Encyclopedia of Free Blacks and People of Color in the Americas
Encyclopedia of Free Blacks and People of Color in the Americas
Editor/Author
King, Stewart R.
Publication Year: 2012
Publisher: Facts On File
Price: Core Collection Only

ISBN: 978-1-4381-3630-1
Category: History - United States -- History
Image Count:
154
Book Status: Available
Table of Contents
When Columbus arrived in 1492, the first free black person --a sailor -- set foot in the Americas. Over the next 400 years, as slavery spread and became entrenched in the Western Hemisphere, free blacks built communities throughout North and South America, playing a critical role in every region, colony, and country. From Canada to the Caribbean to Chile, they established vital economic and social institutions, championed the cause of abolition, and formed a bridge between the worlds of free whites and enslaved blacks.
This book is found in the following Credo Collections:
Table of Contents
- List of Documents
- List of Maps
- List of Tables
- About the Editors
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- List of Contributors
- Chronology
- Entries A-Z
- A
- ABOLITIONISM AND RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY
- ADAMS, JOHN (1735-1826)
- ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
- AFRICA
- AFRICAN AND SYNCRETIC RELIGIONS
- AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH (A.M.E. Church)
- ALABAMA
- ALLEN, RICHARD (1760-1831)
- AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (U.S. Civil War) (1861-1865)
- AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY
- AMERICAN REVOLUTION
- AMISTAD CASE
- ANGOLA
- ARDOUIN, BEAUBRUN (1796-1865)
- ARGENTINA
- ARKANSAS
- ARMY
- ARTISANS
- AUSTRALIA
- B
- BAKER, MOSES (17307-1823?)
- BAPTISTS AND PIETISTS
- BARBADOS
- BARBOUR, CONWAY (ca. 1820-1876)
- BECKWOURTH, JAMES (JAMES BECKWITH) (ca. 1798-1866)
- BELIZE
- BELLANTON, ZABEAU (ELIZABETH) (ca. 1751 –?)
- BELLEY, JEAN-BAPTISTE (1748 or 1749-1806?)
- BIDEAU, JEAN-BAPTISTE (ca. 1780-1817)
- BIGODE, FRANCISCO XAVIER (?-1838)
- BISSETTE, CYRILLE-CHARLES (1795-1858)
- BLACK CAESAR (JOHN CAESAR) (ca. 1760s-1796)
- BLACK CARIB (Garifuna)
- BLACK CODES IN THE UNITED STATES
- BLACK LAWS IN THE MIDWEST
- BLACK PRESS IN THE UNITED STATES
- BLACK SEMINOLE
- BLAND, JAMES A. (1854-1911)
- BLANKE, JOHN (unknown)
- BOLIVIA
- THE BONDWOMAN’S NARRATIVE
- BOSTON
- BOWSER, MARY ELIZABETH (1839-?)
- BOYER, JEAN-PIERRE (1776-1850)
- BRAGANÇA, ISABEL OF.
- BRAGANÇA, PEDRO I OF.
- BRAGANÇA, PEDRO II OF.
- BRAZIL
- BRAZIL, ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT IN
- BRAZIL, LAWS ON RACE AND SLAVERY
- BRAZILIAN MAROONS (QUILOMBOLAS)
- BRITAIN
- BRITAIN, ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENTS IN
- BRITISH ANTI-SLAVERY ACTS
- BRITISH LESSER ANTILLES
- BROWN, HENRY “BOX” (ca. 1815-?)
- BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
- BUSH, GEORGE WASHINGTON (ca. 1779-1863)
- C
- CAESAR, JOHN.
- CALIFORNIA
- CANADA
- CAP-FRANÇAIS/CAP-HAÏTIEN (Le Cap, Cap-François)
- CAP-HAÏTIEN.
- CAPTAIN CUDJOE (dates of birth and death uncertain, active 1690-1739)
- CARTAGENA
- CASTA
- CATHOLIC CONFRATERNITIES
- CÉDULAS DE GRACIAS AL SACAR
- CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
- CHAVANNES, JEAN-BAPTISTE (1748-1791)
- CHAVIS, JOHN (ca. 1763-1838)
- CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
- CHILE
- CHRISTIANA RIOT
- CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER 1865
- CLARK, ALEXANDER (1826-1891)
- CLARKSON, JOHN (1764-1828)
- COARTACIÓN UNDER SPANISH LAW
- CODE NOIR IN FRENCH LAW
- COFFEE CULTIVATION
- COLOMBIA
- COLONIZATION.
- COMMERCE AND TRADE
- COMMONWEALTH V. JENNISON
- CONCEIÇÂO, ROSA MARIA DA (?-1843)
- CONCEPCIÓN VALDÉS, GABRIEL DE LA (PLÁCIDO) (1809-1844)
- CONGO AND ANGOLA
- CONNECTICUT
- CORNISH, SAMUEL E. (ca. 1795-1858)
- CORNWALLIS, COUBA (17??-1848)
- CORREA, JUAN (1646-1716)
- COSTA RICA
- COTTON CULTIVATION
- CRAFTS, HANNAH (dates unknown)
- CREOLE
- CROWTHER, SAMUEL AJAYI (ca. 1809-1891)
- CRUMMELL, ALEXANDER (1819-1898)
- CUBA
- CUDJOE
- CUFFE, PAUL (1759-1817)
- CUGOANO, QUOBNA OTTOBAH
- D
- DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
- DÉDÉ, EDMOND (1827? 1829? -1903)
- DELANY, MARTIN (1812-1885)
- DELAWARE
- DELGRÈS, LOUIS (1766-1802)
- DIALLO, AYUBA SULEIMAN (JOB BEN SOLOMON) (ca. 1701-ca. 1773)
- DIAS, HENRIQUE (?-ca. 1662)
- DOMINICA
- DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
- DOMINICANS, THE
- DORANTES, ESTEBAN DE (ca. 1500-1539)
- DOS REIS, MARIA FIRMINA
- DOUGLAS, SIR JAMES (1803-1877)
- DOUGLASS, FREDERICK (1818-1895)
- DUMAS, THOMAS-ALEXANDRE (THOMASALEXANDRE DAVY DE LA PAILLETERIE) (1762-1806)
- DUNMORE, JOHN MURRAY, EARL OF (1732-1809)
- DURÁN, DIEGO (1721-1795)
- DU SABLE, JEAN-BAPTISTE POINTE (ca. 1745-1814 or 1818)
- DUTCH CARIBBEAN ISLANDS
- E
- ECUADOR
- EDUCATION AND LITERACY
- ELLISON, WILLIAM “APRIL” (1790-1861)
- EL SALVADOR
- EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
- EMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION
- ENCYCLOPÉDIE
- ENRIQUEZ, MIGUEL (1672-1743)
- EQUIANO, OLAUDAH (Gustavus Vassa) (17457-1797)
- ESCALERA PLOT
- EXODUSTER MOVEMENT
- F
- FAMILY
- FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS WITH SLAVES
- FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS WITH WHITES
- FÉDON’S REBELLION (1795-1796)
- FENIX
- FILLMORE, MILLARD (1800-1874)
- FIVE AFRICANS BROUGHT TO ENGLAND IN 1555
- FLEETWOOD, CHRISTIAN ABRAHAM
- FLORIDA
- FONSECA GALVÂO, CÀNDIDO DA (DOM OBÁ II) (ca. 1845-1890)
- FORD, WEST (early 1780s-1863)
- FORTEN FAMILY
- FRANCE
- FREEDMEN’S BUREAU
- FREEMASONRY
- FRENCH CARIBBEAN
- FRENCH REVOLUTION
- FREYRE, GILBERTO (1900-1987)
- FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT OF 1850 (Fugitive Slave Law)
- G
- GANNIBAL, ABRAM PETROVICH (1696-1781)
- GARNET, HENRY HIGHLAND (1815-1882)
- GARRIDO, JUAN (active 1501-1538)
- GENDER ATTITUDES
- GEORGIA
- GIBBS, MIFFLIN WISTAR (1823-1915)
- GILL, ANN (1781-1865)
- GONÇALVES TEIXEIRA E SOUSA, ANTONIO (1812-1861)
- GORDON, GEORGE WILLIAM (1820-1865)
- GRAND UNITED ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
- GRANT, ULYSSES S. (1822-1885)
- GRÉGOIRE, HENRI (ABBÉ GRÉGOIRE) (1750-1831)
- GUATEMALA
- GUERRERO slave ship
- GUERRERO SALDAÑA, VICENTE (1782-1831)
- GUYANA
- H
- HAITI
- HAITIAN REVOLUTION
- HALL, PRINCE (ca. 1735-1807)
- HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773-1841)
- HAYNES, LEMUEL (1753-1833)
- HEALERS
- HEALY FAMILY
- HEMINGS, SALLY, CHILDREN OF
- HIGHER EDUCATION
- HONDURAS
- HOUSE, CALLIE (1861-1928)
- HOUSEKEEPERS
- HUGUES, VICTOR (1764-1826)
- HULL, AGRIPPA (1759-1848)
- I
- IBN SORI, ABDUL-RAHMAN IBRAHIM (ca. 1762-1829)
- ILLINOIS
- INDIANA
- INDIAN WARS, UNITED STATES
- INDIGO CULTIVATION
- INLAND WEST OF THE UNITED STATES
- INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE
- IOWA
- ISABEL OF BRAGANÇA (PRINCESS IMPERIAL)
- ISLAM
- J
- JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
- JACOBS, HARRIET (1813-1897)
- JAMAICA
- JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)
- JESUITS
- JESÚS, URSULA DE (1604-1666)
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808-1875)
- JONES, ABSALOM (1746-1818)
- JONES, JEHU, JR. (1786-1852)
- JORDON, EDWARD (1801-1869)
- JOSEPH, JOHN (ca. 1831-1858)
- JOURNALISM
- K
- KANSAS
- KENTUCKY
- KINGSLEY, ANNA (ANTA MAJIGEEN NJAAY) (ca. 1793-1870)
- KU KLUX KLAN
- L
- LA ESCALERA PLOT
- LANGSTON, JOHN MERCER (1829-1897)
- LAS SIETE PARTIDAS
- LAVEAU, MARIE (1801-1881)
- LAWS OF FREE BIRTH
- LECESNE AND ESCOFFERY CASE
- LEE, WILLIAM (ca. 1750-1828)
- LEGAL DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE
- LEMBA, SEBASTIÁN (unknown-1547)
- LIBERIA
- LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
- LISBOA, ANTÔNIO (O ALEIJADINHO)
- LIVING “AS FREE”
- LONDON, ENGLAND
- LORD DUNMORE
- LOUISIANA
- LOUVERTURE, TOUSSAINT (ca. 1746-1803)
- LYNCHING
- M
- MACEO Y GRAJALES, ANTONIO (1845-1896)
- MACHADO DE ASSIS, JOAQUIM MARÍA (1839-1908)
- MACKANDAL, FRANÇOIS (ca. 1720-1758)
- MADIOU, THOMAS (1814-1884)
- MADISON, JAMES (1751-1836)
- MAINE
- MANUMISSION
- MAROONS
- MARRIAGE BETWEEN FREE AND SLAVE
- MARTÍN DE PORRES, SAINT (1579-1639)
- MARYLAND
- MASSACHUSETTS
- McCABE, EDWIN P. (1850-1920)
- MELUNGEON
- MERCHANT SEAMEN
- MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (1846-1848)
- MEXICO
- MEXICO, ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN (1821-1829)
- MEXICO, CENTRAL AND NORTHERN
- MEXICO, PACIFIC COAST
- MICHIGAN
- MIDWIVES AND TRADITIONAL HEALERS
- MIGRATION
- MILITIA
- MINNESOTA
- MIRANDA, FRANCISCO DE (1750-1816)
- MISCEGENATION
- MISSISSIPPI
- MISSOURI
- MOBILE, ALABAMA
- MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831)
- MONTEZUMA, FRANCISCO GÊ ACAIABA DE (VISCOUNT OF JEQUmNHONHA) (1794-1870)
- MOREAU DE ST-MÉRY, MÉDÉRIC-LOUIS-ÉLIE (1750-1819)
- MORELOS, JOSÉ MARÍA (1765-1815)
- MULATTO
- N
- NAVY
- NEBRASKA
- NEGRO CONVENTION MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
- NEW HAMPSHIRE
- NEW JERSEY
- NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA
- NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS (1863)
- NEW YORK STATE
- NICARAGUA
- NORTH CAROLINA
- O
- OGÉ, VINCENT (ca. 1750-1791)
- OHIO
- OKLAHOMA
- OLIVIER, VINCENT (ca. 1680-1781)
- “ONE DROP RULE” OF RACIAL IDENTITY
- OREGON
- P
- PADILLA, JOSÉ PRUDENCIO (1784-1828)
- PANAMA
- PANAMA CITY (PANAMÁ CITY)
- PARAGUAY
- PARDO
- PATROCÌNIO, JOSÉ CARLOS DO (1853-1905)
- PAULA BRITO, FRANCISCO DE (1809-1861)
- PAYNE, DANIEL A. (1811-1893)
- PEASANTS
- PEDRO I (1798-1834)
- PEDRO II (1825-1891)
- PÉLAGE, MAGLOIRE (ca. 1766-1813)
- PENNSYLVANIA
- PERSONAL LIBERTY LAWS
- PERU
- PÉTION, ALEXANDRE SABÈS (1770-1818)
- PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
- PIAR, MANUEL (1774-1817)
- PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804-1869)
- PINTO DA GAMA, LUIS GONZAGA (1830-1882)
- PIRACY
- PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
- PLANTERS AND PLANTER AGENTS
- POLICE
- POLK, JAMES (1795-1849)
- PORT-AU-PRINCE
- PORTUGAL
- PROSTITUTES AND COURTESANS
- PROTESTANT MAINLINE CHURCHES
- PROTTEN, REBECCA (ca. 1718-ca. 1779)
- PROVISION GROUND FARMING
- PUERTO RICO
- PURVIS, ROBERT (1810-1898)
- Q
- QUOCK WALKER CASE (COMMONWEALTH V. JENNISON)
- R
- RACE AND CAPITALISM
- RACISM AND RACIAL PREJUDICE
- RAIMOND, JULIEN (1744-1801)
- RANCHING
- RAPIER, JAMES T. (1837-1883)
- RAYNAL, GUILLAUME (1711-1796)
- REASON, CHARLES L. (1818-1893)
- REBOUÇAS, ANDRÉ (1838-1898)
- REBOUÇAS, ANTÔNIO PEREIRA (1798-1880)
- RECONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES
- RE-ENSLAVEMENT
- REGULAR ARMY
- REIS, MARIA FIRMINA DOS (1825-1917)
- REVELS, HIRAM (1827-1901)
- RHODE ISLAND
- RIGAUD, ANDRÉ (1761-1811)
- RIVADAVIA, BERNARDINO (1780-1845)
- ROBERTS, JOSEPH JENKINS (1809-1876)
- ROCHA VIEIRA, FRANCISCO SABINO ÁLVARES DA (1796-1846)
- ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
- ROSSIGNOL, ANNE (flourished 1770-1790)
- RUNAWAY SLAVES
- RUSSWURM, JOHN (1799-1851)
- S
- SAINT-DOMINGUE (HAITI)
- SAINT-GEORGES, JOSEPH BOLOGNE, CHEVALIER DE (1745-1799)
- SALEM, PETER (1750-1816)
- SALVADOR, BAHIA, BRAZIL
- SÁNCHEZ, FRANCISCO DEL ROSARIO (1817-1861)
- SANCHO, IGNATIUS (1729-1780)
- SANTANA, JOAQUIM FELIX DE (unknown-1814)
- SANTO DOMINGO
- SCOTT, DRED (1799-1858)
- SEACOLE, MARY (1805-1881)
- SEGREGATION
- SENEGAMBIA
- SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (1756-1763)
- SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
- SIERRA LEONE
- SILVA, CHICA DA (ca. 1730-1796)
- SLAVE COAST, BENIN, AND THE BIGHT OF BIAFRA
- SLAVE OWNERS
- SMALLS, ROBERT (1839-1915) American naval officer and politician
- SMITH, VENTURE (1729-1805)
- SOMERSET V. STEWART (SOMERSETT V. STEUART)
- SOUTH AMERICAN WARS OF LIBERATION (1809-1824)
- SOUTH CAROLINA
- SPAIN
- STEWART, MARIA W. (1803-1879)
- STRONG, JONATHAN (ca. 1747/8-1773)
- SUGAR CULTIVATION
- SURINAM
- T
- TANNENBAUM HYPOTHESIS
- TAYLOR, SUSIE BAKER KING (1848-1912)
- TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)
- TENNESSEE
- TEN YEARS’ WAR (GREAT WAR OF CUBA)
- TEXAS (TEJAS, LONE STAR STATE)
- TOLTON, AUGUSTINE (1854-1897)
- TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
- TRUTH, SOJOURNER (ca. 1797-1883)
- TUBMAN, HARRIET (ARAMINTA ROSS) (ca. 1822-1913)
- TYE, COLONEL (TITUS CORNELIUS) (1753-1780)
- TYLER, JOHN (1790-1862)
- U
- UNITED STATES, ABOLITION MOVEMENTS IN
- URUGUAY
- U.S. ELECTION OF 1876
- U.S. PRESIDENTS AND FREE BLACKS
- V
- VALDÉS, JOSÉ MANUEL (1767-1843)
- VAN BUREN, MARTIN (1782-1862)
- VASHON FAMILY
- VENEZUELA
- VENEZUELAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
- VERACRUZ, MEXICO
- VERMONT
- VESEY, DENMARK (TELEMAQUE) (1767-1822)
- VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA
- VOTING BEFORE GENERAL ABOLITION, UNITED STATES
- W
- WALKER, DAVID (1785-1830)
- WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE (1775-1783)
- WAR OF MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE (1810-1821)
- WASHINGTON, D.C. (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, UNITED STATES TERRITORY)
- WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)
- WASHINGTON, GEORGE (OF CENTRALIA, WASHINGTON) (1818-1905)
- WASHINGTON, HARRY (dates of birth and death unknown, active 1763-1800)
- WASHINGTON TERRITORY
- WEDDERBURN, ROBERT (1762-1835)
- WEST VIRGINIA
- WHEATLEY, PHILLIS (1753-1784)
- “WHITENING” AND RACIAL PROMOTION
- WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
- WISCONSIN
- WOODSON, LEWIS (1806-1878)
- Z
- ZAMBO
- ZUMBI (ca. 1655-1695)