The story of American Indians in the 20th century is an inspiring tale of survival and rebirth from the depths of defeat. At the dawn of the 20th century, the Indian was seen by non-Indians as the "Vanishing Red Man," a symbol of nostalgia, a figure of the past with no future. Yet not only have American Indians adapted and survived, but they have brought their talents and unique cultural perspectives to many fields.

Table of Contents

• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• Author's Note
• INTRODUCTION
• A
• Abeita, Pablo
• Adams, Hank
• Akers, Dorothy
• Akwesasne, siege of
• Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act
• Alcatraz Island, occupation of
• alcoholism, American Indians and
• Alexie, Sherman
• Alford, Thomas Wildcat
• Allen, Paula Gunn
• Allotment
• American Indian Chicago Conference
• American Indian Federation
• American Indian Movement (AIM)
• American Indian Policy Review Commission
• American Indian Religious Freedom Act
• American Indian Science and Engineering Society
• Anderson, Cora Reynolds
• Anderson, Mad Bear
• anthropologists and American Indians
• Aquash, Anna Mae
• art, visual
• Assimilation
• Association on American Indian Affairs
• automobiles, American Indians and
• aviation, American Indians in
• B
• Bacon Rind
• Baldwin, Marie Louise Bottineau
• Ballard, Louis W.
• Banks, Dennis
• Banyacya, Thomas
• Barfoot, Van T.
• Barnett, Jackson
• Barreiro, José
• Barsh, Russel Lawrence
• Bates, Erl A.
• Battle Mountain
• Bearskin, Leaford
• Bearskin, Leland S.
• Beaulieu, Gus H.
• Beaulieu, Theodore H.
• Begay, Harrison
• Bellecourt, Clyde
• Beltz, William E.
• Bender, Charles
• Bennett, Robert LaFollette
• Big Mountain
• Big Tree, John
• Billie, James
• Billings, Robert J.
• Billy, Josie
• Bissonette, Pedro
• Black Elk
• Black Elk, Wallace Howard
• Blackgoat, Roberta
• Blackstone, Tsianina Evans
• Blatchford, Herbert Charles
• Blue Eagle, Acee
• Blue Lake
• Boas, Franz
• Bomberry, Daniel R.
• Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons
• Boucha, Henry
• Box Canyon murder
• Boyden, John S.
• Brave, Benjamin
• Brave Bird, Mary
• Bresette, Walt
• Bronson, Ruth Muskrat
• Brophy, William A.
• Brown, Dee
• Brown, Ellison
• Brown, Samuel William, Jr.
• Bruce, Louis R., Jr.
• Bruce, Robert Emil
• Bruchac, Joseph
• Bureau of Indian Affairs
• Burke, Charles H.
• Burnette, Robert Phillip
• Burns, Mark L.
• Bursum bill
• Butler, Nilak
• C
• Cajete, Gregory
• Calac, Pete
• Campbell, Ben Nighthorse
• Cardin, Fred
• Carewe, Edwin
• Carter, Charles D.
• Castañeda, Carlos
• Catches, Peter
• Charles, Wilson D.
• Childers, Ernest
• Chino, Wendell
• Chinquilla, Mary
• Chouteau, Yvonne
• Churchill, Ward
• citizen bands
• citizenship
• Clark, Joseph
• Cleghorn, Mildred
• Cloud, Elizabeth Bender
• Cloud, Henry Roe
• code talkers
• Cody, Iron Eyes
• Cohen, Felix
• Collier, John
• Colton, Harold Sellers
• Committee of One Hundred
• Conley, Lyda B.
• Coolidge, Sherman
• Cornelius, Chester Poe
• Cornplanter, Edward
• Cornplanter, Jesse
• Cornwall Bridge Blockade
• Costo, Rupert
• Coulter, Robert
• Council of Energy Resource Tribes
• crime and criminality among American Indians
• Crow Dog, Leonard
• Crow, John Orien
• Crumbo, Woody
• Curtis Act
• Curtis, Charles
• Custer riot
• D
• Dagenett, Charles E.
• dams on American Indian lands
• dance orders
• Daniels, Victor
• Davis, Alice Brown
• Davis, Jesse Ed
• DeCora, Angel
• Deer, Ada
• Deere, Phillip
• DeLaCruz, Joe
• Deloria, Ella Cara
• Deloria, Vine, Jr.
• Deloria, Vine, Sr.
• DeMain, Paul
• demographics
• Dietz, William Henry
• Dillon, Patti
• Dodge, Henry Chee
• Dodge, Thomas H.
• Dorris, Michael
• Dozier, Edward P.
• Du Bois, Constance Goddard
• Dukepoo, Frank C.
• Dunn, Dorothy
• Durant, William Alexander
• Durham, Jimmie
• Dwight, Ben
• E
• Eagle Shirt, William
• Eastman, Charles Alexander
• Eastman, Irene
• Echohawk, Brummett
• Echohawk, John
• educational policy, American Indians and
• Emmons, Glenn Leonidas
• environmental movement, American Indians and the
• Erdrich, Louise
• Evans, Ernest E.
• Exendine, Albert
• F
• Fadden, Ray
• Fall, Albert Bacon
• Farmer, Gary
• Farver, Peru
• film, American Indians and
• Fonseca, Harry
• Fools Crow, Frank
• Forbes, Jack D.
• Fortunate Eagle, Adam
• Fox, Finis
• Fox, Wallace Ware
• Frank, Billy, Jr.
• Frechette, Evelyn
• French, Richard E.
• G
• Ganienkeh
• Gansworth, Howard E.
• Gardipe, Carol Metcalf
• Garland, Hamlin
• Garrison Dam
• Garry, Joseph Richard
• Geiogamah, Hanay
• General, Alexander
• General Federation of Women's Clubs, Indian Welfare Committee
• General, Levi
• George, Charles
• George, Dan
• Gerard, Forrest J.
• Giago, Tim
• Gilmore, Melvin R.
• Gordon, Philip B.
• Gorman, R. C.
• Gover, Kevin
• Grass, Luther Burbank
• Graves, Peter
• Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission
• Greene, Graham
• Grinnell, George Bird
• Guyon, Joe
• H
• Hagerman, Herbert James
• Halfmoon, Frank L.
• Hallett, William E.
• Harjo, Chitto
• Harjo, Joy
• Harjo, Suzan Shown
• Harris, LaDonna
• Harvey, Raymond
• Hastings, William Wirt
• Hatcher, Eddie
• Hayes, Ira
• Hayward, Richard Arthur
• health, American Indian
• Heap of Birds, Edgar
• Henderson, James Youngblood
• Hewitt, J. N. B.
• higher education
• Hightower, Rosella
• Hill, Charlie
• Hill, David Russell
• Hill, Norbert S., Jr.
• Hogan, Linda
• Hoover Commission
• Horn, Michael Hastings
• Houser, Allan
• Howe, Oscar
• hunting and fishing rights
• Huron cemetery dispute
• I
• Indian Arts and Crafts Board
• Indian Child Welfare Act
• Indian Civil Rights Act
• Indian Civilian Conservation Corps
• Indian Claims Commission
• Indian gaming
• Indian Industries League
• Indian New Deal
• Indian Reorganization Act
• Indian reservations
• Indian Rights Association
• Indianist music
• Indians of All Tribes
• indigenous economics
• Indigenous Environmental Network
• indigenous language use
• International Indian Treaty Council
• ironworkers, American Indian
• Iroquois Nationals Lacrosse Team
• J
• Johnson-O’Malley Act
• Jones, Paul
• Jones, William
• Jones, William A.
• Josephy, Alvin M., Jr.
• Jourdain, Roger
• journalism
• Jumper, Betty Mae Tiger
• Junaluska, Arthur Smith
• K
• Kabotie, Fred
• Katchongva, Dan
• Keeler, W. W.
• Kellogg, Minnie
• Kenny, Maurice
• Kickingbird, K. Kirke
• Kidwell, Clara Sue
• Kinzua Dam
• Kiowa Five
• L
• La Farge, Oliver
• La Flesche, Francis
• La Flesche, Susan
• LaCourse, Richard Vance
• lacrosse
• LaDuke, Winona
• Lame Deer, John
• land tenure
• Larkin, Moscelyne
• LaVatta, George P.
• Leupp, Francis E.
• Lewis, Robert E.
• Loloma, Charles and Otellie
• Long Lance, Sylvester
• Longest Walk
• Looking Horse, Arval
• Lookout, Fred
• Luna, James
• Lyons, Lee A.
• Lyons, Oren, Jr.
• M
• MacDonald, Peter
• Macleod, William Christie
• Mankiller, Wilma
• Marsh, Lucille Johnson
• Martin, Phillip
• Martinez, Maria
• Mathews, John Joseph
• Maytubby, Floyd Ernest
• McCloud, Janet
• McKenzie, Fayette Avery
• McLendon, Mary Stone
• McNickle, D’Arcy
• Means, Russell
• Means, William
• Medicine, Beatrice
• Meriam Report
• Meyers, John Tortes
• Mills, Billy
• mining, American Indians and
• Minoka-Hill, Lillie Rosa
• Mofsie, Louis
• Mohawk, John C.
• Momaday, N. Scott
• Montezuma, Carlos
• Montgomery, Jack C.
• Moore, Russell
• Moorehead, Warren K.
• Morgan, Jacob
• Mount Graham
• Mountain Wolf Woman
• Mourning Dove
• Mt. Pleasant, Jane
• Muldrow, Hal
• Murie, James R.
• Myer, Dillon S.
• N
• Nakai, R. Carlos
• Nakai, Raymond
• Nampeyo
• Nash, Philleo
• National Congress of American Indians
• National Indian Youth Council
• National Tribal Chairman's Association
• Native American Church
• Native American Rights Fund
• New Age movement
• New, Lloyd Kiva
• Niatum, Duane
• Nichols, John Ralph
• Northrup, Jim
• nuclear industry, American Indians and the
• O
• Oakes, Richard
• oil, American Indians and
• Old Coyote, Barney
• Old Person, Earl
• Oorang Indians
• Ortiz, Alfonso
• Ortiz, Simon
• Osage Reign of Terror
• Oskison, John Milton
• Ottipoby, James Collins
• Owen, Robert Latham, Jr.
• P
• Parker, Arthur C.
• Parker, Gabe Edward
• Parker, Gabe Edward, Jr.
• Paytiamo, James
• Peltier, Leonard
• Pepper, Jim
• Perry, Ted
• Peterson, Helen
• Phinney, Archie
• Pick-Sloan plan
• Pima-Maricopa water rights
• Pit River
• Pogue, William Reid
• Poolaw, Horace
• Poolaw, Lucy Nicola
• Pop Chalee
• Porter, Tom
• Posey, Alexander
• Powers, Mabel
• powwows
• Pratt, Richard Henry
• Presidential Commission on Indian Reservation Economies
• psychology, American Indians in
• Pyramid Lake
• Q
• Qöyawayma, Alfred H.
• R
• radio, American Indians and
• Red Bow, Buddy
• Red Cloud, Mitchell
• Red Power movement
• Red Star, Kevin
• Red Thunder Cloud
• Redbone
• Redwing, Roderic
• Reel, Estelle
• Reese John N., Jr.
• Reifel, Benjamin
• religious freedom, American Indian
• repatriation
• Revard, Carter
• Reynolds, Allie
• Rhoads, Charles James
• Richmond, Rosemary
• Rickard, Clinton
• Rickard, William
• Rider, Iva Josephine
• Ridley, Jack R.
• Robertson, Robbie
• Robertson, Wesley Leroy
• Rock, Howard
• Rogers, Will
• Rogers, Will, Jr.
• Romero, Juan de Jesus
• Rose, Wendy
• Ross, Mary G.
• Ryan, Will Carson, Jr.
• S
• Sainte-Marie, Buffy
• Sampson, Will
• Sanderville, Richard
• Scattergood, Joseph Henry
• Schanandoah, Chapman
• Scholder, Fritz
• science, American Indians and
• Scott, Orville Tacheeni
• Segundo, Thomas
• Sekaquaptewa, Abbott
• Sekaquaptewa, Emory
• Sells, Cato
• Seton, Ernest Thompson
• Shenandoah, Leon
• Shotridge, Louis
• Shunatona, Joseph Bayhylle
• Sidney, Ivan
• Silko, Leslie Marmon
• Silverheels, Jay
• Sloan, Thomas L.
• Smith, Jaune Quick-to-See
• Smith, Kenneth L.
• Smith, Redbird
• Snake, Reuben
• Society of American Indians
• Sockalexis, Andrew
• Sohappy, David
• sovereignty, indigenous and tribal
• Speck, Frank
• Spopee
• sports, American Indians and
• Spotted Elk, Molly
• St. Cyr, Lillian
• St. James, Red Fox
• Standing Bear, Luther
• Starr, Emmet
• Stevens, John W.
• Stigler, William G.
• Storm, Hyemeyohsts
• Strickland, Rennard
• Strongheart, Nipo
• Strongwolf, Joseph
• Stroud-Lee, Agnes Naranjo
• Sun Bear
• Swamp, Jake
• Swimmer, Ross O.
• T
• Tallchief, Maria
• Tallchief, Marjorie
• Tantaquidgeon, Gladys
• Tantaquidgeon, Harold
• Tapahonso, Luci
• Tax, Sol
• Te Ata
• Teehee, Houston Benge
• Termination
• Tewanima, Louis
• Tewaquaptewa, Wilson
• Thom, Mel
• Thomas, George A.
• Thomas, George E.
• Thomas, Robert Knox
• Thompson, Morris
• Thornton, Joe Tindle
• Thorpe, Grace
• Thorpe, Jim
• Tiger, William Buffalo
• Tinker, Clarence Leonard
• Tipi Order of America
• Toddy, Jimmy
• Trail of Broken Treaties
• Trehero, John
• Trudell, John
• U
• urbanization, American Indians and
• V
• Valentine, Robert Grosvenor
• Velarde, Pablita
• Victor, Wilma L.
• Vizenor, Gerald
• W
• Wahpepah, Bill
• Warner, Pop
• Warrior, Clyde
• Washinawatok, Ingrid
• Washinawatok, James A.
• Watkins, Arthur Vivian
• Wauneka, Annie Dodge
• Welch, Gustavus
• Welch, James
• West, Walter Richard, Sr.
• Westerman, Floyd Red Crow
• Wheat, Zack
• Wheelock, Dennison
• Whistler, Don
• White Calf, James
• White Calf, John
• Wilkinson, Gerald
• Williams, Robert A.
• Williams, Scott T.
• Williamson, James S.
• Willie Boy
• Wilson, Richard
• Winters Doctrine
• Witt, Shirley Hill
• Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
• World War I, American Indians and
• World War II, American Indians and
• Wounded Knee, occupation of
• Wray, Link
• X
• XIT
• Y
• Yellow Robe, Chauncey
• Yellow Robe, Evelyn
• Yellow Thunder, Raymond
• Yellowtail, Robert
• Youkioma
• Young Deer, James
• Yowlachie, Chief
• Z
• Zah, Peterson
• Bibliography