Encyclopedia of Ancient Rome, Third Edition provides comprehensive and interdisciplinary coverage of the people, places, events, and ideas of ancient Rome.

Table of Contents

• List of Illustrations and Maps
• Introduction
• A Note on Names
• Historical Overview
• Geographical Overview
• Chronology of Major Events
• A
• Ablabius, Flavius (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• ab urbe condita
• Acacius of Constantinople (d. after 327 C.E.)
• Academy
• Accius, Lucius (170–ca. 86 B.C.E.)
• acclamatio
• Achaea
• Achillas (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Achilleus (d. ca. 297 C.E.)
• Acilius, Gaius (fl. mid-second century B.C.E.)
• acta
• acta Senatus
• Acte, Claudia (d. after 69 C.E.)
• Actium, battle of
• Acts of the Pagan Martyrs
• adlectio
• administration
• adoptio
• Adrianople
• Adriaticum Mare (Adriatic Sea)
• Aduatuca
• Adventus, Marcus Oclatinus (160–after 218 C.E.)
• advocatus
• aedile
• Aedui
• Aegidius (d. 464 C.E.)
• Aelianus, Casperius (d. 98 C.E.)
• Aelius, Paetus Catus Sextus (fl. 198–194 B.C.E.)
• Aelius Caesar, Lucius (Lucius Ceionius Commodus) (d. 138 C.E.)
• Aemilian (Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus) (d. 253 C.E.)
• Aemilianus, Scipio
• Aemilius Scaurus, Marcus (ca. 163–89 B.C.E.)
• Aeneas
• Aequi
• aerarium
• Aetius, Flavius (d. 454 C.E.)
• Aetolian League
• Afer, Gnaeus Domitius (d. 59 C.E.)
• Afranius, Lucius (d. 46 C.E.)
• Africa (province)
• Africa Nova
• Africa Proconsularis
• Africa Vetus
• ager publicus
• Agricola, Gnaeus Julius (40–93 C.E.)
• agriculture
• Agrippa I, Marcus Julius (Herod) (d. 44 C.E.)
• Agrippa II, Marcus Julius (Herod) (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius (d. 12 B.C.E.)
• Agrippa Postumus, Marcus Vipsanius (12 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)
• Agrippina (Vipsania Agrippina) (d. 20 C.E.)
• Agrippina the Elder (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Agrippina the Younger (Julia Agrippina) (15–59 C.E.)
• Alamanni (Alemanni)
• Alans (Alani)
• Alaric (ca. 395–410 C.E.)
• Alavius
• Alba Longa
• Alesia
• Alexander, Domitius (d. 311 C.E.)
• Alexander of Cotiaeon (fl. second century C.E.)
• Alexander of Seleucia (fl. second century C.E.)
• Alexandria
• Alexandria, battle of
• Alexandria, Library of
• Alexandria Troas
• Allectus (fl. late third century C.E.)
• Allobroges
• Alps
• Amandus and Aelianus
• Amaseia (Amasia)
• Amathus
• Ambiorix (d. after 54 B.C.E.)
• ambitus
• Ambrose (339–397 C.E.)
• amici principis
• Ammianus Marcellinus (ca. 330–395 C.E.)
• Ammonius Saccas (175–242 C.E.)
• Ampelius, Lucius (fl. third century C.E.)
• amphora
• Ampius, T. Balbus (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Amulius
• Ancus Marcius (r. 640–616 B.C.E.)
• Andalusia
• Anicetus (fl. first century C.E.)
• annalists
• Anna Perena
• Annius Verus, Marcus (fl. early second century C.E.)
• annona
• Anthemius (1) (fl. early fifth century C.E.)
• Anthemius (2) (fl. mid-fifth century C.E.)
• Antinopolis
• Antinous (d. 130 C.E.)
• Antioch (1)
• Antioch (2)
• Antiochus I (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Antiochus III (d. 17 C.E.)
• Antiochus III the Great, king of Syria (241–187 B.C.E.)
• Antiochus IV (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Antiochus of Ascalon (d. 68 B.C.E.)
• Antipater of Idumaea (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Antonia (1) (36 B.C.E.–37 C.E.)
• Antonia (2) (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Antonines
• Antonine Wall
• antoninianus
• Antoninus, Arrius (b. 31 C.E.)
• Antoninus Pius (86–161 C.E.)
• Antonius, Iullus (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Antonius, Lucius (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Antonius Musa (d. after 23 C.E.)
• Antony (St. Antony) (ca. 251–356 C.E.)
• Antony, Marc (Marcus Antonius) (ca. 83–30 B.C.E.)
• Antyllus (d. 30 B.C.E.)
• Anullinus, Publius Cornelius (fl. late second century C.E.)
• Apamea Cibotus
• Apamea Orontem
• Apelles (d. ca. 37 C.E.)
• Aper, Arrius (d. 284 C.E.)
• Apicata (d. 31 C.E.)
• Apicius
• Apis
• Apollinaris of Laodicea (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Apollo
• Apollodorus (fl. early second century C.E.)
• Apollodorus of Pergamum (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Apollonius of Tyana (fl. first century C.E.)
• apparitores
• Appendix Vergiliana
• Appian Way
• Apronius, Lucius (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Apuleius (b. ca. 125 C.E.)
• aquae
• Aquae Sextiae (Aixen-Provence), battle of
• aqueducts
• Aquileia
• Aquitania
• Arabia
• Ara Pacis
• Arar, battle of
• Arausio (Orange)
• Arausio, battle of
• Arbitio, Flavius (fourth century C.E.)
• Arbogast (d. 394 C.E.)
• Arcadius, Flavius (d. 408 C.E.)
• Archelaus (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Archelaus of Cappadocia (d. 17 C.E.)
• arches
• Archimedes (287–212 B.C.E.)
• architecture
• Ardashir I (d. 241 C.E.)
• Aretas III (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Aretas IV (late first century B.C.E.)
• Argentoratum
• argentus
• Arianism
• Ariobarzanes III (d. 42 B.C.E.)
• Ariobarzanes of Media (d. ca. 4 C.E.)
• Ariogaesus (d. after 173 C.E.)
• Ariovistus (fl. 71–58 B.C.E.)
• Aristides, Aelius (Publius Aelius Aristides Theodorus) (117–181 C.E.)
• Aristobulus (late third century C.E.)
• Aristobulus II (d. 48 B.C.E.)
• Aristobulus and Alexander (d. 7 B.C.E.)
• Arius (260–336 C.E.)
• Arles
• Armenia and Armenia Minor
• Arminius (Hermann) (d. 19 C.E.)
• armor
• army
• Arrian (Flavius Arrianus) (fl. second century C.E.)
• Arria the Elder (d. 43 C.E.)
• Arria the Younger (d. after 69 C.E.)
• Arsacid dynasty
• Arsinoe (1) (d. 41 B.C.E.)
• Arsinoe (2)
• Artabanus III (d. 38 C.E.)
• Artabanus V (d. ca. 226 C.E.)
• Artagira
• art and architecture
• Artavasdes (1) (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Artavasdes (2) (d. 34 B.C.E.)
• Artaxata
• Artaxerxes
• Artaxes II (d. 20 B.C.E.)
• Artemidorus Daldianus (d. after 138 C.E.)
• Artemis
• Arulenus Rusticus, Q. Junius (d. ca. 93 C.E.)
• Arval Brethren
• Arvandus (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• as
• Asclepiodotus (fl. third century C.E.)
• Asclepius (Aesculapius)
• Asconius Pedianus, Quintus (Asconius) (2 B.C.E.– 83 C.E.?)
• Asculum, battle of
• Asia
• Asia Minor
• Asinius Gallus (d. 33 C.E.)
• Aspar, Flavius Ardaburius (consul in 434 C.E.)
• assassinations
• astrology
• astronomy
• Athanasius (St. Athanasius) (ca. 295–373 C.E.)
• Athaulf (d. 415 C.E.)
• Athena
• Athenadorus (fl. late first century C.E.)
• Athens
• Atilius, Calatinus (fl. mid-third century B.C.E.)
• Atilius Regulus, Marcus (d. ca. 250 B.C.E.)
• Attalus, Priscus (early fifth century C.E.)
• Attalus III, king of Pergamum (ca. 170–133 B.C.E.)
• Attianus, Publius Acilius (fl. early second century C.E.)
• Attila (d. 453 C.E.)
• auctoritas
• Aufidius Bassus
• augurium canarium
• augurs and augury
• Augusta
• Augusta Praetoria (Aosta)
• Augusta Raurica (Augst)
• Augusta Taurinorum
• Augusta Treverorum
• Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg)
• Augustans
• Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus, St. Augustine) (354–430 C.E.)
• Augustodonum
• Augustus (Gaius Octavian) (63 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)
• Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) (ca. 215 C.E. 275 C.E.)
• Aurelius, Marcus
• Aurelius Scaurus, Marcus (d. 105 B.C.E.)
• Aurelius Victor (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Aureolus, Manius Acilius (d. 268 C.E.)
• aureus
• Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Auxiliaries
• Avaricum, siege of
• Averni (Arverni)
• Avidius Heliodorus (fl. early second century C.E.)
• Avidius Nigrinus, Gaius (d. 118 C.E.)
• Avitus (d. ca. 456 C.E.)
• B
• Baalbek
• Bacchus
• Bactria
• Baetica
• Bagaudae
• Baiae
• Balbillus, Tiberius Claudius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Balbinus (d. 238 C.E.)
• Balbus, Lucius Cornelius (1) (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Balbus, Lucius Cornelius (2) (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Balbus, T. Ampius (d. after 48 B.C.E.)
• Balearic Islands
• Ballista (fl. mid-third century C.E.)
• Barbia Orbiana (d. after 227 C.E.)
• Barbillus
• Bar Cochba, Simon (d. 135 C.E.)
• Bargoia, Simon (Simon Bar Giora)
• Barnabas (fl. first century C.E.)
• Basilianus (d. 218 C.E.)
• basilica
• Basilica Aemilia
• Basilica Julia
• Basilica Maxentia
• Basilica Ulpia
• Basilides (fl. second century C.E.)
• Basiliscus (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• Basil the Great (ca. 329–379)
• Bassus, Aufidius (d. after 54 C.E.)
• Bassus, Betilinus (d. 40 C.E.)
• Bassus, C. Julius Quadratus (d. after 118 C.E.)
• Bassus, Junius (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Bassus, Quintus Caecilius (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Bassus Theotechnis, Junius (317–359 C.E.)
• Batavi
• Bath
• baths
• Bato (1) (d. 9 C.E.)
• Bato (2) (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Bato (3) (d. 212 C.E.)
• Bauli
• Bauto (d. ca. 388 C.E.)
• Bedriacum
• Belgae
• Belgica
• Bellona
• beneficiarii
• Beneventum
• Berenice (b. 28 C.E.)
• Berytus
• Betriacum
• Bibracte
• Bibulus, Lucius Calpurnius (d. 32 or 31 B.C.E.)
• Bibulus, Marcus Calpurnius (d. 48 B.C.E.)
• Bithynia
• Black Sea
• Blaesus, Quintus Junius (d. 31 C.E.)
• Bolanus, Vettius (d. after 71 C.E.)
• Bona Dea
• Boniface (Bonifatius) (fl. early fifth century C.E.)
• Bordeaux
• Bosporus kingdom
• Boudicca (Boadaecia, Boadecia) (d. 61 C.E.)
• Brennus (fl. early fourth century B.C.E.)
• Brigantes
• Britain
• Britannia
• Britannicus (41–55 C.E.)
• Bructeri
• Brundisium
• Brundisium, Treaty of
• Bruttidius Niger (d. ca. 31 C.E.)
• Brutus, Lucius Junius (sixth century B.C.E.)
• Brutus, Marcus Junius (d. 42 B.C.E.)
• Brutus Albinus, Decimus Junius (d. 43 B.C.E.)
• Bucolici
• Bulla Regia
• Burdigala
• Burebista (d. 44 B.C.E.)
• Burgundians
• Burrus, Sextus Afranius (d. 62 C.E.)
• Byzantium
• C
• Cabiri
• Caecilius, Statius (d. 168 or 166 B.C.E.)
• Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Quintus (d. ca. 91 B.C.E.)
• Caecina Alienus, Aulus (d. 79 C.E.)
• Caecina Severus, Aulus (Aulus Caecina Severus) (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Caelian Hill
• Caelius Rufus, Marcus (d. 47 B.C.E.)
• Caenis (d. 75 C.E.)
• Caesar, Gaius (20 B.C.E.–4 C.E.)
• Caesar, Julius (Gaius Julius Caesar) (100–44 B.C.E.)
• Caesar, Lucius (17 B.C.E.–2 C.E.)
• Caesar, Ptolemy (47 B.C.E.–30 B.C.E.)
• Caesarea
• Caesarion
• Caledonia
• Caledonians
• Calenas, Q. Fufius (d. 40 B.C.E.)
• calendar
• Caligula
• Callistus (d. 222 C.E.)
• Callistus, Gaius Julius (d. ca. 52 C.E.)
• Calpurnia (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Calpurnius Siculus, Titus (fl. 50–60 C.E.)
• Calvinus, Gnaeus Domitius (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Calvisius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Calvus, Gaius Licinius Macer (82–47 or 46 B.C.E.)
• Camillus, Furius Scribonianus (1) (d. 42 C.E.)
• Camillus, Furius Scribonianus (2) (d. ca. 52 C.E.)
• Camillus, Marcus Furius (ca. 446–365 B.C.E.)
• Campania
• Campi Raudii, battle of
• Campus Martius
• Camulodunum
• Candidus, Tiberius Claudius (fl. late second century C.E.)
• Candidus Crassus, Publius (d. 30 B.C.E.)
• Cannae, battle of
• Cantabri
• Capella, Martianus (fl. fifth century)
• Capellianus (fl. mid-third century C.E.)
• Capito, Cossutianus (fl. 57–66 C.E.)
• Capito, Gaius Ateius (34 B.C.E.–22 C.E.)
• Capitoline Hill
• Cappadocia
• Capri
• Capua
• Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) (188–217 C.E.)
• Caratacus (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Carausius, Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus (d. 293 C.E.)
• Caria
• Carinus, Marcus Aurelius (d. 285 C.E.)
• Carna
• Carnuntum
• Carrhae
• Carthage
• Cartimandua (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Carus, Marcus Aurelius (d. 283 C.E.)
• Casca, Gaius (d. after 44 B.C.E.)
• Casca, Servilius (d. 42 B.C.E.)
• Cassian, John (Eremita, Johannes Cassianus, Johannes Massiliensis) (360–435 C.E.)
• Cassius (Gaius Cassius Longinus) (d. 42 B.C.E.)
• Cassius, Gaius Avidius (d. 175 C.E.)
• Cassius Longinus, Gaius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Cassius Longinus, L. (d. after 114 B.C.E.)
• Cassius Longinus, Lucius (d. after 44 B.C.E.)
• Cassius Parmensis (d. 31 B.C.E.)
• Cassius Severus (d. 34 C.E.)
• Cassius Vecellinus, Spurius (d. 485 B.C.E.)
• Cassivellaunus (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Castinus (fl. early fifth century C.E.)
• Castor and Pollux
• Castra
• Castra Praetoria
• catacombs
• Catalaunian Plain (northeastern Gaul)
• Catiline (Catilina, Lucius Sergius) (108–62 B.C.E.)
• Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Elder (234–149 B.C.E.)
• Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius (95–46 B.C.E.)
• Catullus (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Catullus, Gaius Valerius (87–54 B.C.E.)
• Catulus, Quintus Lutatius (d. after 62 B.C.E.)
• Catus Decianus (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Catuvellauni
• Celer, Caninius (fl. second century C.E.)
• Celer, Publius (d. ca. 69 C.E.)
• Celestine I (d. 432)
• Celsus (fl. second century C.E.)
• Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Celsus, L. Publius (d. 117 C.E.)
• Celsus, Marius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Celts
• censor
• census
• centuriation
• centurion
• Cerealia
• Cerealis (Quintus Petillius Cerealis Caesius Rufus) (fl. first century C.E.)
• Ceres
• Cestius Gallus (fl. first century C.E.)
• Cestus, Gallius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Chaerea, Cassius (d. 41 C.E.)
• Chalcedon
• Chalcedon, Council of
• Chalcis
• Chaldaea
• Châlons, battle of
• Charisius, Flavius Sosipater (fl. late fourth century)
• Charon
• Chatti
• Chauci
• Cherusci
• China
• Christianity, rise of
• Chrysanthius (1) (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Chrysanthius (2) (d. 419 C.E.)
• Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1) (106–43 B.C.E.)
• Cicero, Marcus Tullius (2) (b. 65 B.C.E.)
• Cicero, Quintus Tullius (102 B.C.E.–43 B.C.E.)
• Cilicia
• Cilo, Lucius Fabius (fl. late second to early third century C.E.)
• Cimbri
• Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius (519–438 B.C.E.)
• Cincius Alimentus, Lucius (fl. late third century B.C.E.)
• Cinna, Gaius Helvius (d. 44 B.C.E.)
• Cinna, Lucius Cornelius (d. 84 B.C.E.)
• circus
• Circus Maximus
• citizenship, Roman
• Civilis, Gaius Julius (fl. first century C.E.)
• civil service
• Civil War, First Triumvirate
• Civil War, Second Triumvirate
• Civil War, 69 C.E.
• Clarus, C. Septicius (fl. early second century C.E.)
• Classicus, Julius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Claudian (Claudius Claudianus) (ca. 370–ca. 404 C.E.)
• Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus) (10 B.C.E.–54 C.E.)
• Claudius, Appius (d. 273 B.C.E.)
• Claudius, Freedmen of
• Claudius, wives of
• Claudius II Gothicus (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Claudius) (ca. 214–270 C.E.)
• Cleander, Marcus Aurelius (d. 186 C.E.)
• Clemens, Arrecinus (d. ca. 81 C.E.)
• Clemens, Flavius (d. 95 C.E.)
• Clemens, M. Arrecinus (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Clement of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens) (ca. 150–203? C.E.)
• Clement I (Clement of Rome) (d. 97 C.E.)
• Cleopatra (d. 30 B.C.E.)
• client states
• Cloaca Maxima
• Clodia (b. ca. 94 B.C.E.)
• Clodius Albinus, Decimus (d. 197 C.E.)
• Clodius Pulcher, Publius (d. 52 B.C.E.)
• clothing
• Cogidubnus, Tiberius Claudius (fl. first century C.E.)
• cohort
• coinage
• Collatinus, Lucius Tarquinius (fl. sixth century B.C.E.)
• Cologne
• Colonia Agrippina
• colonies
• Colosseum
• Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus (fl. first century C.E.)
• columns
• comes
• Comitatenses
• Comitates
• comites
• Comitia Centuriata
• Comitia Curiata
• Comitia Tributa
• Commagene
• commendatio
• Commius (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Commodian (fl. third century C.E.)
• Commodus (Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus) (161–192 C.E.)
• communication
• concilia
• Concilium Plebis
• Condianus, Sextus Quintilius
• conductores
• Consilium Principis
• consistorium
• Constans, Flavius Julius (320–350 C.E.)
• Constantia (fl. early fourth century C.E.)
• Constantina (d. 354 C.E.)
• Constantine (the Great, Flavius Valerius Constantinus) (ca. 285–337 C.E.)
• Constantine II (317–340 C.E.)
• Constantine III (d. 411 C.E.)
• Constantinople
• Constantius I Chlorus (d. 306 C.E.)
• Constantius II (317–361 C.E.)
• Constantius III (d. 421 C.E.)
• Constantius, Julius (d. 337 C.E.)
• constitutiones
• Consualia
• consul
• Consus
• Conventus
• Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius (1) (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius (2) (d. 67 C.E.)
• Cordius (Gordius) (d. after 221 C.E.)
• Corduba
• Cordus, Aulus Cremutius (d. 25 C.E.)
• Corinth
• Coriolanus, Gnaeus Marcius (fifth century B.C.E.)
• Cornelia (1) (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Cornelia (2) (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Cornelia (3) (d. 90 C.E.)
• Cornelius (d. 253 C.E.)
• Cornificius, Lucius (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Cornutus, Caecilius (d. 24 C.E.)
• Cornutus, Lucius Annaeus (fl. first century C.E.)
• correctores
• Corsica
• Corvus, Marcus Valerius (d. 270 B.C.E.)
• Cotta, Lucius Aurunculeius
• Cotta Messalinius, M. Aurelius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Cottiaen Alps
• Cottius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Cotys (1) (fl. first century C.E.)
• Cotys (2) (d. before 62 C.E.)
• Cotys of Thrace (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Crassus, Canidius
• Crassus, Lucius Licinianus (d. 91 B.C.E.)
• Crassus (1), Marcus Licinius (ca. 115–53 B.C.E.)
• Crassus (2), Marcus Licinius (fl. last first century B.C.E.)
• Crassus, Publius Licinius (d. 53 B.C.E.)
• Cremona
• Crescentia, Cannutia (d. 213 C.E.)
• Crete and Cyrenaica
• Crispina (d. 182 C.E.)
• Crispinilla, Calvia (fl. first century C.E.)
• Crispinus, Rufrius (d. 66 C.E.)
• Crispinus, Tullius (d. 193 C.E.)
• Crispus, Flavius Julius (305–326 C.E.)
• Crispus, Quintus Vibius (10–90)
• Ctesiphon
• Cuicul
• Cumae
• Cunctator, Q. Fabius (d. 203 B.C.E.)
• Cunobellinus (d. 42 C.E.)
• curatores
• curia
• Curia Cornelia
• Curia Hostilia
• Curia Julia
• curialis
• Curia Pompeia
• cursus honorum
• cursus publicus
• Cybele
• Cynegius, Maternus (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Cynics
• Cynoscephalae, battle of
• Cyprian of Carthage (Thrascius Caecilius Cyprianus) (d. 258 C.E.)
• Cyprus
• Cyrenaica
• Cyrene
• Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444 C.E.)
• Cyril of Jerusalem (ca. 315–386 C.E.)
• Cyrus, Flavius (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• Cyzicus
• Cyzicus, battle of
• D
• Dacia
• Dalmatia
• Dalmatius, Flavius (d. ca. 337 C.E.)
• Dalmatius, Flavius Julius (d. 337 C.E.)
• Damascus
• Damasus (ca. 304–384 C.E.)
• damnatio memoriae
• Danube
• Daphne
• Datianus (d. after 365 C.E.)
• Dea Dia
• death
• Decangi
• Decebalus (d. 106 C.E.)
• decemviri
• Decius, Gaius Messius Quintus (Trajanus) (d. 251 C.E.)
• Decius Mus, Publius
• declamatio
• decuriones
• Deiotarus (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• delatores
• Deldo (d. 29 B.C.E.)
• Demetrius (fl. third century C.E.)
• Demetrius the Cynic (fl. first century C.E.)
• denarius
• Densus, Sempronius (d. 69 C.E.)
• Dentheleti
• Dexippus, Publius Herennius (fl. third century C.E.)
• Diadumenian (Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus) (d. 218 C.E.)
• Diana
• dictator
• Didius Julianus (Marcus Didius Severus Julianus) (133–193 C.E.)
• Dio Cassius (b. ca. 155 C.E.)
• diocese
• diocletian (gaius aurelius valerius diocletianus) (d. 316)
• Dio Cocceianus (Dio Chrysostom, Dio of Prusa) (ca. 40/45–ca. 114 C.E.)
• Diodorus, Siculus (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Diogenes, Laertius (fl. third century C.E.)
• Diomedes (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Dionysius, Papirius (fl. second century C.E.)
• Dionysius of Alexandria (d. 264 C.E.)
• Dionysius of Halicarnassus (d. 8/7 B.C.E.)
• Dionysius the Areopagite (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Dionysius the Great (d. ca. 264)
• Dionysus
• Dioscorides (fl. first or second century C.E.)
• Dioscuri
• diplomata
• Dis, king of the Underworld
• divination
• Dolabella, Publius Cornelius (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• domestici, protectores
• Domitia (d. 59 C.E.)
• Domitia Lepida
• Domitia Longina (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Domitia Lucilla
• Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus) (51–96 C.E.)
• Domitianus, Gaius (fl. third century C.E.)
• Domitilla, Flavia (1) (d. before 69 C.E.)
• Domitilla, Flavia (2) (d. before 69 C.E.)
• Domitilla, Flavia (3) (d. ca. 95 C.E.)
• Domitius Ahenobarbus
• Domitius Ahenobarbus (1), Gnaeus (d. ca. 31 B.C.E.)
• Domitius Ahenobarbus (2), Gnaeus (d. 40 C.E.)
• Domitius Ahenobarbus (1), Lucius (d. 48 B.C.E.)
• Domitius Ahenobarbus (2), Lucius (d. 25 C.E.)
• domus
• Domus Aurea
• Domus Flavia
• Domus Tiberiana
• Domus Transitoria
• Donatism
• donativum
• Donatus, Aelius (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Donatus, Tiberius Claudius (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Doryphorus (d. 62 C.E.)
• Doura
• drama
• Drepanum, battle of
• Druids and Druidism
• Drusilla (1), Julia (d. 38 C.E.)
• Drusilla (2) (d. after 79 C.E.)
• Drusus, Marcus Livius
• Drusus (1), Nero Claudius (Drusus the Elder) (38–9 B.C.E.)
• Drusus (2) (d. 33 C.E.)
• Drusus (3), Julius Caesar (Drusus the Younger) (13 B.C.E.–23 C.E.)
• Drusus (4) (fl. first century C.E.)
• Duilius, Gaius (d. after 258 B.C.E.)
• duumviri
• Dyrrhachium
• E
• Eburacum (York)
• Eburones
• Ecbatana
• Eclectus (fl. late second century C.E.)
• economy
• Edessa
• education
• Egypt
• Egypt, prefect of
• Elagabalus (Varius Avitus Bassianus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) (204–222 C.E.)
• Elegira
• Emesa
• emperors of the Roman Empire
• Empiricus, Sextus (d. c. 210 C.E.)
• engineering
• Ennia Thrasylla (d. 38 C.E.)
• Ennius, Quintus (239–169 B.C.E.)
• Epagathus (fl. early third century C.E.)
• Epaphroditus (1) (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Epaphroditus (2) (fl. first century C.E.)
• Ephesus
• Ephesus, Council of
• Epictetus (ca. 55–135 C.E.)
• Epicureanism
• Epirus
• epistulis, ab
• Eprius Marcellus, Titus Clodius (d. 79 C.E.)
• Equites (Equester Ordo, Equestrians, or the Knights)
• Erato (d. after 1 C.E.)
• Ermanaric (fl. ca. 450–471 C.E.)
• Erucius Clarus, Sextus (fl. early second century C.E.)
• Esquiline Hill
• Essenes
• Ethiopia
• Etruria
• Etruscans
• Eucherius (d. 408 C.E.)
• Eudocia, Aelia (d. 460 C.E.)
• Eudoxia, Aelia (d. 404 C.E.)
• Eudoxia, Licinia (fl. mid-fifth century C.E.)
• Eugenius, Flavius (d. 394 C.E.)
• Eumenius (fl. late third century C.E.)
• Eunapius (ca. 346–after 414 C.E.)
• Euphrates River
• Euric (d. 484 C.E.)
• Eusebia (d. ca. 361 C.E.)
• Eusebius (d. 361 C.E.)
• Eusebius of Caesarea (d. 260–340)
• Eusebius of Nicomedia (d. ca. 342 C.E.)
• Eustathius of Antioch (Eustathius the Great) (d. ca. 337)
• Eustathius of Sebaste (d. ca. 377)
• Eutherius (fl. mid-fourth century C.E.)
• Eutropia (fl. mid-late third century C.E.)
• Eutropius (1) (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Eutropius (2) (d. ca. 399 C.E.)
• Eutyches (ca. 378–ca. 451)
• Eutychianus, Valerius Comazon (d. ca. 222 C.E.?)
• Evagrius Ponticus (346–399)
• Evocati
• Excubitors
• Exploratores
• Exsilium
• F
• Fabatus, Rubrius (d. after 32 C.E.)
• Fabian (d. 250 C.E.)
• Fabian tactics
• Fabianus Papirius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Fabiola (d. 399)
• Fabius Maximus, Quintus
• Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Quintus (d. after 295 B.C.E.)
• Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus
• Fabius Pictor (fl. late third century B.C.E.)
• Fabricius Luscinus, Gaius (d. after 275 B.C.E.)
• family
• farming
• fasces
• Fausta, Flavia Maxima (d. 326 C.E.)
• Faustina (1), Annia Galeria (the Elder) (d. 140 C.E.)
• Faustina (2), Annia Galeria (the Younger) (d. 176 C.E.)
• Favonius Eulogius (fl. mid-fourth century C.E.)
• Favorinus (ca. 80–150 C.E.)
• Felicitas
• Felix, Flavius Constantius (d. 430 C.E.)
• Felix, M. Minucius (fl. second century C.E.)
• Felix, Marcus Antonius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Fenestella (52 or 53 B.C.E.–36 C.E.)
• Festivals of the Roman Year
• Festus, Porcius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Festus, Rufius (d. 380 C.E.)
• Festus, Sextus Pompeius (fl. late second century C.E.)
• fetiales
• Fidenae, Amphitheater of
• Fides
• Figulus, Nigidius (ca. 98–after 46 B.C.E.)
• finance
• Firmicus Maternus, Julius (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Firmus (fl. third century C.E.)
• Firmus, Plotius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Fiscus
• Flaccilla (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Flaccus, C. Valerius (d. ca. 90 C.E., but not after 92)
• Flaccus, Lucius Valerius (d. 180 B.C.E.)
• Flaccus, Marcus Fulvius (d. 121 B.C.E.)
• Flaccus, Quintus Fulvius (d. after 205 B.C.E.)
• Flaccus, Verrius (fl. early first century C.E.)
• flamens
• Flaminius, Gaius (d. 217 B.C.E.)
• Flavians
• Flavianus, Virius Nicomachus (334–394 C.E.)
• Flavius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Florentia (Florence)
• Florianus, Marcus Annius (d. 276 C.E.)
• Florus, Gessius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Florus, Julius (d. 21 C.E.)
• Florus, Publius Annius (fl. ca. 117–138 C.E.)
• foedus Cassianum
• food and drink, Roman
• foricae
• Fortuna
• forum
• Forum Augustum
• Forum Caesaris
• Forum Gallorum
• Forum Julium
• Forum Pacis
• Forum Romanum
• Forum Traiani
• Forum Transitorium
• Franks
• freedmen
• Frigidus
• Frisii
• Fritigern and Alavius
• Frontinus, Sextus Julius (ca. 40–103 C.E.)
• Fronto, Marcus Cornelius (ca. 100–166 C.E.)
• frumentarii
• Fulvia (d. 40 B.C.E.)
• furnishings
• Furrina
• Fuscus, Cornelius (d. 86 C.E.)
• G
• Gabinius, Aulus (d. 48 B.C.E.)
• Gabinius, P. (d. after 41 C.E.)
• Gaetulia
• Gaius (ca. 110–180 C.E.)
• Gaius Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus) (12–41 C.E.)
• Galatia
• Galba (1) (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Galba (2), Servius Sulpicius (3 B.C.E.–69 C.E.)
• Galen (Claudius Galenus) (ca. 129–ca. 200 C.E.)
• Galerius (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus) (d. 311 C.E.)
• Galilee
• Galla, Satria (d. after 65 C.E.)
• Gallia
• Gallia Cisalpina
• Gallia Narbonensis
• Gallia Transalpina
• Gallic Wars
• Gallienus, Publius Licinius Egnatius (d. 268 C.E.)
• Gallio, Junius (d. 32 C.E.)
• Gallio, Lucius Annaeanus Junius (d. ca. 65 C.E.)
• Gallus, Aelius (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Gallus, Appius Annius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Gallus, Aulus Didius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Gallus, Cestius (d. ca. 66 C.E.)
• Gallus, Gaius Asinius (d. 33 C.E.)
• Gallus, Gaius Cornelius (70–26 B.C.E.)
• Gallus Caesar (Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus) (ca. 326–354 C.E.)
• Gamala
• games
• Gannascus (d. ca. 47 C.E.)
• Gannys (d. after 218 C.E.)
• Ganymedes (d. ca. 48 B.C.E.)
• gardens
• Gaul
• Gavius Maximus, Marcus (d. after 158 C.E.)
• Geiseric (d. 477 C.E.)
• Gellius, Aulus (fl. second century C.E.)
• Gellius Publicola, Lucius (d. after 70 B.C.E.)
• Gemellus, Tiberius (d. 37 C.E.)
• Gemonian Stairs
• Genialis, T. Flavius (fl. late second century C.E.)
• genius
• George of Cappadocia (d. 361 C.E.)
• Gergovia
• Germania
• Germanicus Julius Caesar (15 B.C.E.–19 C.E.)
• Germany
• Geta (1), Lucius Septimius (198–211 C.E.)
• Geta (2), Lusius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Gildo (d. 398 C.E.)
• Gischala
• gladiators
• gluttony
• Glycerius (fl. late fifth century C.E.)
• Gnosticism
• gods and goddesses
• Golden House of Nero
• Gordian I (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus (ca. 159–238 C.E.)
• Gordian II (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus) (d. 238 C.E.)
• Gordian III (Marcus Antonius Gordianus) (225– 244 C.E.)
• Gotarzes II (d. 49 C.E.)
• Goths
• government
• Gracchus, Gaius (154–121 B.C.E.)
• Gracchus, Tiberius (163–133 B.C.E.)
• Graecina, Pomponia (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Gratian (Flavius Gratianus) (359–383 C.E.)
• Grattius (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Gregory of Nazianzus (St. Gregory Nazianzen) (ca. 330–390)
• Gregory of Nyssa (ca. 335–395)
• Gregory the Illuminator (257–332)
• Gundioc (fl. mid-fifth century C.E.)
• Gundobad (fl. late fifth century C.E.)
• H
• Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus) (76–138 C.E.)
• Hamilcar Barca (d. 229 B.C.E.)
• Hannibal (248–183 or 182 B.C.E.)
• Hannibalianus (d. 337 C.E.)
• harpax
• Hasdrubal (d. ca. 146 B.C.E.)
• Hasdrubal Barca (d. 207 B.C.E.)
• Hasdrubal the Fair (d. 221 B.C.E.)
• Haterius, Quintus (d. 26 C.E.)
• Hatra
• health and disease
• Hegesippus (fl. second century C.E.)
• Helena (Flavia Julia Helena) (ca. 250–330)
• Helius (d. 69 C.E.)
• Hellenism
• Helvetia
• Helvetii
• Helvidius Priscus (fl. first century C.E.)
• Hera
• Heraclea, battle of
• Heracleus the Eunuch (d. 455 C.E.)
• Heraclianus, Aurelius (d. 268 C.E.)
• Herculaneum
• Herennia Etruscilla (Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla) (fl. mid-third century C.E.)
• Herennius Etruscus (Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius) (d. 251 C.E.)
• Hermes
• Hermogenes (d. after 138 C.E.)
• Hermunduri
• Herod Antipas (d. after 39 C.E.)
• Herodes Atticus (Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes) (ca. 104–178 C.E.)
• Herodian (d. ca. 250 C.E.)
• Herodias (d. after 39 C.E.)
• Herodion
• Herod the Great (ca. 73–4 B.C.E.)
• Hersilia (eighth century B.C.E.)
• Heruli
• Hesychius of Jerusalem (fl. early fifth century)
• Hibernia
• Hierocles (1) (d. 222. C.E.)
• Hierocles (2), Sossianus (fl. early fourth century C.E.)
• Hieronymian Martyrology
• Hiero II of Syracuse (d. 216 or 215 B.C.E.)
• Hilary (1) (Hilary of Arles) (403–449)
• Hilary (2) (Hilary of Poitiers) (ca. 315–367)
• Hilary (3) (Hilarius) (d. 468 C.E.)
• Hills of Rome
• Hippo
• Hippolytus (ca. 170–236)
• Hirtius, Aulus (d. 44 B.C.E.)
• Hispania
• Hispo, Romanus
• Historia Augusta
• Honoria Augusta (Justa Grata Honoria) (417/418– after 451 C.E.)
• Honorius, Flavius (383–423 C.E.)
• Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65–8 B.C.E.)
• Horatii
• Horatius Cocles
• Hormazd Ardashir (d. ca. 272 C.E.)
• Hormazd II (d. 309 C.E.)
• Hormazd III (d. 459 C.E.)
• Hormisdas (fl. mid-fourth century C.E.)
• Hortensian Law
• Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus (d. 50 B.C.E.)
• Hosius (Ossius) (ca. 257–357 C.E.)
• Hostilian (Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus) (d. ca. 251 C.E.)
• Hostilius Mancinus, Gaius (d. ca. 137 B.C.E.)
• Huneric (d. 484 C.E.)
• Huns
• Hydatius (ca. 400–470 C.E.)
• Hyginus, Gaius Julius (ca. 64 B.C.E.–17 C.E.)
• Hypatia (ca. 375–415 C.E.)
• Hyrcanus (d. 30 B.C.E.)
• I
• Iamblichus (ca. 250–319/325 C.E.)
• Iazyges
• Iberia
• Icelus (d. 69 C.E.)
• Iceni
• Icilius, Lucius (fl. mid-fifth century B.C.E.)
• Idumaea
• Ignatius (St. Ignatius) (ca. 35–107 C.E.)
• Ilerda
• Illyrian Wars
• Illyricum (Dalmatia)
• imagines
• immunitas
• imperator
• Imperial Cult
• imperium
• imperium maius
• imperium proconsulares
• Incitatus
• India
• industry
• informers
• Ingenuus (fl. third century C.E.)
• Ingiuomerus (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Innocent I (d. 417 C.E.)
• insula
• Ireland
• Irenaeus (ca. 130–200 C.E.)
• Isaac the Great (St. Sahak) (ca. 350–439)
• Isauria
• Isidorus
• Isis
• Issus
• Istria
• Italia
• Italicus (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Italy
• itineraria
• ius civile
• ius emphyteuticum
• ius gentium
• ius honorum
• ius Italicum
• ius Latii
• J
• James (d. ca. 62 C.E.)
• James the Greater (James the Great) (d. 44 C.E.)
• James the Less (d. 66 C.E.)
• Janus
• Javolenus Priscus, Gaius Octavius Tidius Tassianus Lucius (fl. second century C.E.)
• Jerome (Eusebius Hieronymus; St. Jerome) (ca. 345–420 C.E.)
• Jerusalem
• Jewish Rebellion
• Jewish War
• Johannes
• John (fl. first century C.E.)
• John Chrysostom (ca. 347–407 C.E.)
• John of Gischala (d. after 70 C.E.)
• John the Usurper (d. 425 C.E.)
• Josephus, Flavius (ca. 37–ca. 100 C.E.)
• Jotapianus (fl. third century C.E.)
• Jove
• Jovian (Flavius Jovinus) (ca. 330–364 C.E.)
• Jovians and Herculians
• Jovinus (d. 413 C.E.)
• Juba I (d. 46 B.C.E.)
• Juba II (d. ca. 19 C.E.)
• Judaea
• Judaism
• Jugurtha (160–104 B.C.E.)
• Jugurthine War
• Julia (1) (d. 51 B.C.E.)
• Julia (2) (ca. 83 B.C.E.–54 B.C.E.)
• Julia (3) (39 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)
• Julia (4) (19 B.C.E.–28 C.E.)
• Julia (5) (d. 43. C.E.)
• Julia (6)
• Julia (7)
• Julia Domna (d. after 217 C.E.)
• Julia Drusilla
• Julia Livilla
• Julia Maesa (d. 226 C.E.)
• Julia Mamaea (d. 235 C.E.)
• Julia Soaemias (fl. third century C.E.)
• Julian the Apostate (Flavius Claudius Julianus) (ca. 332–363 C.E.)
• Julianus, Salvius (Lucius Octavius Cornelius Publius Salvius Julianus Aemilianus) (ca. 100–169 C.E.)
• Julius (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Julius, Clemens (fl. first century C.E.)
• Julius Africanus, Sextus (d. ca. 240 C.E.)
• Junia (d. 22 C.E.)
• Junius Otho (fl. first century C.E.)
• Juno
• Jupiter
• jurists
• Justina (d. ca. 388 C.E.)
• Justin Martyr (ca. 100–165)
• Justus (first century C.E.)
• Jutes
• Juthungi
• Juthungine War
• Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis) (fl. early second century C.E.)
• Juvenalia
• Juvenalis, Flavius (fl. late second century C.E.)
• Juvenal of Jerusalem (d. 458 C.E.)
• Juvencus, Gaius Vettius Aquilinus (fourth century C.E.)
• K
• kings of Rome
• Knights
• Kniva (d. after 253 C.E.)
• L
• Labeo Marcus Antistius (ca. 54 B.C.E.–10/11 C.E.)
• Labeo, Pomponius (d. 34 C.E.)
• Labienus, Quintus (d. ca. 39 B.C.E.)
• Labienus, Titus (d. 45 B.C.E.)
• Laco, Cornelius (d. 69 C.E.)
• Laco, Graecinus (fl. first century C.E.)
• Lactantius (Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius) (ca. 245–323 C.E.)
• Laelianus, Upius Cornelius (d. ca. 268 C.E.)
• Laelius, Gaius (d. ca. 160 B.C.E.)
• Laelius Sapiens, the Younger, Gaius (fl. second century B.C.E.)
• Laeta, Clodia (d. 213 C.E.)
• laeti
• Laetus (d. ca. 198 C.E.)
• Laetus, Quintus Aemilius (d. ca. 192 C.E.)
• Laevinus, Marcus Valerius (fl. late third century B.C.E.)
• Lake Regillus, battle of
• Lake Trasimene, battle of
• Lamia, Aelius Plautius (d. 33 C.E.)
• Langobardi
• language
• Laodicea, Canons of
• lapsi
• lararium
• Lares
• Largus, Scribonius (d. after 53 C.E.)
• Lars Porsenna (late sixth century B.C.E.)
• latifundia
• Latin League
• Latins
• Latin War
• Latium
• law
• lawrence (laurence) (d. 258 C.E.)
• legatus (legate)
• legions
• lemures
• us, Gnaeus Cornelius (d. 25 C.E.)
• lentulus Gaetulicus, Gnaues cornelius (d. 39 C.E.)
• leo I (the Great) (ca. 401–474 C.E.)
• Leo I (d. 461 C.E.)
• Leo II (467–474 C.E.)
• Lepcis Magna
• Lepida, Aemilia (d. 36 C.E.)
• Lepida, Domitia (d. 54 C.E.)
• Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (1) (d. 13 B.C.E.)
• Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (2) (d. ca. 30 B.C.E.)
• Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (3) (d. 39 C.E.)
• Lepidus, Paullus Aemilius (late first century B.C.E.)
• lex
• Libanius (314–393 C.E.)
• libellatici
• libellis, a
• Liberators
• Liberius (d. 366 C.E.)
• Libius Severus (d. 465 C.E.)
• Libo, M. Drusus (d. 16 C.E.)
• Library of Alexandria
• Liburnia
• Licinian Rogations
• Licinius, Valerius Licinianus (d. 325 C.E.)
• Licinius Lucullus, Lucius (d. 57 or 56 B.C.E.)
• Licinius Macer Calvus, Gaius (82–46 or 47 B.C.E.)
• lictors
• Ligur, Valerius (d. after 14 C.E.)
• Liguria
• limes
• Lindum (Lincoln)
• literature
• Livia (58 B.C.E.–29 C.E.)
• Livilla (d. 31 C.E.)
• Livius Andronicus (ca. 284–204 B.C.E.)
• Livius Drusus, Claudius (d. ca. 42 B.C.E.)
• Livius Drusus, Marcus (d. 91 B.C.E.)
• Livius Salinator, Marcus
• Livy (Titus Livius) (64 or 59 B.C.E.–12 or 17 C.E.)
• Lollia Paulina (d. 49 C.E.)
• Lollius, Marcus (d. ca. 1 C.E.)
• Lollius Urbicus, Quintus (fl. second century C.E.)
• Londinium
• Longinus
• Longinus, Cassius (ca. 213–273 C.E.)
• Longus, Velius (d. early second century C.E.)
• Luca, Conference of
• Lucan, Marcus Annaeus (39–65 C.E.)
• Lucania
• Lucian (fl. second century C.E.)
• Lucian of Antioch (d. 312 C.E.)
• Lucifer of Cagliari (Lucifer of Sardinia) (d. 370 or 371 C.E.)
• Lucilius, Gaius (1) (ca. 180–103 B.C.E.)
• Lucilius, Gaius (2) (fl. first century C.E.)
• Lucilla, Annia Aurelia Galeria (ca. 148–182 C.E.)
• Lucilla, Domitia (fl. second century C.E.)
• Lucina
• lucius caesar
• Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
• Lucretia
• Lucretius Carus, Titus (d. ca. 55 B.C.E.)
• Lucusta the Poisoner (d. 69 C.E.)
• ludi
• Lugdunum
• Lugdunum, battle of
• Luna
• Lupicinus, Flavius (d. after 367 C.E.)
• Lusitani
• Lusitania
• Lutatius Catulus, Gaius
• Lutetia
• Lycaonia
• Lycia-Pamphylia
• Lydia
• M
• Macarius (Macarius the Egyptian, Macarius the Great) (d. ca. 390 C.E.)
• Macarius Magnes (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Macedonia
• Macedonian Wars
• macellum
• Macer, Aemilius (d. 16 B.C.E.)
• Macrianus, Titus Fulvius (d. 261 C.E.)
• Macrianus, Titus Fulvius Junius (d. 261 C.E.)
• Macrinus, Marcus Opellius (ca. 165–218 C.E.)
• Macro, Quintus Naevius Cordus Sutorius (d. 38 C.E.)
• Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius (fl. early fifth century C.E.)
• Maeatae
• Maecenas, Gaius Cilnius (74/64–8 B.C.E.)
• Maecianus, Lucius Volusius (fl. second century C.E.)
• Maelius, Spurius (d. 439 B.C.E.)
• Maenius, Gaius (d. after 338 B.C.E.)
• Magetobriga
• magic
• magister equitum
• magister memoriae
• magister militum
• magister officiorum
• magister peditum
• Magna Graecia
• Magnentius, Flavius Magnus (ca. 303–353 C.E.)
• Magnesia, battle of
• Mago (1) (fl. mid-sixth century B.C.E.)
• Mago (2) (d. 203 B.C.E.)
• maiestas
• Majorian (Julius Valerius Majorianus) (d. 461 C.E.)
• Malchus (fl. mid-sixth century B.C.E.)
• Mamertini
• Mamertinus, Claudius (d. after 365 C.E.)
• Mamilius Tusculanus, Octavius (d. ca. 496 B.C.E.)
• Mamurra (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Mancinus, Gaius Hostilius
• Mandiuch (fl. early fifth century C.E.)
• manes
• Manichaeism
• Manilius, Manius (d. after 133 B.C.E.)
• Manilius, Marcus (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Manlius Capitolinus, Marcus (fl. early fourth century B.C.E.)
• mansiones
• Marcellinus of Dalmatia (d. 468 C.E.)
• Marcellus, Lucius Ulpius (fl. second century C.E.)
• Marcellus, Marcus Claudius (1) (d. 208 B.C.E.)
• Marcellus, Marcus Claudius (2) (43–23 B.C.E.)
• Marcellus, Nonius (fl. early fourth century C.E.)
• Marcellus, Sextus Varius (d. before 217 C.E.)
• Marcellus of Gaul (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Marcia (d. 193 C.E.)
• Marcian (392–457 C.E.)
• Marciana, Ulpia (ca. 48–112 C.E.)
• Marcianus, Aelius (fl. third century C.E.)
• Marcionism
• Marcius, Gaius
• Marcius, Gaius Rutilius (d. after 342 B.C.E.)
• Marcomanni
• Marcomannic Wars
• Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) (121– 180 C.E.)
• Maria (d. 408 C.E.)
• marines
• Maritime Alps
• Marius, Gaius (157 B.C.E.–January 13, 86 B.C.E.)
• Marius, Marcus Aurelius (fl. third century C.E.)
• Marius Maximus, Lucius (fl. late second century C.E.)
• Maroboduus (d. ca. 36 C.E.)
• marriage and divorce
• Mars
• Marsi (1)
• Marsi (2)
• Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis) (ca. 40–103/104 C.E.)
• Martialis, Julius (d. 217 C.E.)
• Martialis, Q. Gargilius (fl. third century C.E.)
• Martianus Capella (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• Martin of Tours (ca. 316–397 C.E.)
• Masada
• Masinissa of Numidia (ca. 240–148 B.C.E.)
• Massilia
• Mater Matuta
• Mater Regina
• Maternas, Curiatius (fl. late first century C.E.)
• mathematics
• Matidia (d. 119 C.E.)
• Mauretania
• Mavia (d. after 378 C.E.)
• Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius (279–312 C.E.)
• Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus) (ca. 240–310 C.E.)
• Maximinus (d. ca. 376 C.E.)
• Maximinus Daia (d. 313 C.E.)
• Maximinus I Thrax (Gaius Julius Verius Maximinus) (d. 238 C.E.)
• Maximus, A. Lappius (fl. late first century C.E.)
• Maximus, Gaius Julius Verius (d. 238 C.E.)
• Maximus, L. Marius (d. before 235 C.E.)
• Maximus, Magnus (d. 388 C.E.)
• Maximus, Sextus Quintilius
• Maximus of Ephesus (d. 370 or 371 C.E.)
• Maximus of Tyre (ca. 125–185 C.E.)
• Media Atropatene
• medicine
• Mediolanum
• Mediterranean Sea
• Megalesia
• Meherdates (fl. first century C.E.)
• Mela, Annaeus (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Mela, Pomponius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Melania the Elder (ca. 345–410 C.E.)
• Melania the Younger (ca. 383–438 C.E.)
• Melitius and the Melitians (fl. early fourth century C.E.)
• Melitius of Antioch (d. 381 C.E.)
• Memmius, Gaius (d. ca. 46 B.C.E.)
• Menas (Menodorus) (d. 35 B.C.E.)
• Mercury
• Merida (Emerita)
• Merobaudes, Flavius (1) (d. 387 C.E.)
• Merobaudes, Flavius (2) (d. after 446 C.E.)
• Mesopotamia
• Messalla Corvinus, Marcus Valerius (64 B.C.E.–8 C.E.)
• Messalla Messallinus, Marcus Valerius (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Messallina, Statilia (fl. first century C.E.)
• Messallina, Valeria (d. 48 C.E.)
• Messana
• Metaurus River, battle of
• Metellus Celer, Quintus Caecilius (d. after 60 B.C.E.)
• Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus (d. 115 B.C.E.)
• Metellus Numidicus, Quintus Caecilius
• Metellus Scipio, Quintus Caecilius (d. 46 B.C.E.)
• Mettius of Alba Longa (fl. seventh century B.C.E.)
• Milan
• Milan, Edict of
• milestones
• Miletus
• Milichus (d. after 65 C.E.)
• Milo, Titus Annius (d. ca. 47 B.C.E.)
• Milvian Bridge
• Minerva
• Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus, Lucius (d. after 439 B.C.E.)
• Misenum
• Misenum, Conference of
• Mithras
• Mithridates (1) (d. 51 C.E.)
• Mithridates (2) (d. 69 C.E.)
• Mithridates III (d. 54 B.C.E.)
• Mithridates VI of Pontus (Mithridates VI Eupator (132–63 B.C.E.)
• Mithridates of Pergamum (d. 41 B.C.E.)
• Mithridatic Wars
• Mnester (d. 48 C.E.)
• Modestus, Domitius (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Moesia
• Moguntiacum (Mainz)
• Moneta
• Monophysitism (Monophysism)
• Montanism
• Moors
• Mucianus, Gaius Licinius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Mucius Scaevola (sixth century B.C.E.)
• Mummius Achaicus, Lucius (d. after 146 B.C.E.)
• Munda
• municipium
• Murena, Licinius Aulus Terentius Varro (d. 22 B.C.E.)
• Mursa Major
• music
• Musonianus, Strategius (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• mutationes
• Mutina
• Mylae, battle of
• Myonnesus, battle of
• Mysia
• N
• Nabataeans
• Nacolea
• Naevius, Gnaeus (ca. 264–ca. 201 B.C.E.)
• Namatianus, Rutilius Claudius (fl. late fourth and early fifth centuries C.E.)
• Narbo
• Narbonensis
• Narcissus (1) (d. ca. 54 C.E.)
• Narcissus (2) (d. 193 C.E.)
• Narses (Narseh) (d. 302 C.E.)
• Nasamones
• Nasidius, Q. (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Natalis, Antonius (d. after 65 C.E.)
• Naulochus
• navy
• Nedao
• Nemausus
• Nemesianus (Marcus Aurelius Nemesianus Olympius) (fl. late third century C.E.)
• Nemesius (fl. early fifth century C.E.)
• Neoplatonism
• Neo-Pythagoreanism
• Nepos, Cornelius (ca. 100–24 B.C.E.)
• Nepos, Julius (d. 480 C.E.)
• Nepos, Platorius (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Nepotianus, Julius (d. 350 C.E.)
• Neptune
• Nero (Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus) (37–68 C.E.)
• Nero, Gaius Claudius (d. after 200 B.C.E.)
• Nero, Julius Caesar (6–31 C.E.)
• Nero, wives of
• Nerseh (King of Persia)
• Nerva, Marcus Cocceius (30–98 C.E.)
• Nervii
• Nestor, Julianus (d. 218 C.E.)
• Nestorius (d. after 436 C.E.)
• Nevitta, Flavius (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Nicaea
• Nicaea, battle of
• Nicaea, Council of
• Nice
• Nicene Creed
• Nicolaus of Damascus (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Nicomedia
• Nicopolis
• Nigrinus, Gaius Avidius (d. 118 C.E.)
• Nile
• Nile, battle of the
• Nisibis
• Nobilior, Marcus Fulvius (d. after 179 B.C.E.)
• nobiles
• nobilitas
• nominatio
• Norbanus (d. 96 C.E.?)
• Noricum
• notarii
• Notitia dignitatum
• Novatian (d. ca. 257–258 C.E.)
• novus homo
• Nuceria
• Numa Pompilius (d. 673 B.C.E.)
• numerals, Roman
• numeri
• Numerian (Marcus Aurelius Numerius Numerianus) (d. 284)
• Numerianus (fl. ca. 200 C.E.)
• Numidia
• Numitor (fl. sixth century B.C.E.)
• O
• Octavia (d. 11 B.C.E.)
• Octavia, Claudia (ca. 41–ca. 62 C.E.)
• Octavian
• Octavius, Gaius (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Octavius, Gnaeus (d. 87 B.C.E.)
• Octavius, Marcus (d. after 123 B.C.E.)
• Odaenath (d. 266 C.E.)
• Odoacer (d. 493 C.E.)
• Oea (Tripoli)
• Ogulnius, Quintus Gallus (fl. fourth century B.C.E.)
• Olba
• Olybrius (d. 472 C.E.)
• Olybrius, Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus (fourth century C.E.)
• Olympiodorus of Thebes (d. after 425 C.E.)
• Opimius, Lucius (d. after 116 B.C.E.)
• Oppian (fl. late second century C.E.)
• Oppius, Gaius (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Ops (goddess of the harvest)
• optimates and populaces
• Orange
• oratory
• Orbiana, Barbia
• Orestes (d. ca. 476 C.E.)
• Orgetorix (fl. first century C.E.)
• Oribasius (ca. 320–400 C.E.)
• Origen (Origenes Adamantius) (ca. 185–254 C.E.)
• ornamenta
• Orodes II (d. 38 B.C.E.)
• Oroses (d. 122 C.E.)
• Orosius, Paulus (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• Osroene
• Ostia
• Ostrogoths
• Otho, Lucius Salvius Titianus (fl. first century C.E.)
• Otho, Marcus Salvius (32–69 C.E.)
• ovatio
• Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (43 B.C.E.–17/18 C.E.)
• P
• Pacatianus, Titus Claudius Marinus (d. ca. 249 C.E.)
• Pacatus, Latinus Drepanius (fl. late fourth century)
• Pachomius (d. 346 C.E.)
• Pacorus (d. 38 B.C.E.)
• Pacorus II (d. 114 C.E.)
• Pacuvius, Marcus (220–130 B.C.E.)
• Paetina, Aelia
• Paetus, Lucius Caesennius (fl. first century C.E.)
• paganism
• Palaemon, Quintus Remmius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Palaestina (Palestine)
• Palatine Hill
• Palatini
• Pales
• Palfurius Sura (fl. late first century C.E.)
• Palladas (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Palladius (ca. 365–425 C.E.)
• Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus (fl. late fourth and perhaps early fifth century C.E.)
• Pallas, Marcus Antonius (d. 62 C.E.)
• Palma Frontonianus, Aulus Cornelius (d. 117 C.E.)
• Palmyra
• Pammachius (d. ca. 409 C.E.)
• Pamphylia
• Pamphylius of Caesarea (d. 309 C.E.)
• Pandateria
• panegyric
• Pannonia
• Pansa Caetronianus, Gaius Vibius (d. 43 B.C.E.)
• Pantaenus (d. ca. 190 C.E.)
• Pantheon
• papacy
• Papak (d. before 208 C.E.) (Pabhagh)
• Paphlagonia
• Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus) (ca. 150–211 C.E.)
• Papirius Cursor, Lucius (d. ca. 309 B.C.E.)
• Paris (fl. mid-first century)
• Parthamasiris of Armenia (fl. second century C.E.)
• Parthamaspates of Parthia (fl. early second century C.E.)
• Parthenius (d. 97 C.E.)
• Parthia
• Patavium
• Paternus, Tarrutenius (late second century C.E.)
• Pater Patriae
• patria potestas
• patriarch
• patricians
• Patricius (d. after 471 C.E.)
• Patrick (Patricius) (fl. early fourth century C.E.)
• Paulina, Domitia (d. before 130 C.E.)
• Paulina, Pompeia (d. after 65 C.E.)
• Paulinus of Nola (Meropius Pontius Paulinus) (ca. 353–431 C.E.)
• Paullus, Lucius Aemilius (1) (d. 216 B.C.E.)
• Paullus, Lucius Aemilius (2) (d. 8 C.E.)
• Paullus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius (d. 160 B.C.E.)
• Paul of Samosata (fl. third century C.E.)
• Paul of Tarsus (St. Paul) (d. 65–67 C.E.)
• Paulus (Catena) (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Paulus, Julius (fl. third century C.E.)
• Pausanias (fl. mid-second century C.E.)
• Pax
• Pedius, Quintus (cf. 43 B.C.E.)
• Pelagia (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• Pelagianism
• Pelagius
• Penates
• Peraea
• peregrini
• Perennis, Sextus Tigidius (fl. late second century C.E.)
• Pergamum
• periploi
• Persia
• Persius Flaccus, Aulus (34–62 C.E.)
• personal appearance
• Pertinax, Publius Helvius (1) (126–193 C.E.)
• Pertinax, Publius Helvius (2) (d. ca. 211 C.E.)
• Perusine War
• Pescennius Niger (Gaius Pescennius Niger Justus) (ca. 135–193 C.E.)
• Peter (St. Peter) (d. 64 C.E.?)
• Peter of Alexandria (d. 311 C.E.)
• Petra
• Petreius, Marcus (d. 46 B.C.E.)
• Petronius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Petronius Arbiter
• Petronius Maximus (396–455 C.E.)
• Petronius Turpilianus, Publius (1) (fl. first century C.E.)
• Petronius Turpilianus, Publius (2) (d. ca. 68 C.E.)
• Peutinger Table
• Phaedrus (fl. first century C.E.)
• Phaon (fl. first century C.E.)
• Pharasmanes (first century C.E.)
• Pharisees
• Pharnaces (d. 47 B.C.E.)
• Pharsalus, battle of
• Phasael (d. 40 B.C.E.)
• Philae
• Philip I (d. 249 C.E.)
• Philip II (d. 249 C.E.)
• Philip V of Macedon (238–179 B.C.E.)
• Philip the Tetrarch (d. 34 C.E.)
• Philippi
• Philippus, Flavius (d. 351 C.E.)
• Philippus, Lucius Marcius (1) (d. ca. 73 B.C.E.)
• Philippus, Lucius Marcius (2) (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Philo (Philo Judaeus [the Jew]) (ca. 30 B.C.E.–50 C.E.)
• Philopater I (first century B.C.E.)
• philosophy
• Philostorgius (ca. 368–439 C.E.)
• Philostratus, Flavius (fl. early third century C.E.)
• phoenix
• Phraataces (d. 4 C.E.)
• Phraates III (d. 57 B.C.E.)
• Phraates IV (d. 2 B.C.E.)
• Phrygia
• Piazza Armerina
• Picenum
• Picts
• Pincian Hills
• piracy
• Pisidia
• Piso, Gaius Calpurnius (d. 65 C.E.)
• Piso, Gnaeus Calpurnius (d. 20 C.E.)
• Piso, Lucius Calpurnius (1) (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Piso, Lucius Calpurnius (2) (d. 32 C.E.)
• Piso Frugi, Lucius Calpurnius (d. after 133 B.C.E.)
• Piso Frugi, Marcus Pupius (ca. 115–ca. 61 B.C.E.)
• Piso Licinianus (d. 69 C.E.)
• Pisonian conspiracy
• Placentia
• Placidia, Galla (d. 450 C.E.)
• Plancina, Munatia (d. 33 C.E.)
• Plancus, Lucius Munatius (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Platonism
• Plautianus, Gaius Fulvius (d. 205 C.E.)
• Plautilla (d. 211 C.E.)
• Plautius, Aulus (fl. first century C.E.)
• Plautius Lateranus (d. 65 C.E.)
• Plautius Silvanus, Marcus (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Plautius Silvanus Aelianus, Tiberius (d. 62 C.E.)
• Plautus (Titus Maccius Plautus) (ca. 254–184 B.C.E.)
• plebeians
• Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) (ca. 23–79 C.E.)
• Pliny the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus) (ca. 61–122 C.E.)
• Plotina, Pompeia (d. 121/122 C.E.)
• Plotinus (205–270 C.E.)
• Plutarch (Lucius [?] Mestrius Plutarchus) (before 50–after 120 C.E.)
• Pluton
• poetry
• Polemo, Marcus Antonius (ca. 88–145 C.E.)
• Polemo I (d. 8 B.C.E.)
• Polemo II (fl. first century C.E.)
• Pollentia
• Pollio, Gaius Asinius (ca. 76 B.C.E.–5 C.E.)
• Pollio, Publius Vedius (d. 15 B.C.E.)
• Pollio, Rufrius (d. ca. 47 C.E.)
• Polybius (1) (ca. 203–ca. 118 B.C.E.)
• Polybius (2) (d. 47 or 48 C.E.)
• Polycarp (ca. 69–115/6 or 167/8 C.E.)
• Polycleitus (fl. first century C.E.)
• pomerium
• Pomona
• Pompeia (1) (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Pompeia (2) (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Pompeianus, Ruricius (d. 312 C.E.)
• Pompeianus, Tiberius Claudius (fl. second century C.E.)
• Pompeii
• Pompeius, Quintus Aulus (d. after 131 B.C.E.)
• Pompeius Rufus, Quintus (d. 87 B.C.E.)
• Pompeius Strabo (d. 87 B.C.E.)
• Pompey, Gnaeus (d. 45 B.C.E.)
• Pompey, Sextus (d. 36/5 B.C.E.)
• Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (106–48 B.C.E.)
• Pomponius, Sextus (fl. second century C.E.)
• Pomponius Proculus, Titus (d. after 176 C.E.)
• Pomponius Secundus, Publius (fl. first century C.E.)
• pontifex maximus
• pontifices
• Pontius, Gavius (fl. late third century B.C.E.)
• Pontius Pilate (d. after 37 C.E.)
• Pontus
• Popillius Laenas, Publius (d. after 132 B.C.E.)
• Poppaea, Sabina (d. 65 C.E.)
• Poppaedius Silo, Q. (d. 88 B.C.E.)
• Populares
• Porcia (d. 43 B.C.E.)
• Porcius Cato, Marcus
• Porcius Latro, Marcus (d. 4 C.E.)
• Porfyrius, Publilius Optatianus (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Porphyry (233–ca. 305 C.E.)
• portorium
• Portunus
• postal service
• Postumius Albinus, Spurius (fl. late second century B.C.E.)
• Postumus, Marcus Cassianus Latinius (d. 268 C.E.)
• Potamon of Alexandria (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Pothinus (d. 48 B.C.E.)
• praepositus sacri cubiculi
• Praetextatus, Vettius Agorius (ca. 310–384 C.E.)
• praetor
• Praetorian Guard
• Prasutagus (d. 61 C.E.)
• prefect of the city
• prefect of the grain
• prefect of the Praetorian Guard
• prefect of the watch
• Priapus
• priesthood
• Primus, Marcus Antonius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• princeps
• princeps iuventutis
• Priscillian (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Priscus (1) (fl. late second century C.E.)
• Priscus (2) (ca. 305–396 C.E.)
• Priscus (3) (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• Priscus, Clutorius (C. Lutorius Priscus) (d. 21 C.E.)
• Priscus, Gaius Julius (fl. mid-second century C.E.)
• Priscus, Lucius Neratius (fl. early second century C.E.)
• Priscus, Statius (d. after 163 C.E.)
• Probus, Marcus Aurelius (ca. 232–282 C.E.)
• Probus, Marcus Valerius (fl. late first century C.E.)
• Probus, Petronius (d. 388 C.E.)
• Proclus (ca. 412–485 C.E.)
• proconsul
• Procopius (326–366 C.E.)
• Proculeans
• Proculus (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Proculus, Volusius (fl. first century C.E.)
• procurator
• Prohaeresius (d. 367 C.E.)
• Propertius, Sextus (d. 15 B.C.E.)
• propraetor
• proscription
• Prosper (Prosper of Aquitaine) (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• protectores
• provinces of the Roman Empire
• provocatio
• Prudentius (Aurelius Prudentius Clemens) (ca. 348–410 C.E.)
• Ptolemais
• Ptolemy (d. 40 C.E.)
• Ptolemy, Claudius (f. second century C.E.)
• Ptolemy XII Auletes (d. 51 B.C.E.)
• Ptolemy XIII (d. 47 B.C.E.)
• Ptolemy XIV (d. 43 B.C.E.)
• publicani
• Publilius Philo, Quintus (fl. fourth century B.C.E.)
• Pulcheria, Aelia (399–453 C.E.)
• Pulchra, Claudia (d. 26 C.E.)
• Punic Wars
• Pupienus (d. 238 C.E.)
• Puteoli
• Pydna, battle of
• Pylades (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Pyrrhus of Epirus (319–272 B.C.E.)
• Q
• Quadi
• Quadratus, Asinius (fl. early third century C.E.)
• quaestiones
• quaestor
• quaestor sacri palati
• Quietus, Lusius (d. 117 C.E.)
• Quietus, Titus Fulvius Junius (d. 261 C.E.)
• Quinctius Capitolinus Cincinnatus, Lucius
• Quinctius Flaminius, Titus
• quindecimviri sacris faciundis
• Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus) (ca. 34– 100 C.E.)
• Quintilii brothers
• Quintillus, Marcus Aurelius Claudius (d. 270 C.E.)
• Quintus of Smyrna (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Quintus Sertorius
• quirinal hill
• Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius (d. 21 C.E.)
• Quirinus
• Quodvultdeus (d. 453 C.E.)
• R
• Radagaisus (d. 406 C.E.)
• Radamistus of Iberia (d. 58 C.E.)
• Raetia
• Rape of Lucretia
• Rape of the Sabine Women
• rationalis
• rationibus, a
• Raurici
• Ravenna
• rebus, agentes in
• rebus bellicis, De (On matters of wars)
• Red Sea
• Regalianus (Regillianus) (fl. third century C.E.)
• Regulus, Marcus Atilius
• Regulus, Publius Memmius (fl. first century C.E.)
• religion and cosmology
• Remigius (Remi) (ca. 438–533)
• Remistus (fifth century C.E.)
• Remus
• Repentinus, Fabius Cornelius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Res gestae divi Augusti
• res privata
• res repetundae
• rex
• rex sacrorum
• Rhea Sylvia (eighth century B.C.E.)
• Rheims
• Rhemi
• Rhescuporis of Thrace (Rhascyporis) (d. ca. 19 C.E.)
• rhetoric
• Rhine
• Rhodes
• Rhoemetalces I (d. 12 C.E.)
• Ricimer, Flavius (d. 472 C.E.)
• Ricomer (d. 393 C.E.)
• roads
• Robigus
• Roles
• Roma
• Roman Empire, division of the
• Roman Empire, fall of the
• Roman Empire, start of the
• Romanus (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Rome
• Romulus and Remus
• Romulus Augustulus (fl. late fifth century C.E.)
• Roxolani
• Rubellius Plautus (d. 62 C.E.)
• Rubicon
• Rufina, Pomponia
• Rufinus, Flavius (d. 395 C.E.)
• Rufinus of Aquileia, Tyrannius (ca. 345–410 C.E.)
• Rufus, Cluvius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Rufus, C. Valgius (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Rufus, Faenius (d. 65 C.E.)
• Rufus, Gaius Musonius (ca. 30–101 C.E.)
• Rufus, Quintus Curtius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Rufus, Verginius
• Rugila (d. 433 C.E.)
• Rupilius, Publius (d. 123 B.C.E.)
• Rusticus, Junius (fl. mid-second century C.E.)
• Rutilius Rufus, Publius (ca. 158–ca. 78 B.C.E.)
• S
• Sabelli
• Sabellianism
• Sabina, Vibia (d. after 128 C.E.)
• Sabines
• Sabine Women, Rape of the
• Sabinians
• Sabinus, Caelius (fl. late first century C.E.)
• Sabinus, Cornelius (d. ca. 41 C.E.)
• Sabinus, Flavius (d. 69 C.E.)
• Sabinus, Masurius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Sabinus, Nymphidius (d. 69 C.E.)
• Sabinus, Poppaeus (d. 35 C.E.)
• Sabinus, Publius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Sabis
• Sabratha
• sacramentum
• Sacred Way
• Sacrovir, Julius (d. 21 C.E.)
• Sadducees
• Saguntum
• Salarian Way
• Salii
• Salinator, Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus (d. 136 C.E.)
• Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) (ca. 86–35/4 B.C.E.)
• Sallustius Crispus, Gaius (d. 20 C.E.)
• Sallustius Passienus Crispus, Gaius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Salona
• Salonina (Cornelia Salonina Chrysogone) (d. 268 C.E.)
• Saloninus (Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus) (d. 260 C.E.)
• Salutatio
• Salvianus (Salvianus of Massilia or Marseilles) (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• Samaria
• Samnites
• Samnite Wars
• Samos
• Santones
• Saracens
• Sardinia
• Sardis
• Sarmatians
• Sarmizegethusa
• Sassanid dynasty
• satire
• Saturnalia
• Saturninus, Aponius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Saturninus, Gnaeus Sentius (d. after 41 C.E.)
• Saturninus, Julius (d. ca. 278 C.E.)
• Saturninus, Lucius Antoninus (d. 89 C.E.)
• Saturninus Dogmatius, Gaius Caelius (fl. early fourth century C.E.)
• Saturninus Secundus, Salutius (d. after 367 C.E.)
• Saturnus
• Saxons
• Scapula, Publius Ostorius (d. 52 C.E.)
• Scapula, Q. Ostorius (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Scaurus, Mamercus Aemilius (d. 34 C.E.)
• Scaurus, Q. Terentius (fl. second century C.E.)
• Scholae Palatinae
• science and technology
• Scipio, Metellus (d. 46 B.C.E.)
• Scipio, Publius Cornelius (d. 211 B.C.E.)
• Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus, Publius Cornelius (Scipio Africanus the Younger) (185– 129 B.C.E.)
• Scipio Africanus Major, Publius Cornelius (236– 183 B.C.E.)
• Scipio Asiaticus, Lucius (d. after 183 B.C.E.)
• Scipio Asina, Gnaeus Cornelius (d. after 254 B.C.E.)
• Scipio Barbatus, Lucius (d. 280 B.C.E.)
• Scipio Calvus, Gnaeus Cornelius (d. 211 B.C.E.)
• Scipio Nasica, Publius Cornelius (b. 227–d. after 171 B.C.E.)
• Scipio Nasica Corculum, Publius (d. 141 B.C.E.)
• Scipio Nasica Serapio, Publius Cornelius (ca. 183– 132 B.C.E.)
• Scribonia (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Scribonii brothers (r. 54–68 C.E.)
• scrinii
• Scriptores historiae Augustae
• scutarii
• Scythia
• Sebastianus (d. 378 C.E.)
• Secundus, Pedanius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Secundus, Petronius (d. 98 C.E.)
• Segovia
• Seine
• Sejanus, Lucius Aelius (ca. 20 B.C.E.–31 C.E.)
• Seleucia
• Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberius
• Senaculum
• Senate
• senatus consultum
• senatus consultum ultimum
• Seneca (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (ca. 5–65 C.E.)
• Seneca the Elder (Lucius Annaeus Seneca) (ca. 55 B.C.E.–41 C.E.)
• Senecio, Claudius (d. 65 C.E.)
• Sentinum, battle of
• Sentius, Gnaeus (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Septemviri
• Sequani
• Serapis
• Serena (d. 408 C.E.)
• Sertorius, Quintus (ca. 123–72 B.C.E.)
• Servianus, Julius (Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus) (d. 136 C.E.)
• Servilius Caepio, Quintus, the Elder (d. after 103 B.C.E.)
• Servius (fl. early fifth century C.E.)
• Servius Tullius (fl. mid-sixth century B.C.E.)
• sestertius (pl. sestertii; also sesterce [pl. sesterces])
• Severa, Aquilia
• Severa, Aurelia
• Severus
• Severus I
• Severus II (Flavius Valerius Severus) (d. 307 C.E.)
• Severus, Lucius Catilius (fl. second century C.E.)
• Severus, Septimius (Lucius Septimus Severus) (145–211 C.E.)
• Severus, Sextus Julius (fl. ca. second century C.E.)
• Severus, Sulpicius (ca. 363–420 C.E.)
• Severus Alexander, Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Julius Gessius Alexianus Bassianus) (208–235 C.E.)
• Sextus Caesar (d. 46 C.E.)
• Shapur I (d. 272 C.E.)
• Shapur II (d. 379 C.E.)
• Shapur III (d. 388 C.E.)
• ships
• sibyl
• Sibylline Books
• Sicilia (Sicily)
• Sidonius Apollinaris (Gaius Sollius Apollinaris Sidonius) (ca. 430–479 C.E.)
• Silana, Junia (d. after 59 C.E.)
• Silanus, Lucius Junius (d. 49 C.E.)
• Silius, Gaius (1) (d. 24 C.E.)
• Silius, Gaius (2) (d. 48 C.E.)
• Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius Asconius (ca. 26– 101 C.E.)
• Silk Route
• Silva, Flavius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Silvanus (fl. mid-fourth century C.E.)
• Similis, S. Sulpicius (d. ca. 124 C.E.)
• Sinope
• Sirmium
• 69 C.E.
• slavery
• Smyrna
• social classes
• Social War
• socii
• Socrates (ca. 380–450 C.E.)
• solidus
• Solinus, Gaius Julius (fl. early third century C.E.)
• Sol Invictus
• soothsayers
• Sopater (early fourth century C.E.)
• sophistry
• Soranus (fl. second century C.E.)
• Soranus, Barea (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Sororia
• Sosius, Gaius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Sozomen, Salmaninius Hermias (fl. early fifth century C.E.)
• Spain
• Sparta
• Speculatores
• Spelunca
• Split
• S.P.Q.R.
• Spurinna (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Stabiae
• Statius, Publius Papinius (ca. 40 or 45–95 or 96 C.E.)
• Statius Annaeus (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Stephanus (Pope Stephen I) (d. 258 C.E.)
• Stilicho, Flavius (d. 408 C.E.)
• Stoicism
• Stolo, Gaius Licinius (fl. mid-fourth century B.C.E.)
• Strabo (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Strabo, Lucius Seius (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Struggle of the Orders
• Styx
• Subura (Suburra)
• Suebi
• Suessiones
• Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus) (69 or 70–after 103 C.E.)
• Suetonius Paulinus, Gaius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Suillius Rufus, Publius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (ca. 138 B.C.E.–78 B.C.E.)
• Sulla, Publius Cornelius (d. 46 B.C.E.)
• Sulpicia (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Sulpicianus, Titus Flavius (d. 197 C.E.)
• Sulpicius Galba, Servius (fl. mid-second century B.C.E.)
• Sura, Lucius Licinius (d. ca. 110 C.E.)
• Surenas (d. 55 B.C.E.)
• Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius (d. ca. 402 C.E.)
• Synesius of Cyrene (ca. 370–413/414 C.E.)
• Syphax of Numidia (d. after 203 B.C.E.)
• Syracuse
• Syria
• Syrus, Publilius (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• T
• tabellarii
• Tacfarinas (d. 24 C.E.)
• Tacitus (1), Publius Cornelius (ca. 55–120? C.E.)
• Tacitus (2), Marcus Claudius (d. 276 C.E.)
• Tanaquil (sixth century B.C.E.)
• Tapae
• Tarentum
• Tarentum, Treaty of
• Tarquin the Elder
• Tarquin the Proud
• Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucius
• Tarquinius Priscus (fl. 6th ca. B.C.E.)
• Tarquinius Superbus (fl. sixth century B.C.E.)
• Tarsus
• Tatian (second century C.E.)
• Tatianus, Flavius Eutolmius (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Tatius, Titus (d. 748 B.C.E.)
• Taurus, Titus Statilius (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• taxation
• Temple of Apollo
• Temple of Castor and Pollux
• Temple of Concord
• Temple of Divus Augustus
• Temple of Divus Claudius
• Temple of Divus Julius
• Temple of Isis
• Temple of Jerusalem, Great
• Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
• Temple of Mars Ultor
• Temple of Peace
• Temple of Saturn
• Temple of Vesta
• Temples of Minerva
• Tenth Legion
• Terence (P. Terentius Afer) (ca. 190–158 B.C.E.)
• Terentia (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Terentius, Marcus (fl. first century C.E.)
• Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullian) (ca. 160–ca. 222)
• tessera
• tetrarchy
• Tetricus, Gaius Pius Esuvius (fl. third century C.E.)
• Teutoburg Forest
• Teutones
• Thamugadi (Timgad)
• Thapsus
• theater
• theaters and amphitheaters
• Themistius (ca. 317–388 or 389 C.E.)
• Theodora (fl. late third century C.E.)
• Theodore of Mopsuestia (ca. 350–428)
• Theodoret (ca. 393–466 C.E.)
• Theodorus, Flavius Mallius (fl. late fourth century C.E.)
• Theodosius I (d. 395 C.E.)
• Theodosius II (401–450 C.E.)
• Theodosius, Flavius (Count Theodosius) (d. 375 C.E.)
• Theon of Smyrna (fl. second century C.E.)
• Theophanes of Mytilene (nicknamed “Gnaeus Pompeius”) (d. after 44 B.C.E.)
• Theophilus (d. ca. 412 C.E.)
• Thermopylae, battle of
• Thessalonica
• Thessaly
• Thirty Tyrants
• Thrace
• Thrasea Paetus, Publius Clodius (d. 66 C.E.)
• Thrasyllus (d. 36 C.E.)
• Thugga (Dougga)
• Thysdrus (El Djem)
• Tiber
• Tiberianus (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Tiberias
• Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero) (42 B.C.E.–37 C.E.)
• Tiberius Claudius Nero (d. 33 B.C.E.)
• Tiberius Julius Alexander (fl. first century C.E.)
• Tibullus, Albius (ca. 54–19 B.C.E.)
• Tigellinus, Gaius Ofonius (d. 68 C.E.)
• Tigranes I (d. ca. 56 B.C.E.)
• Tigranes II (d. 6 B.C.E.)
• Tigranes III
• Tigranes IV (d. 36 C.E.)
• Tigranes V (fl. first century C.E.)
• Tigranocerta
• Tigris
• time
• Timesitheus, Gaius Furius Sabinus Aquila (d. 243 C.E.)
• Tingis
• Tiridates (fl. first century C.E.)
• Tiridates of Armenia (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Tiridates II (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Tiridates III (d. 318 or 330 C.E.)
• Tiro, Marcus Tullius (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Titiana, Flavia (fl. late second century C.E.)
• Titius, Marcus (first century B.C.E.)
• Titus (41–81 C.E.)
• Tivoli
• toga
• Tome of Leo
• Torquatus, Titus Manlius (fl. late third century B.C.E.)
• Torquatus, Titus Manlius Imperiosus (fl. mid-fourth century B.C.E.)
• Trachalus, P. Galerius (fl. first century C.E.)
• trade and exchange
• Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus) (ca. 53–117 C.E.)
• Trajan's Market
• Tranquillina, Furia Sabina (fl. third century C.E.)
• transportation
• Trapezus
• treason
• Trebellenus, Rufus (d. 21 C.E.)
• Trebia, battle of
• Trebonianus Gallus, Gaius Vibius (ca. 206–253 C.E.)
• Trebonius, Gaius (d. 43 B.C.E.)
• Treveri
• tribune
• tribunicia potestas
• Tributal Assembly
• tributum
• Trier (Augusta Treverorum)
• Trio, Fulcinius (d. 35 C.E.)
• Tripoli
• Tripolitania
• triumph
• Triumvirate, First
• Triumvirate, Second
• Trogus, Pompeius (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Troyes
• Tubero, Lucius Aelius (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Tubero, Quintus Aelius (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Tullia (fl. sixth century B.C.E.)
• Tullia Ciceronis (79–45 B.C.E.)
• Tullianum, dungeons of
• Tullus Hostillius (seventh century B.C.E.)
• Turbo, Quintus Marcius (fl. 117–138 C.E.)
• Turin
• Turranius, Gaius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Turrullius, Publius (fl. late first century B.C.E.)
• Twelve Tables
• Tyre
• Tyrrhenian Sea
• U
• Ubii
• Uldin (d. ca. 412 C.E.)
• Ulfila (Ulphila; Ulphilas) (ca. 311–383 C.E.)
• Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus) (d. 228 C.E.)
• Ulpia Traiana
• ultor
• Umbria
• Ummidius Quadratus (Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus) (d. 60 C.E.)
• urban cohorts (cohortes urbanas)
• Urbicus, Lollius (d. after 139 C.E.)
• Urgulanilla, Plautia
• ursacinus
• Ursicinus (fl. mid-fourth century C.E.)
• Usipetes
• Utica
• V
• Vaballath (Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus Athenodorus) (fl. mid-third century C.E.)
• Vadomar (mid-fourth century C.E.)
• Valarshapat
• Valens (d. 350 C.E.)
• Valens, Fabius (d. 69 C.E.)
• Valens, Flavius Julius (ca. 328–378 C.E.)
• Valentinian I (321–375 C.E.)
• Valentinian II (371–392 C.E.)
• Valentinian III (ca. 419–455 C.E.)
• Valentinus (fl. second century C.E.)
• Valeria (fl. mid-first century B.C.E.)
• Valeria, Galeria (d. 315 C.E.)
• Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus) (d. 260 C.E.)
• Valerius Antias (fl. early first century B.C.E.)
• Valerius Asiaticus, Decimus (d. 47 C.E.)
• Valerius Flaccus Lucius
• Valerius Maximus (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla, Manius (fl. mid-third century B.C.E.)
• Valerius Maximus Corvus
• Valerius Poplicola, Publius (d. 503 B.C.E.)
• Valerius Potitus, Lucius (fl. fifth century B.C.E.)
• Vandals
• Varahran I (d. 276 C.E.)
• Varahran II (d. 293 C.E.)
• Varahran III (d. ca. 293 C.E.)
• Varahran V (fl. early fifth century C.E.)
• Vardanes (d. 45 or 47 C.E.)
• Varius Rufus, Lucius (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Varro, Marcus Terentius (116–27 B.C.E.)
• Varus, Alfenus (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Varus, Arrius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Varus, Publius Quinctilius (d. 9 C.E.)
• Vasio
• Vatican Hill
• Vatinius (fl. mid-first century C.E.)
• Vatinius, Publius (fl. first century B.C.E.)
• Vegetius Renatus, Flavius (fl. later fourth century C.E.)
• Veiento, Fabricius (Aulus Didius Gallus Fabricius Veiento) (fl. first century C.E.)
• Veii
• Velleius Paterculus, Gaius (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Veneti
• Venetia
• Ventidius, Publius (d. ca. 38 B.C.E.)
• Venus
• Veranus, Quintus (fl. first century C.E.)
• Vercingetorix (d. 46 B.C.E.)
• Verginius Rufus, Lucius (d. 97 C.E.)
• Verina, Aelia (d. 484 C.E.)
• Verona
• Verres, Gaius (ca. 115–43 B.C.E.)
• Vertumnus
• Verulamium
• Verus, Lucius (Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) (130–169 C.E.)
• Verus, M. Annius (d. after 126 C.E.)
• Verus, P. Martius (second century C.E.)
• Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) (9–79 C.E.)
• Vesta
• Vestal Virgins
• Vesuvius
• Vetranio (d. 356 C.E.)
• Vetus, Lucius Antistius (fl. 55 C.E.)
• vexillarii
• vexillationes
• viae
• viatores
• Vibius Marsus, Gaius (fl. 17 C.E.)
• Vibius Maximus, Gaius (fl. later first century C.E.)
• vicarii
• vicarius
• Victor (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Victorinus, Furius (d. 168 C.E.)
• Victorinus, Gaius Marius (fl. fourth century C.E.)
• Victorinus, Marcus Piavonius (fl. mid-third century C.E.)
• Victory
• Vienna
• vigiles
• villa
• Villa Jovis
• Vinalia
• Vindex, Gaius Julius (d. 68 C.E.)
• Vindobona
• Vingeanne
• Vinicianus, Annius (fl. first century C.E.)
• Vinicius, Marcus (1) (fl. later first century B.C.E.)
• Vinicius, Marcus (2) (d. 45 C.E.)
• Vinius, Titus (d. 69 C.E.)
• Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70–19 B.C.E.)
• Virunum
• Visigoths
• Vitalianus, P. Aelius (d. 238 C.E.)
• Vitellius, Aulus (15–69 C.E.)
• Vitellius, Lucius (1) (fl. first century C.E.)
• Vitellius, Lucius (2) (fl. first century C.E.)
• Vitellius, Publius (d. 31 C.E.)
• Vitruvius Pollio (fl. early first century C.E.)
• Vologases I (d. 80 C.E.)
• Vologases II (d. 147 C.E.)
• Vologases III (d. 192 C.E.)
• Vologases IV (d. 207 C.E.)
• Vologases V (d. after 224 C.E.)
• Volscians
• Volusianus, Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus (d. 253 C.E.)
• Vonones I (d. 18 C.E.)
• Vonones II (d. 51 C.E.)
• votive coins
• Vulcan
• W
• Wallia (d. 418 C.E.)
• Wall of Antoninus
• Wall of Aurelian
• Wall of Hadrian
• warfare
• weights and measures
• women
• Worms
• writing instruments and materials
• X
• Xanthus
• Xenophon (fl. first century C.E.)
• Y
• Yazdagird I (d. 420 C.E.)
• Yazdagird II (d. 457 C.E.)
• Z
• Zabdas, Septimius (fl. mid-third century C.E.)
• Zama, battle of
• Zealots
• Zela
• Zeno (d. 34 C.E.)
• Zeno (Tarasicodissa) (d. 491 C.E.)
• Zenobia (d. after 272 C.E.)
• Zenonis (fl. fifth century C.E.)
• Zeus
• Zosimus (d. 418 C.E.)
• Zstommas, Chrysaphius (d. 450 C.E.)
• Appendix I: How to Study Ancient Rome
• Appendix II: The Kings of Rome (753–509 B.C.E.) and Emperors of the Roman Empire (27 B.C.E.–476 C.E.)
• Appendix III: Genealogies
• Glossary
• Select Bibliography