Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology, Second Edition provides a comprehensive and concise reference on all aspects of gastroenterology and hepatology, including the organs in the gastrointestinal system, their functions in health and disease, and strategies or procedures to resolve or prevent problems and disease.

Table of Contents

• Editor in Chief
• Editorial Board
• Section Editors
• List of Contributors
• How to use the Encyclopedia
• Preface
• A
• Absorption and Secretion, General Symptoms, and Pharmacology - Richmond Sy and Melissa M Chan
• Achalasia - Guy E Boeckxstaens
• Acid Suppressive Therapy - Andy Liu, Bellal Jubran, Emeka K Enwere, Megan Hansen, Nicole E Burma, and Yasmin Nasser
• Aerophagia - Louis WC Liu and Colleen H Parker
• Aging - Makau Lee
• AIDS Cholangiopathy - Carl H Freyer and Philip I Craig
• AIDS-Related Gastrointestinal Cancers - Carl H Freyer and Philip I Craig
• Alcohol Metabolism - Arthur I Cederbaum
• Alcoholic Liver Disease, Management of - Meritxell Ventura-Cots, Vikrant Rachakonda, and Ramon Bataller
• Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (±1AT) Deficiency - Rishi D Naik and Michael K Porayko
• Amebiasis: E. histolytica - Kara Asbury, Roberto Patron, and Maria T Seville
• Amyloidosis - Rishi Sud and Gokulan Pavendranathan
• Anal Cancer - Brittany Dingley and Rebecca Auer
• Anorectal Function - Amol Sharma, Satish Rao, and J Harold Harrison
• Anorectal Manometry - S Mark Scott
• Anorectal Pain - Giuseppe Chiarioni and Anna Granato
• Antithrombotics and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy - Andrew Veitch
• Antroduodenojenunal Manometry - Carolina Malagelada
• Appendicitis - Mauro Podda, Nicola Cillara, and Salomone Di Saverio
• Appetite - Margo A Denke
• Ascites - John D Ryan and Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
• Aspirin and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) - Aitor Lanas-Gimeno and Angel Lanas
• Autonomic Nervous System - Jackie D Wood
• Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction and the Gastrointestinal Tract - Victor Chedid and Michael Camilleri
• B
• Barium Radiography - Stephen W Trenkner and David A Katzka
• Barostat Measurement and Other Tests of Gastrointestinal Sensitivity - Fernando Azpiroz
• Barrett's Esophagus - IJM Levink and MB Wallace
• Behcet's Disease - Kavya M Reddy and Christine Hachem
• Belching - Daniel C Buckles and Richard W McCallum
• Benign Biliary Strictures - Andrea Tringali and Theodor Voiosu
• Bile Acid Diarrhea - Sanjeev S Pattni and Julian RF Walters
• Bile Formation and Pathophysiology of Gallstones - David Q-H Wang, Piero Portincasa, and Helen H Wang
• Biliary Fistulas and Leaks - Jan-Erick Nilsson and Marco J Bruno
• Biliary System; Anatomy and Development - Hiroki Higashiyama and Yoshiakira Kanai
• Bleeding, Lower Gastrointestinal and Severe Hematochezia - Matthew S Mazurek and Steven J Heitman
• Bleeding, Mid-Gastrointestinal - George Ou, Carol E Semrad, and Robert Enns
• Bleeding, Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal; Risk Stratification and Endoscopy - Vikas Gupta, John Gerard Coneys, Heather Mary-Kathleen Kosick, and Christopher Teshima
• Bleeding, Upper Gastrointestinal; Clinical Management - Nicolas Chapelle and Marc Bardou
• Bleeding, Variceal - Ala I Sharara
• Bloating and Abdominal Distention - Lesley Anne Houghton and Alexander Charles Ford
• Boerhaave's Syndrome and Esophageal Perforations - Paul M Schneider, Stefan Seewald, Marc Schiesser, Stefan Gutknecht, and Peter Bauerfeind
• Brain-Gut Axis - Nathalie Weltens, Boushra Dalile, and Lukas Van Oudenhove
• Breath Tests - Alan F Hofmann
• C
• C. difficile Infection and Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea - Srishti Saha and Sahil Khanna
• Calcium, Magnesium, and Vitamin D Absorption; Metabolim and Deficiency - Roberto Civitelli, Konstantinos Ziambaras, and Wendy E Ward
• Campylobacter - Yao-Wen Cheng and Monika Fischer
• Capsule Endoscopy - Cristiano Spada and Stefania Piccirelli
• Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption, and Malabsorption - Barbara AE de Koning, Eric Sibley, and Edmond HHM Rings
• Celiac Disease - Carlo Catassi and Elena Lionetti
• Celiac Disease; Pediatric - Tracy R Ediger and Ivor D Hill
• Centrally Mediated Abdominal Pain Syndrome - Stacy S Tse and Laurie Keefer
• Chagas’ Disease - Jackie D Wood
• Cholangiocarcinoma - Saumya Jayakumar and Mary Lee Krinsky
• Cholecystectomy - Wei Chieh Alfred Kow
• Cholera and Noncholera Vibrios - Ahmad Al-Taee, Jennifer Ray, and Christine Hachem
• Cholestatic Diseases, Chronic - Simon Hohenester and Gerald Denk
• Cholesterol Absorption - Higgins V and Adeli K
• Cirrhosis; Acute Kidney Injury - Florence Wong
• Cirrhosis; Management of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Other Infections - Maria Herndndez-Tejero, Adria Carpio, and Javier Fernandez
• Colitis, Non IBD - Deepa T Patil and Robert D Odze
• Colitis, Ulcerative - Scott D Lee and Kindra D Clark-Snustad
• Colitis, Ulcerative (Pediatric) - Samuel Bitton and James F Markowitz
• Colon and Rectum; Anatomy and Development - Kevin M Waters, Stacey A Kim, and Maha Guindi
• Colonic Fluid and Electrolytes Absorption and Secretion - Mrinalini C Rao
• Colonic Ischemia - Paul Feuerstadt and Lawrence J Brandt
• Colonic Manometry - Phil G Dinning and Greg O'Grady
• Colonic Motility - David Gunn and Maura Corsetti
• Colonic Obstruction - Lisa Zhang and Sunil V Patel
• Colonic Transit - Victor Chedid and Michael Camilleri
• Colonoscopy - Cesare Hassan and Leonardo Frazzoni
• Colorectal Cancer - Jehovan Fairclough and Catherine Dube
• Colorectal Cancer Screening - Catherine Dube and Linda Rabeneck
• Colorectal Polyps - James Quinlan and Catherine Dube
• Colostomy - Parul J Shukla and Fabrizio Michelassi
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine - Irene XY Wu, Vincent CH Chung, and Justin CY Wu
• Computed Tomography (CT) - Patrick J Navin, Christopher L Welle, Michael L Wells, and Sudhakar K Venkatesh
• Connective Tissue Disorders, Gastrointestinal Tract Manifestations of - May YW Wong and Emad El-Omar
• Constipation - Arnold Wald
• Crohn's Disease - Nina A Saxena and Scott D Lee
• Crohn's Disease, Pediatric - Daniela Migliarese Isaac and Eytan Wine
• Crohn's Disease, Pediatric, Management of - Daniela Migliarese Isaac and Eytan Wine
• Cystic Fibrosis—Liver - Simon C Ling
• Cystic Fibrosis—Pancreas and Intestine - Chee Y Ooi and Harveen Singh
• Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas - Philippe Levy and Vinciane Rebours
• Cytochrome P450 - Abdelbaset A Elzagallaai and Michael J Rieder
• Cytomegalovirus - Elizabeth R Duke, Michael Boeckh, and Adam P Geballe
• D
• Defecation; Normal Physiology and Defecatory Disorders - Giuseppe Chiarioni and Francesca Carestiato
• Diabetes and the Gastrointestinal Tract - Chinmay S Marathe, Christopher K Rayner, Tongzhi Wu, Karen L Jones, and Michael Horowitz
• Diarrhea; Anti-Diarrheal Drugs - Matthew Woo and Seth Shaffer
• Diarrhea; Overview - Lawrence R Schiller
• Diet and Environment in Colorectal Cancer Development, Roles of - Alberto Martin and Bhupesh Kumar Thakur
• Diet and the Gut Microbiome in Early Life - Purnika Damindi Ranasinghe and Thomas Abrahamsson
• Dietary Emulsifiers and their Effects on the Gut Microbiome: Insights from Pre-Clinical Studies - Sabrina Ayoub-Charette, Lorena Lopez-Dominguez, Tauseef A Khan, John L Sievenpiper, and Elena M Comelli
• Diverticulosis and Diverticular Disease of the Colon - Stephanie D Pointer and Sheryl A Pfeil
• Dumping Syndrome - Marco Bustamante-Bernal, Patrick Berg, and Richard W McCallum
• Duodenal Atresia - Philip M Sherman
• Duodenal Obstruction - Jeffrey D Mosko and Gyanprakash A Ketwaroo
• Duodenal Ulcer - Ramandeep Mangat and David Armstrong
• Duodenitis - Catherine Dube
• Duodenum Anatomy and Small Intestinal Development - Catherine Dube
• Dyspepsia, Functional (Non-Ulcer) - Henry P Parkman
• E
• Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome - Mohsin F Butt and Qasim Aziz
• Electric Activity and Neuronal Components in the Gut Wall - Zhiling Li, Candice Fung, and Pieter Vanden Berghe
• Electrogastrography - Kenneth L Koch
• Endocannabinoid System - Aleksandra Tarasiuk, Maciej Salaga, and Jakub Fichna
• Endoscopic Imaging Enhancement Techniques - Steven Jakob de Jongh, Mariel Maria Helena Borgerink, and Wouter Bastiaan Nagengast
• Endoscopic Resection Techniques - Michael X Ma and Michael J Bourke
• Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) - Rachel Heise-Ginsburg and Horst Neuhaus
• Endoscopic Staging and Treatment of Ampullary Tumors - Sara de Campos and Jan-Werner Poley
• Endoscopic Ultrasonography - Sundeep Lakhtakia and Shyam Vardarajulu
• Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) - Gregg Nelson and Olle Ljungqvist
• Enteral Nutrition - Vi Goh and Diane Barsky
• Enteric Dysfunction, Environmental - Jacqueline M Lauer and Christopher P Duggan
• Enteric Nervous System - Jackie D Wood
• Enterochromaffin-Like (ECL) Cells - Helge L Waldum and Reidar Fossmark
• Enterocolitis, Necrotizing - Simon Eaton and Nigel J Hall
• Eosinophilic Enteritis and Colitis - Prianka Chilukuri and Christine Hachem
• Eosinophilic Esophagitis - David A Katzka
• Epithelial Barrier Function - Nan Wu, Howard Chi Ho Yim, Michael Grimm, and Emad El-Omar
• Epithelium; Repair of - Magdalena EM Oremek, Jennifer A Cartwright, and Adriano G Rossi
• Esophageal Cancer - Wayne L Hofstetter
• Esophageal Cancer Surgery - Simon Law
• Esophageal Cancer Surveillance and Screening: Barrett's Esophagus and GERD - Marco G Patti, Marco Di Corpo, and Francisco Schlottmann
• Esophageal Disorders, Functional - Ronnie Fass
• Esophageal Manometry - Dustin A Carlson and John E Pandolfino
• Esophageal Motor Disorders - Frank Zerbib and Sabine Roman
• Esophageal pH and Impedance Testing - Sandra-Maria Capraru and Radu Tutuian
• Esophageal Strictures - Joseph R Triggs and John E Pandolfino
• Esophageal Trauma - Iain Thomson
• Esophageal Ulcers - Adam J Frankel and B Mark Smithers
• Esophagus; Anatomy and Development - George SW Tsao
• F
• Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) - Monique E van Leerdam
• Fat Digestion, Absorption, and Malabsorption - Barbara Bielawska and Nicha Somlaw
• Fecal Incontinence - William E Whitehead
• Fecal Microbiota Transplant - Dina Kao and Christina Surawicz
• Fistula - Emily Huang and Neil Hyman
• Food Allergy - M Cecilia Berin and Leticia Tordesillas
• Food Allergy—Clinical Perspectives - Victoria Mackenzie Martin
• Food Intolerance and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity - Victoria Mackenzie Martin
• Food Poisoning Due to Ex Vivo Toxins - Christopher J Gill and Davidson H Hamer
• Food Safety and Preservation - Ronit Mandal, Yuan Shi, Anika Singh, Rickey Y Yada, and Anubhav Pratap Singh
• Foreign Bodies - Hussam Alamri and Lorenzo Ferri
• Fructose Intolerance, Hereditary - Geraldine Van Winckel, Andrea Superti-Furga, and Christel Tran
• Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Neonates and Toddlers - Judith Zeevenhooven, Maartje MJ Singendonk, Ilan JN Koppen, and Marc A Benninga
• Fungal (Mycotic) Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract - Vinod Kumar and Monika Fischer
• G
• Gallbladder Cancer - Charles W Kimbrough, Jordan M Cloyd, and Timothy M Pawlik
• Gallbladder; Pediatric - Christophe Chardot
• Gallstones - AY Teoh
• Gastrectomy (for Cancer) - Koichi Suda and Yuko Kitagawa
• Gastric Cancer; Epidemiology and Diagnosis - Jan Bornschein, Michael Quante, and Matteo Fassan
• Gastric Cancer; Prevention and Treatment - Marcis Leja, Nicolas Chapelle, Ilze Kikuste, Evgeny Fedorov, Armands Sivins, Fatima Carneiro, and Tamara Matysiak-Budnik
• Gastric Cancer; Surveillance - Gianluca Esposito, Pedro Pimentel-Nunes, and Mario Dinis-Ribeiro
• Gastric Infection (Non-H. pylori) - Allison Moore Liddell
• Gastric Microbiome - Wang Zikai and Yang Yunsheng
• Gastric Motility - Henry P Parkman, Perry Orthey, and Alan H Maurer
• Gastric Outlet Obstruction - Richard H Turnage, Lester W Johnson, and Quyen M Chu
• Gastric Polyps - Steffen Muehldorfer, Christian Ell, and Manfred Stolte
• Gastric Premalignant Lesions - Stella AV Nieuwenburg, Michiel C Mommersteeg, Manon CW Spaander, and Ernst J Kuipers
• Gastric Volvulus - Philip M Sherman
• Gastrinoma - Paul N Maton
• Gastritis, Erosive and Hemorrhagic (Gastropathy) - Rajeev Jain
• Gastroduodenal Surgery for Benign Disease - Jennifer Keller, Kena Vyas, Ashley Lee, Jason Keune, Eddy Hsueh, and Kevin Behrns
• Gastroenteritis, Viral - Robert Orenstein
• Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms - Joanna Gotfrit and Timothy Asmis
• Gastroenterostomy, Pyloroplasty, and Gastrostomy - Young-Woo Kim and Won Ho Han
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - Kenneth K Wang and Juan Reyes Genere
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in Children - Maartje MJ Singendonk, Rachel R Rosen, and Merit M Tabbers
• Gastrointestinal Motility; General Principles - Nikrad Shahnavaz, Chelsea A Wiltjer, Thuy-Van Pham Hang, and Shanthi Srinivasan
• Gastrointestinal Sensation; General Principles - Stuart M Brierley, David Grundy, and Luke Grundy
• Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors - JH Chan and AY Teoh
• Gastroparesis - Asad Jehangir and Henry P Parkman
• Genetic Counseling and Testing - Eric Rosenthal
• Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Other Intestinal Protozoa - Luther A Bartelt and Michael K Dougherty
• Glycogen Storage Liver Diseases - David A Weinstein and Terry GJ Derks
• Growth Factors, Gastrointestinal - Heather F Sinner and B Mark Evers
• Gut Microbiome - Francisco Guarner and Claudia Herrera de Guise
• H
• Halitosis - Jacob Charette and Yasmin Nasser
• Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes - Catherine Dube
• Helicobacter pylori - Francis Megraud and Philippe Lehours
• Helicobacter pylori Infection - Akriti Prashar, Alan Lozano-Ruf, and Nicola L Jones
• Helminthic Infections - Sonmoon Mohapatra and Capecomorin S Pitchumoni
• Hemochromatosis - Claus Niederau
• Henoch-Schonlein Purpura and Other Vasculitides - Mehul P Jariwala and Ronald M Laxer
• Hepatic Circulation - Thomas Greuter and Vijay H Shah
• Hepatic Encephalopathy - Navid Hejazifar and Jasmohan S Bajaj
• Hepatic Fibrogenesis - Ralf Weiskirchen and Frank Tacke
• Hepatic Granulomas - Stacey R Vlahakis
• Hepatic Resections - Albert Chan
• Hepatitis A - Patrick Behrendt
• Hepatitis B and C in Children - Mona Abdel-Hady and Deidre A Kelly
• Hepatitis B, New Antiviral Targets - MG Martinez, B Testoni, and F Zoulim
• Hepatitis C - Peter Ferenci
• Hepatitis D - Heiner Wedemeyer and Martin Trippler
• Hepatoblastoma - Michael Berger and Dietrich von Schweinitz
• Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Alvaro Diaz-Gonzalez, Alejandro Forner, Maria Reig, and Jordi Bruix
• Hepatocytes and Bile Formation - Sanjeev Gupta and David Q-H Wang
• Hepatorenal Syndrome - Pere Gines and Xavier Ariza
• Hepatotoxicity; Drug-Induced Liver Injury - Hans L Tillmann
• Hepatotoxins - Anup Ramachandran and Hartmut Jaeschke
• Hiatal Hernias - Barbara Seeliger, Manuel Barberio, and Bernard Dallemagne
• Hirschsprung's Disease - Philip M Sherman
• Hyperthyroidism - Linda Zhang and John Freiman
• Hypertrophic Gastropathy (Menetrier Disease) - Howard HW Leung and Anthony WH Chan
• I
• IgG4 Disease - Judy Di Chiou and Philip I Craig
• Ileoanal Pouch - David M Schwartzberg and Feza H Remzi
• Ileus - Reilly P Musselman
• Immunodeficiency - Fiona Clegg
• Immunosuppressants - Lacey DeVreese, Cynthia Tsien, and Sanjay K Murthy
• Interstitial Cells of Cajal - Cameron Iain Wells and Greg O'Grady
• Intestinal Ischemia and Infarction - Ludovica Baldari, Matteo Di Giuseppe, Massimiliano Della Porta, Luigi Boni, and Elisa Cassinotti
• Intestinal Pseudoobstruction - Greger Lindberg
• Intussusception in Children - Till-Martin Theilen and Udo Rolle
• Iron; Intestinal Absorption - Gregory J Anderson, Yan Lu, David M Frazer, and James F Collins
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Imran Aziz and Magnus Simren
• L
• Laparoscopy - Davide Lomanto, Hrishikesh P Salgaonkar, and Sujith Wijerathne
• Laxatives and Other Drugs for Constipation - Stephanie D Canning
• Listeriosis - Abbas H Rupawala
• Liver Abscess - Natalie J Torok and Gregory J Gores
• Liver Biopsy - Somaya Albhaisi and Arun J Sanyal
• Liver Cysts - Stanley Martin Cohen and Phillip Y Chung
• Liver Disease Associated with Non-Hepatitis Viruses - Ulrich Spengler
• Liver Disease in Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency - Zoya Awan and Alice Turner
• Liver Disease, Autoimmune - Lisa Schulz and Ansgar W Lohse
• Liver Disease, Metabolic - Niviann M Blondet and Karen F Murray
• Liver Disease, Nonalcoholic Fatty - Monika Rau and Andreas Geier
• Liver Disease, Pregnancy and - J Eileen Hay
• Liver Disease; Hemostasis and Coagulation Disorders - Emmanuelle de Raucourt, Dominique Valla, and Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
• Liver Diseases, Noninvasive Diagnosis and Staging of - Laurent Castera
• Liver Failure, Acute-on-Chronic - Vicente Arroyo, Joan Claria, and Jonel Trebicka
• Liver Failure, Pediatric - Vikram K Raghu and Robert H Squires
• Liver Transplantation, Longterm Management After - James Neuberger
• Liver Tumors, Benign - Massimo Colombo and Ana Lleo
• Lupus Erythematosus - PM van Hagen, WA Dik, and K van Bilsen
• Lymph, Lymphatics, and Lymph Flow - Patrick Tso and Chih-Wei Ko
• Lymphoma, Primary Extranodal of Gastrointestinal Tract - Stefan J Urbanski
• Lynch Syndrome - Vanessa N Palter
• M
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Thierry Metens, Martina Pezzullo, Emmanuel Coppens, Julie Absil, and Kenneth Coenegrachts
• Malrotation - Jesse D Vrecenak and Matthew T Grant
• Mast Cells - Jean S Marshall, Liliana Portales-Cervantes, and Bassel Dawod
• Mastocytosis, Gastrointestinal Manifestations of - Paul Lochhead
• Meckel's Diverticulum - Luis I Ruffolo and Derek S Wakeman
• Megacolon, Toxic - Joshua Nero and Laura Ellyn Targownik
• Menetrier's Disease - J Steven Burdick, Stephen H Settle, and Robert J Coffey
• Mesenteric Vascular Disease - Louisa JD van Dijk and Hence JM Verhagen
• Microscopic Colitis, Collagenous and Lymphocytic - Amrit K Kamboj and Darrell S Pardi
• Minimally Invasive Surgery - Chinnusamy Palanivelu
• Mucosal Immunology; Immunoglobulins, Lymphocytes and TH1, TH2 Responses - Karen Bensted and Michael Grimm
• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) - Wouter W de Herder
• N
• Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery - Abraham Mathew, Jennifer Maranki, and Carl Manzo
• Nausea and Vomiting Disorders - Hans Tornblom
• Neonatal Acute Liver Failure, Including Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease - Sarah A Taylor
• Neonatal Cholestasis and Biliary Atresia - Julia M Boster and Cara L Mack
• Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction - Augusto Zani and Louise Montalva
• Neurohumoral Control of Gut Motility and Secretions - John R Grider, Charles D Anderson Jr., and Karnam S Murthy
• Neurohumoral Control of Gut Mucosal Defense - Antonio Di Sabatino, Marco Vincenzo Lenti, and Gino Roberto Corazza
• Neuroimmune Signaling in the Gastrointestinal Tract - Stephen Vanner, Alan Lomax, and Nestor N Jimenez-Vargas
• Non-Nutritive Sweeteners and their Effects on Human Health and the Gut Microbiome - Tauseef A Khan, Sabrina Ayoub-Charette, John L Sievenpiper, and Elena M Comelli
• Nuclear Medicine Imaging - Fabrice Hubele, Cyrille Blondet, and Alessio Imperiale
• Nutrient Transport, Regulation of - Jane PF Bai, Abra Guo, and Ellen Guo
• Nutrition in Aging - Guylaine Ferland
• Nutritional Assessment in Adults - Maria Rubino, Jennifer Jin, and Leah Gramlich
• O
• Obesity and Bariatric Surgery - Chih-Kun Huang, Chia-Chia Liu, Man-Pan Chan, Haider Abdalah, and Mirza Arshad Beg
• Obesity, Pediatric - Stavra A Xanthakos
• Obesity, Treatment of - Shirin Panahi, Vicky Drapeau, Raphaelle Jacob, and Angelo Tremblay
• Oropharinx Anatomy and Physiology of Swallowing - Nikie HY Sun and Raymond KY Tsang
• Oropharyngeal Dysphagia - Miguel Martinez-Guillen, Silvia Carrion-Bolorino, Mireia Bolivar-Prados, Viridiana Arreola, Alicia Costa, and Pere Clave
• P
• Pancreas Transplantation - Peter J Friend
• Pancreas; Anatomy and Development - Shelat Vishal G and Kapoor Vinay K
• Pancreas; Endocrine Tumors - Louis de Mestier, Olivia Hentic, and Philippe Ruszniewski
• Pancreatic Bicarbonate Secretion - Hiroshi Ishiguro, Akiko Yamamoto, and Martin C Steward
• Pancreatic Cancer; Biomolecular and Genetic Aspects - Jin Woo Yoo and James J Farrell
• Pancreatic Disease, Pediatric - Michael J Coffey and Chee Y Ooi
• Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarinoma - Norbert Huser, Volker Affialg, Daniel Hartmann, and Helmut Friess
• Pancreatic Ductal Cell Function - Jozsef Maleth and Peter Hegyi
• Pancreatic Insufficiency, Exocrine - J Enrique Domtnguez-Munoz
• Pancreatitis, Acute - Ali Aghdassi and Markus M Lerch
• Pancreatitis, Autoimmune - Kristopher Philogene, Omer Basar, and William R Brugge
• Pancreatitis, Chronic - Julia Mayerle and Andreas Linder
• Pancreatitis, Pediatric - Mordechai Slae and Michael Wilschanski
• Paraneoplastic Syndrome - Francesco Ursini, Giacomo Caio, Umberto Volta, Roberto Manfredini, and Roberto De Giorgio
• Parasitic Diseases; Overview - Rodney D Adam
• Parenteral Nutrition - Marialena Mouzaki and Joan Brennan
• Pediatric Diarrheal Disorders - Eileen Crowley and Aleixo M Muise
• Pediatric Lymphatic Development and Intestinal Lymphangiectasia - Pierre-Yves von der Weid and Andrew S Day
• Pediatric Primary and Secondary Hyperlipidemias - Emile Levy, Valerie Marcil, and Edgard Delvin
• Pediatric Vascular Abnormalities - Henry Shiau and Ryan Himes
• Peptic and Marginal Ulcer Disease - C Mel Wilcox
• Percutaneous Drainage - Wan Hang Keith Chiu, Donald Man Lap Tse, and Vivek Shrivastava
• Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) - Aysegul Aksan, Karima Farrag, Yogesh M Shastri, and Jurgen Stein
• Peritoneum; Anatomy and Development - Michele I Slogoff and B Mark Evers
• Pernicious Anemia - Eberhard Lurz
• Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders - Nicholas D Demers and Peter K Kim
• Porphyria - Joseph R Bloomer
• Portal Hypertension and Esophageal Varices - Tilman Sauerbruch
• Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gut Epithelium Homeostasis by RNA-Binding Proteins and Long Noncoding RNAs - Xiaoxue Li, Jaladanki N Rao, and Jian-Ying Wang
• Pouchitis - Bo Shen
• Prader-Willi Syndrome - Linda Zhang and Lennart Choo
• Prebiotics and Human Milk Oligosaccharides - Richard Y Wu, Kathene C Johnson-Henry, and Philip M Sherman
• Pregnancy and Gastrointestinal Disease - Rene Davila and Claudio R Tombazzi
• Probiotic Use - Natalie Ramsy and Sonia Michail
• Proctitis, Infectious - C Mel Wilcox
• Proliferation in the Gastrointestinal Epithelium - Sepideh Fallah, Blanche Senicourt, and Jean-Francois Beaulieu
• Protein Digestion and Absorption - Donald Duerksen
• Psychiatric Issues; Overview - Gus Q Zhang and Carol S North
• Psychological Treatments for Gastrointestinal Diseases - Olafur S Palsson, Sarah Kinsinger, and Laurie Keefer
• Pyloric Stenosis - Arun Kelay and Nigel J Hall
• Pylorus; Anatomy and Development Anomalies - Yousef El-Gohary and Andrew J Murphy
• R
• Radiology, Interventional - Adriaan Moelker and Wouter Dinkelaar
• Rumination Syndrome - Magnus Halland
• S
• Salivary Glands; Anatomy and Histology - Chan Yu Wai Jimmy
• Salivary Glands; Physiology - James E Melvin and David J Culp
• Salmonellosis - Neema Mafi and Robert Orenstein
• Sclerosing Cholangitis - EJCA Kamp, AC de Vries, and Marco J Bruno
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Peter V Chin-Hong and Robert L Owen
• Shiga toxin E. coli - Lori R Holtz, Silviu Grisaru, and Phillip I Tarr
• Shigella - Kara Asbury, Maria T Seville, and Conor Moran
• Short Bowel Syndrome - Jennifer Jin and Leah Gramlich
• Short Bowel Syndrome and Intestine Transplantation, Pediatric - PW Wales and Y Avitzur
• Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth - Imran Aziz and Magnus Simren
• Small Intestinal Motility - Allen A Lee and William L Hasler
• Small Intestine, Benign and Malignant Neoplasms of the - ThucNhi T Dang and Clarence K Wong
• Small Intestine, Absorption and Secretion - Marshall H Montrose
• Small intestine; Anatomy - Gaelle Boudry, Ping-Chang Yang, and Mary H Perdue
• Small Intestine; Development - Deborah C Rubin
• Smoking, Implications of - Farin Kamangar and Farhad Islami
• Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction - Jong Jin Hyun and Richard A Kozarek
• Splenectomy - Russell J Nauta
• Stomach, Adenomas and Carcinomas of the - Gordon D Luk
• Stomach; Anatomy - Daniel R Clayburgh and Jerrold R Turner
• Stress Ulceration - Rajeev Jain and Abrar Ahmed
• Submucosal Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract - Thomas Savides and Paul Kefalides
• Surgery for Benign Esophageal Disorders - Caitlin J Burke and Mark K Ferguson
• Surgery for Biliary Cancer - Andre Gorgen, Christopher Griffiths, Phillipe Abreu, Robin Visser, and Gonzalo Sapisochin
• Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease - Luigi Bonavina
• Surgery for Necrotizing Pancreatitis - Corinna GV Slawinski, Joe Geraghty, Rafik Filobbos, and Derek A O'Reilly
• Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer - Ryan D Baron, Andrea RG Sheel, Jorg Kleeff, Markus W Buchler, and John P Neoptolemos
• Surgery in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Eren Esen, Hasan T Kirat, and Feza H Remzi
• Surgical Aspects of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children - David E Wesson, Monica E Lopez, and Adam M Vogel
• Swallowing - A Sasegbon, E Michou, and S Hamdy
• T
• Taste and Smell - Andrew I Spielman and Fritz W Lischka
• Tracheal Esophageal Fistula - Colin A Martin
• Transplantation Immunology - Lan Gong and Amany Zekry
• Travelers’ Diarrhea - Bradley A Connor
• Tropical Sprue - Rory K Thompson and Nadia P Williams
• Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Infections of the Abdomen - Vishal Sharma, Uma Debi, Harshal S Mandavdhare, and Kaushal K Prasad
• U
• Ultrasonography in Gastroenterology - Svein 0degaard
• V
• Vagus Nerve - Cecilia Bove and R Alberto Travagli
• Vascular Abnormalities - Jeroen J Kolkman and RJM Ader
• Vascular Diseases of the Liver - Moira B Hilscher and Patrick S Kamath
• Vasculitis, Gastrointestinal Manifestations of - May YW Wong and Emad El-Omar
• Virtual Colonoscopy - Davide Bellini, Marta Zerunian, Damiano Caruso, and Andrea Laghi
• Visceral Transplantation - Gustaf Herlenius, Mihai Oltean, and Jonas Varkey
• Vitamin A - Philip M Sherman
• Vitamin B12; Absorption, Metabolism, and Deficiency - Eberhard Lurz
• Vitamin E - Anat Guz-Mark and Raanan Shamir
• W
• Webs - Steven L Due and David I Watson
• Wilson Disease - Peter Ferenci
• Y
• Yersinia enterocolitica - Elizabeth Marsicano, Bhairvi Jani, Mey Narayanan, and David Westrich
• Z
• Zenker's Diverticulum - Alfonso Lapergola and Silvana Perretta