.
  • Hewlett, William
  • Higher Education and Science
  • High Schools, Science Education In
  • Highway System
  • History of Science Society
  • Hitchcock, Edward (1793–1864), geologist, pastor, educator, author, college president, was born in Deerfield, Massachusetts, and died in Amherst, Massachusetts.
  • HIV/AIDS
  • HMOs
  • Home Economics Movement
  • Hoover Dam
  • Hospitals
  • Household Technology
  • Hubble, Edwin Powell (1889–1953),
  • Hubble Space Telescope
  • Human Genome Project
  • Hutchinson, G. Evelyn (1903–1991), ecologist.
  • Hybrid Seeds
  • Hydroelectric Power
  • Hygiene, Personal
  • I
  • Illumination
  • Indian Health Service
  • Influenza
  • Instruments of Science
  • Integrated Circuit
  • Intelligence, Concepts of
  • Internal Combustion Engine
  • International Geophysical Year
  • Internet and World Wide Web
  • Iron and Steel Production and Products
  • J
  • Jacobi, Mary Putnam (1842–1906), physician, feminist.
  • Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), lawyer, politician, and naturalist.
  • Jobs, Steve
  • Jordan, David Starr (1851–1931), educator, naturalist, peace activist, and eugenicist.
  • Journals In Science, Medicine, and Engineering
  • Just, Ernest Everett (1883–1941) cell biologist and early African American pioneer in science.
  • K
  • Kármán, Theodore Von (1881–1963), aeronautical engineer and applied mathematician.
  • Keller, Helen (1880–1968) was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama.
  • Kilby, Jack
  • Killian, James Rhyne Jr. (1904–1988), science and education administrator,
  • King, Clarence Rivers (1842–1901), geologist, explorer, writer, and the first director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
  • Kinsey, Alfred (1894–1956), zoologist, sex researcher, reformer.
  • L
  • Ladd-Franklin, Christine (1847–1930), mathematician, psychologist, and logician.
  • Langmuir, Irving (1881–1957), industrial chemist, atmospheric scientist, Nobel laureate.
  • Latrobe, Benjamin (1764–1820), one of the earliest professional architects and engineers in the United States.
  • Law and Medicine
  • Law and Science
  • Lawrence, Ernest O. (1901–1958), physicist, Nobel laureate.
  • Lederberg, Joshua (1925–2008), Nobel laureate geneticist and microbiologist.
  • Lee, Tsung-Dao (Li Zhengdao in pinyin, 1926–), a leading theoretical physicist,
  • Leidy, Joseph (1823–1891), naturalist and polymath.
  • Leopold, Aldo (1887–1948), conservation scientist, writer, and philosopher.
  • Lewis and Clark Expedition
  • Life Expectancy
  • Lindbergh, Charles (1902–1974), aviator.
  • Linguistics
  • Literature and Science
  • Lowell Textile Mills
  • Lumbering
  • MACHINERY AND MANUFACTURING—ZWORYKIN, VLADIMIR KOSMA
  • M
  • Machinery and Manufacturing
  • Malaria
  • Manhattan Project
  • Margulis, Lynn (1938–2011), theoretical and experimental biologist
  • Maritime Transport
  • Marsh, Othniel Charles (1831–1899),
  • Mathematics and Statistics
  • Maury, Matthew Fontaine (1806–1873), naval oceanographer.
  • Mayer, Maria Goeppert (1906–1972), theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate.
  • Mayo Clinic
  • Mayr, Ernst (1905–2005), ornithologist and evolutionary biologist.
  • Mc Clintock, Barbara (1902–1992), biologist and Nobel laureate.
  • Mc Cormick, Cyrus Hall (1809–1884), inventor and manufacturer.
  • Mead, Margaret (1901–1978), anthropologist and social reformer.
  • Medical Education
  • Medical Malpractice
  • Medical Specialization
  • Medicare and Medicaid
  • Medicine
  • Medicine and Technology
  • Menard, Henry William (1920–1986),
  • Menninger, Karl and William (1893–1990) and (1899–1966), respectively, psychiatrists, founders of the Menninger Foundation.
  • Mental Health Institutions
  • Mental Illness
  • Mental Retardation
  • Meteorology and Climatology
  • Michelson, Albert Abraham (1852–1931), physicist and a master of precision optical measurement, was the first American to be awarded a Nobel Prize in the sciences (1907).
  • Microprocessor
  • Midwifery
  • Military, Science and Technology and The
  • Millikan, Robert A. (1868–1953), physicist and Nobel laureate.
  • Mining Technology
  • Missiles and Rockets
  • Missionaries and Science and Medicine
  • Mitchell, Maria (1818–1889), astronomer.
  • Molecular Biology
  • Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818–1881), anthropologist.
  • Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1866–1945), zoologist, embryologist, geneticist, and Nobel laureate; received the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1933.
  • Morrill Land Grant Act
  • Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791–1872), artist and inventor.
  • Motor Vehicles
  • Muir, John (1838–1914), naturalist and a founder of the environmental movement.
  • Muller, Hermann J. (1890–1967), geneticist and Nobel laureate.
  • Mulliken, Robert S. (1896–1986), chemist and Nobel laureate.
  • Mumford, Lewis (1895–1990), social philosopher, architectural critic, and moral reformer.
  • Museums of Science and Natural History
  • N
  • Nanotechnology
  • NASA
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  • National Bureau of Standards
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Laboratories
  • National Medical Association
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
  • National Park System
  • National Science Advisor Office
  • National Science Foundation
  • National Weather Service
  • Native American Healers
  • Newcomb, Simon (1835–1909), mathematical astronomer, political economist, science commentator.
  • Nobel Prize in Biomedical Research
  • Noyce, Robert
  • Noyes, Arthur Amos (1866–1936), physical chemist, educational reformer, textbook writer, academic administrator, institution builder.
  • Nuclear Power
  • Nuclear Regulatory Commission
  • Nuclear Weapons
  • Nursing
  • Nylon
  • O
  • Obesity
  • Occupational Diseases
  • Oceanography
  • Odum, Eugene and Howard (1913–2002) and (1924–2002), respectively, ecologists.
  • Office of Science and Technology Policy
  • Office of Scientific Research and Development
  • Office of Technology Assessment, Congressional
  • Office Technology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1904–1967), physicist.
  • Optometry
  • Organ Transplantation
  • Osler, William (1849–1919), physician and medical educator.
  • Owen, David Dale (1807–1860), geologist and surveyor.
  • P
  • Packard, David
  • Page, Larry
  • Paleontology
  • Panama Canal
  • Parapsychology
  • Park, Robert (1864–1944), sociologist.
  • Parsons, Talcott (1902–1979), sociologist.
  • Pauling, Linus (1901–1994), chemist, peace activist, and Nobel laureate.
  • Peale, Charles Willson (1741–1827), museologist, artist, artisan, and inventor.
  • Pearl, Raymond (1879–1940), biologist and statistician, influential also in agriculture.
  • Pediatrics
  • Penicillin
  • Pesticides
  • Petroleum and Petrochemicals
  • Pharmacology and Drug Therapy
  • Photocopying
  • Photography
  • Phrenology
  • Physics
  • Physiology
  • Pickering, Edward Charles (1846–1919), American physicist and astronomer.
  • Pincus, Gregory Goodwin (1903–1967), pioneer of the oral contraceptive.
  • Plastics
  • Plate Tectonics, Theory Of
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Popular Science Magazine
  • Popularization of Science
  • Postal Service, U.S.
  • Powell, John Wesley (1834–1902), geologist, anthropologist, director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
  • President’s Science Advisory Committee
  • Priestley, Joseph (1733–1804), natural philosopher, chemist.
  • Printing and Publishing
  • Pseudoscience and Quackery
  • Psychiatry
  • Psychological and Intelligence Testing
  • Psychology
  • Psychopharmaceutical Drugs
  • Psychotherapy
  • Public Health
  • Public Health Service, U.S.
  • Pure Food And Drug Act
  • Q
  • Quantum Theory
  • R
  • Rabies
  • Rabi, Isidor I. (1898–1988), physicist and Nobel laureate.
  • Race And Medicine
  • Race Theories, Scientific
  • Radio
  • Radiology
  • Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1783–1840), naturalist, ethnologist, and archaeologist, was born in Constantinople (Istanbul) and died in Philadelphia.
  • Railroads
  • Rand Corporation
  • Red Cross, American
  • Reed, Walter (1851–1902), physician and microbiologist, leader of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Board that established the mosquito vector of yellow fever.
  • Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
  • Religion And Science
  • Remsen, Ira (1846–1927), chemist.
  • Research And Development (R&D)
  • Research Laboratories, Industrial
  • Richards, Ellen Swallow (1842–1911), a prominent woman chemist of the nineteenth century, founder of home economics.
  • Rittenhouse, David (1732–1796), astronomer, mathematician, and instrument maker.
  • Rivers As Technological Systems
  • Roads And Turnpikes, Early
  • Robots
  • Rockefeller Institute, The
  • Roebling, Washington
  • Rogers, William Barton (1804–1882), nineteenth-century geologist, natural philosopher, and educational reformer, was best known as the conceptual founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
  • Rowland, Henry A. (1848–1901),
  • Rural Electrification Administration
  • Rush, Benjamin (1746–1813), physician, medical educator, signer of the Declaration of Independence.
  • S
  • Sabin, Florence Rena (1871–1953), American histologist, public servant, and woman pioneer in scientific teaching and research.
  • Sagan, Carl (1934–1996), astronomer, science popularizer.
  • Salk, Jonas (1914–1995), virologist and developer of the first successful polio vaccine.
  • Sanger, Margaret (1879–1966), birth control pioneer and sex reformer, founder of the international family-planning movement.
  • Satellites, Communications
  • Satellites, Global Positioning
  • Satellites, Reconnaissance
  • Say, Thomas (1787–1834), early naturalist, was born in Philadelphia and died in New Harmony, Indiana.
  • Science
  • Science Fiction
  • Science Journalism
  • Scientific Management
  • Scopes Trial
  • Scripps Institution of Oceanography
  • Seaborg, Glenn T. (1912–1999), nuclear chemist, discoverer of atomic elements, university administrator, and long-time government advisor.
  • Sewage Treatment and System
  • Sex and Sexuality
  • Sex Education
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • Shipbuilding
  • Shockley, William (1910–1989), inventor of the transistor.
  • Sickle-Cell Disease
  • Sierra Club
  • Silicon Valley
  • Silliman, Benjamin Sr. (1779–1864), educator, editor, scientist.
  • Simpson, George Gaylord (1902–1984), paleontologist.
  • Skinner, B. F. (1904–1990), behavioral psychologist.
  • Skyscrapers
  • Slater, Samuel (1768–1835),
  • Smallpox
  • Smithsonian Institution
  • Social Science Research Council
  • Social Sciences
  • Societies and Associations, Science
  • Society for the History of Technology
  • Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
  • Software
  • Solar Electricity
  • Solid-State Electronics
  • Sound Technology, Recorded
  • Space Program
  • Space Science
  • Spock, Benjamin
  • Springfield Armory
  • Stanley, Wendell Meredith (1904–1971), biochemist, virologist, science administrator, and Nobel laureate.
  • Steam Power
  • Steinmetz, Charles (1865–1923), electrical engineer.
  • Stem-Cell Research
  • Stevens, Nettie Maria (1861–1912), pioneer cytogeneticist,
  • Strategic Defense Initiative
  • Subways
  • Surgery
  • T
  • Tatum, Edward Lawrie
  • Taylor, Frederick W.
  • Technological Enthusiasm
  • Technology
  • Telegraph
  • Telephone
  • Television
  • Teller, Edward (1908–2003), theoretical physicist, coinventor of the U.S. hydrogen bomb.
  • Tennessee Valley Authority
  • Terman, Frederick E. (1900–1982), electrical engineer,
  • Tesla, Nikola (1856–1943), electrical engineer and inventor.
  • Three Mile Island Accident
  • Townes, Charles H. (1915– ),
  • Transistor
  • Trolley and Trams
  • Tuberculosis
  • Tuskegee Syphilis Study
  • Typhoid Fever
  • Typhus
  • U
  • Urban Mass Transit
  • Urey, Harold C. (1893–1981), chemist, Nobel laureate.
  • V
  • Van Allen, James A. (1914–2006), physicist and space and planetary scientist.
  • Venereal Disease
  • Venter, J. Craig (1946– ), pioneer of DNA sequencing strategies.
  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Von Braun, Wernher (1912–1977), rocket engineer.
  • Von Neumann, John (1903–1957), computer pioneer, mathematician, government consultant.
  • W
  • War and Medicine
  • Watson, James D. (1928– ), molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist.
  • Watson, Thomas Sr.
  • Welch, William H. (1850–1934), pathologist, bacteriologist,
  • Westinghouse, George (1846–1914), inventor, industrialist.
  • Whitney, Eli (1765–1825), inventor and arms manufacturer.
  • Wiener, Norbert (1894–1964), mathematician and computer theorist.
  • Wigner, Eugene (1902–1995), theoretical physicist, mathematician, engineer, and Nobel laureate.
  • Wilkes Expedition
  • Williams, Daniel Hale (1856–1931), surgical pioneer, medical educator, and hospital founder.
  • Wilson, Edmund Beecher (1856–1939), cell biologist
  • Wilson, Edward O. (1929– ), naturalist, evolutionary biologist, writer, and conservationist.
  • Wind Power
  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
  • World Health Organization
  • Wozniak, Stephen
  • Wright, Sewall (1889–1988), geneticist, evolutionary theorist.
  • Wright, Wilbur and Orville (1867–1912) and (1871–1948), respectively, inventors of the airplane.
  • Wu, Chien-Shiung (Wu Jianxiong in pinyin, 1912–1997), a prominent Chinese American physicist
  • X
  • Xerography
  • X-Ray Imaging
  • Y
  • Yang, Chen Ning (Yang Zhenning in pinyin, 1922– ), a prominent Chinese American physicist and one of the most influential theoretical physicists
  • Yellow Fever
  • Z
  • Zakrzewska, Marie (1829–1902), midwife, physician, founder of the New England Hospital for Women and Children.
  • Zoology
  • Zoos
  • Zuckerberg, Mark
  • Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma (1888–1982), one of the most important American inventors of electronic television, was born in Mourom, Russia.
  • Topical Outline of Entries, Vol. 2,
  • Directory of Contributors, Vol. 2,