Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Fourth Edition gathers both basic and applied dimensions in this dynamic field that includes virtually all environments on Earth.

Table of Contents

• Editor-in-Chief
• Editorial Board
• Preface
• Introduction: Microbial Diversity
• Introduction: Physiology and Genomics
• Introduction: Ecology and Evolution
• Introduction: Pathogenesis and Immunology
• Introduction: Technological Advances and Applied Microbiology
• Permission Acknowledgement
• Historical
• AIDS, Historical
• Cholera, Historical
• Historical Plague
• Historical Smallpox
• History of Microbiology
• History of Virology
• Methods, Philosophy of
• Spontaneous Generation
• Syphilis, Historical
• Typhoid, Historical
• Typhus Fevers and Other Rickettsial Diseases, Historical
• Microbial Diversity
• Acidobacteria
• Amitochondriate Protists (Diplomonads, Parabasalids and Oxymonads)
• Amoebozoa
• Aquificae
• Archaea – An Introduction
• Aspergillus: A Multifaceted Genus
• Bacillus Thuringiensis: Mechanisms and Use
• Bacteriophage: Overview
• Brochothrix thermosphacta
• Caulobacter
• Chlamydia
• Chloroflexi
• Clostridia
• Cyanobacteria
• Dictyostelium
• Dinoflagellates
• Escherichia coli
• Green Algae: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta
• Haemophilus Influenzae
• Halophilic Archaea
• Helicobacter pylori
• Legionella and Bartonella
• Leishmania
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Mollicutes
• Nanoarchaeota
• Phylum Verrucomicrobia
• Picoeukaryotes
• Planctomycetes
• Plant Pathogens, Minor (Phytoplasmas)
• Protozoa
• Rhizobia
• Spirochetes
• Staphylococcus
• Streptococcus Pneumoniae Evolving – Impact of Antibiotics and Vaccines
• Streptomyces
• Trypanosomes
• Viroids/Virusoids
• Physiology and Genomics
• Archaellum
• Autotrophic CO2 Metabolism
• Bacterial and Archaeal Cell Membranes
• Bacterial and Archaeal Cell Structure
• Bacterial Bioluminescence
• Bacterial Cell Cycles and Division
• Bacterial Chemotaxis: Conservation and Variation on a Theme
• Bacterial Development
• Bacterial Flagella
• Bioluminescence in Eukaryotic Microbes
• Chromosome Replication and Segregation
• Circadian Rhythmicity in Prokaryotes
• Conjugation, Bacterial
• CRISPR–Cas9
• Crystalline Cell Surface Layers (S-Layers)
• Energy Transduction Processes
• Fundamentals of Metabolic Systems Biology
• Gene Transfer Agents
• Genetically Modified Organisms: Guidelines and Regulations for Research
• Glycogen Biosynthesis
• Horizontal Gene Transfer: Uptake of Extracellular DNA by Bacteria
• Intracellular Structures of Prokaryotes: Inclusions, Compartments and Assemblages
• Iron Metabolism
• Lipid Biosynthesis
• Magnetotaxis
• Methanogenesis
• Methylation and other Modifications of Nucleic Acids and Proteins
• Microbial Solute Transporters
• Nitrogen Assimilation in Bacteria
• No Bones About It: The Bacterial Cytoskeleton
• Nonflagellar Bacterial Motility
• Outer Membrane, Gram-Negative Bacteria
• Peptidoglycan (Murein)
• Phototaxis in Archaea and Bacteria
• Phototrophy and Phototrophs
• Pili, Fimbriae
• Posttranscriptional Regulation
• Regulation of Carbon Assimilation in Bacteria
• Regulation of Replication Origin Firing
• Regulatory RNAs
• Restriction-Modification Systems
• RNA Processing
• Sensory Transduction in Bacteria
• Single-Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy
• Stress, Bacterial: General and Specific
• Stress Responses: Heat
• Swimming and Swarming Motility
• The Bacterial Glycome: From Monomers to Complex Carbohydrate Polymers
• The Social Evolution of Bacterial Quorum Sensing
• Transcription Regulation in Bacteria
• Transduction: The Transfer of Host DNA by Bacteriophages
• Translational Control and Fidelity
• Ecology and Evolution
• Adaptations of Microorganisms to Low Nutrient Environments: Managing Life in the Oligotrophic Ocean
• Adaptive Radiation in Microbes
• Algal Blooms
• Bacteriophage Ecology
• Ecology of Rare Microorganisms
• Ecology, Microbial
• Endophytic Microbes
• Evolutionary Theory and Experiments With Microorganisms
• Extremophiles and Acidic Environments
• Extremophiles: Cold Environments
• Extremophiles: Dry Environments (Including Cryptoendoliths)
• Extremophiles: Hot Environments
• Extremophiles: Hypersaline Environments
• Freshwater Habitats
• Genomes From Uncultivated Microorganisms
• Intracellular Symbionts and Parasites
• Marine Deep Biosphere
• Microbial Biofilms
• Microbial Cycling of Methane
• Microbial Ecology of the Rumen
• Microbial Mats: Impact on Geology
• Mixotrophy Among Freshwater and Marine Protists
• Models in Microbial Ecology
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Origin of Life, Theories of
• Overview of Plant Diseases
• Palaeontology, Microbial
• Paramecium Molecular Evolution
• Phosphorus Dynamics in the Environment
• Plastics: Colonization and Degradation
• Quorum-Sensing in Bacteria
• Rhizosphere
• Secondary and Tertiary Endosymbiosis
• Sediment Habitats, Including Watery
• The Evolutionary Ecology of Microbes
• Virus Evolution
• Pathogenesis and Immunology
• Adhesins During Infection
• Airborne Infectious Microorganisms
• Antibiotic Resistance
• Antifungal Agents
• Antigenic Variation in Bacterial Pathogens
• Antiviral Agents
• Arboviruses
• Bacterial Iron Acquisition Strategies
• Biofilms and Disease: A Persistent Threat
• Capsules and Secreted Extracellular Polysaccharides
• Chlamydophila pneumoniae, A Pathogen Causing More Than Pneumonia
• Commensal to Pathogen Transition of Candida albicans
• Complement
• Cutaneous Fungal Infections
• Diagnostic Microbiology
• Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases
• Entamoeba Histolytica: Biology and Host Immunity
• Enteric Viruses
• Epidemiological Concepts and Historical Examples
• Exotoxins
• First Principles of Clinical Microbiology: Collection, Handling, and Diagnostics
• Fungal Biofilms
• Fungal Infections, Systemic
• Gastrointestinal Microbiology in the Normal Host
• Gut Microbiota in Human Health and Diseases
• Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
• Hepatitis Viruses
• Herpesviruses
• HIV and Retroviruses
• How Microbial Pathogens Subvert Host Innate Immune Defenses
• Human Fungal Infections
• Lipopolysaccharides (Endotoxins)
• Medically Relevant Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas
• Microbial Agents to Treat Cancer
• Microbiology of the Cystic Fibrosis Airway
• Mycotoxins
• Oral Microbiology
• Pathogen Sensing: Toll-Like Receptors and NODs (Innate Immunity)
• Phage Therapy
• Phagocytes (Innate Immunity)
• Polyomaviruses and Papillomaviruses
• Quinolones
• Rabies
• Respiratory Viruses
• Retroviruses
• RNA Viruses: Plant Pathogenic
• Role of B Cells and Antibodies in Controlling Bacterial Pathogens
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Toxoplasmosis
• Unusual Infectious Agents
• Technological Advances and Applied Microbiology
• Amino Acid Production
• Amylases
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
• Bacterial Targeting of Tumors
• Bacteriophages and Rapid Detection of Bacterial Pathogens: A Novel Approach
• Beer/Brewing
• Biocides
• Biodeterioration – Including Cultural Heritage
• Biological Warfare
• Bioreactors
• Biosensors
• Bioterrorism
• Continuous Cultures (Chemostats)
• Corrosion, Microbial
• Directed Evolution
• DNA Cloning Strategies
• Drinking Water
• Drinking Water Microbiology
• Foodborne Pathogen Detection, Using Rapid Technologies
• Fungal Extracellular Vesicles
• Genome Sequence Databases: Annotation
• Genome Sequence Databases: Sequencing and Assembly
• Genome Sequence Databases: Types of Data and Bioinformatic Tools
• Genome Sequencing of Microbes
• Heavy Metal Pollutants: Environmental and Biotechnological Aspects
• Industrial Biotechnology (Overview)
• Industrial Production of Glycosaminoglycans
• Infectious Waste Management
• Insecticidal Toxins from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus
• Metal Extraction and Biomining
• Microbial Adhesion
• Microbial Forensics
• Microbiology of Fermented Dairy Products
• Municipal Water Treatment
• Organic and Fatty Acid Production, Microbial
• Patenting of Microorganisms
• Pesticides, Microbial
• Phylogenetic Methods
• Pigments, Microbial
• Polysaccharides, Microbial
• Solvent (Acetone–Butanol: AB) Production
• Teaching Resources, Microbiology
• Technology Advances in Medical Microbiology
• Trehalose: A Crucial Molecule in the Physiology of Fungi
• Type Culture Collections their Databases
• Vitamins and Vitamin-Like Compounds: Microbial Production
• Water Treatment, Industrial
• Wine
• Xylanases