Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Revised Edition is the definitive reference to this vast subject area. Hundreds of chemistry-related entries, thought-provoking essays, leading discoveries, and biographies of notable chemists throughout history provide academic and early college students with the most complete information available.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• Introduction
• A
• [2Fe-2S]
• [4Fe-4S]
• ABO blood group system
• abscisic acid (ABA)
• absolute configuration
• absolute entropy
• absolute zero
• absorption spectrum
• abstraction (chemistry)
• abyssal zone
• abzyme
• acceptor number (AN)
• accessory pigment
• acclimatization
• acetyl CoA
• acetylcholine (ACh)
• acid
• acid anhydride
• acid-labile sulfide
• acid precipitation
• acidic salt
• acidity
• acidity constant
• acidity function
• aconitase
• acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
• actinides
• action potential
• activated complex
• active center
• active metal
• active transport
• activity series
• actual yield
• acyl group
• addition (chemistry)
• addition reaction
• additivity principle
• address-message concept
• adduct
• adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)
• adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• adenyl cyclase
• adhesive forces
• ADME
• adrenodoxin
• Adrian, Edgar Douglas
• adsorption
• aerobe
• aerobic
• affinity
• agonist
• agostic
• albumin
• alcohol
• aldehydes
• alkali metals
• alkaline battery
• alkaline earth metals
• alkenes
• alkyl group
• alkylbenzene
• alkynes
• allosteric binding sites
• allosteric effector
• allosteric enzyme
• allosteric regulation
• allosteric site
• allotrope
• alloy
• allozyme
• allylic substitution reaction
• alpha (α) addition
• alpha (α) effect
• alpha (α) elimination
• alpha (α) helix
• alpha (α) particle
• alternant
• alums
• ambident
• ambidentate
• amicyanin
• amide
• amine
• amine complex
• amino acid residue (in a polypeptide)
• amino acids
• amino group
• amorphous solid
• ampere
• amphipathic molecule
• amphiphilic
• amphiprotic solvent
• amphoteric
• amphoterism
• anabolism
• anaerobe
• anaerobic
• analog (chemistry)
• anation
• anemia
• anion
• anionotropic rearrangement
• anisotropy
• annelation
• annulation
• annulene
• anode
• antagonist
• antarafacial, suprafacial
• anti
• anti-Markownikoff addition antigen
• antibody
• antibonding orbital
• antigen
• antimetabolite
• antisense molecule
• aphotic zone
• apoprotein
• aprotic solvent
• aquation
• aqueous solution
• Archaea
• aromatic, aromaticity
• aromatic hydrocarbons
• Arrhenius, Svante August
• artificial transmutation
• aryl group
• aryne
• assimilation
• associated ions
• association (chemistry)
• asymmetric carbon
• asymmetric induction
• asymmetric synthesis
• asymmetry parameter
• atmosphere
• atom
• atomic mass unit (amu)
• atomic nucleus
• atomic number
• atomic orbital
• atomic radius
• atomic weight or mass
• ATP synthase
• attachment
• aufbau (“building up”) principle
• autacoid
• autocatalytic reaction
• autoionization
• autophytic
• autoprotolysis
• autoprotolysis constant
• autoreceptor
• autotrophic organism
• auxins
• auxotroph
• Avogadro's law
• Avogadro's number
• azurin
• B
• background radiation
• bacteria
• Baldwin's rules
• Balmer series
• band theory of metals
• Banting, Frederick Grant
• bar (unit of pressure)
• barometer
• basalt
• base
• base-pair substitution
• base pairing
• basic anhydride
• basic oxide
• basic salt
• basic solution
• bathochromic shift
• bathyal zone
• bauxite
• Beer-Lambert law
• Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle
• benthic zone
• benzyne
• Berg, Paul
• beta (β) particle
• beta (β) sheet
• beta (β) strand
• beta (β) turn
• beta decay
• bifunctional catalysis
• bifunctional ligand
• bimolecular reaction
• binary acid
• binary compound
• binary fission
• binding energy
• binding site
• binomial
• binuclear
• bioaccumulation
• bioassay
• bioavailability
• biocatalyst
• bioconjugate
• bioconversion
• biodegradability
• biodiversity
• bioenergetics
• biogeochemical cycles (chemistry)
• biogeography
• bioisostere
• bioleaching
• biological half-life
• biological magnification
• biological oxygen demand (BOD)
• bioluminescence
• biomass
• biomembrane
• biomimetic
• biomineralization
• biopolymers
• bioprecursor prodrug
• biosensor
• biosphere
• biotechnology
• biotic
• biotransformation
• biradical
• black smoker
• bleomycin (BLM)
• blood
• blotting
• blue copper protein
• body-centered unit cell
• Bohr model
• boiling point
• boiling-point elevation
• Boltzmann distribution
• bomb calorimeter
• bond
• bond-dissociation energy
• bond energy
• bond number
• bond order
• bonding orbital
• bonding pair
• bone imaging
• borderline mechanism
• Born-Haber cycle
• boron hydrides
• Bovet, Daniele
• Boyle's law
• Bragg equation
• brain imaging
• Bredt's rule
• breeder reactor
• bremsstrahlung
• bridged carbocation
• bridging ligand
• Brønsted acid
• Brønsted base
• Brønsted relation
• Brownian movement
• buckminsterfullerene
• buffer
• buffer capacity
• bulk flow
• Bunnett-Olsen equations
• buret
• C
• cage
• cage compound
• calmodulin
• calorie
• calorimeter
• calpain
• Calvin cycle
• Calvin, Melvin
• capillary
• capillary action
• captodative effect
• carbanion
• carbene
• carbenium center
• carbenium ion
• carbenoid
• carbocation
• carbohydrate
• carbon-14 dating
• carbon cycle
• carbon dioxide
• carbon fixation
• carbon monoxide
• carbon monoxide dehydrogenases
• carbon sequestration
• carbonates
• carbonic anhydrase
• carbonium ion
• carbonyl group
• carboplatin
• carboxyl group
• carboxylic acid
• carbyne
• carcinogen
• cardiotech
• Carnot cycle
• carotenoids
• carrier-linked prodrug
• cascade prodrug
• catabolic pathway
• catabolism
• catabolite
• catabolite activator protein (CAP)
• catalase (chemistry)
• catalysis
• catalyst
• catalytic antibody
• catalytic coefficient
• catenation
• cathode
• cathode-ray tube
• cathodic protection
• cation
• cation exchange (chemistry)
• cell
• cellular respiration
• cellulose
• Celsius, Anders
• Celsius scale
• central atom
• ceramic
• ceruloplasmin
• Chain, Ernst Boris
• chain reaction (chemistry)
• chain transfer
• chalcogen
• channels (chemistry)
• chaperonin
• charge population
• charge-transfer complex
• charge-transfer transition
• Charles’ law
• chelation (chemistry)
• chelation therapy
• cheletropic reaction
• chelotropic reaction
• chemical bond
• chemical change
• chemical decomposition
• chemical equation
• chemical equilibrium
• chemical equilibrium
• chemical flux
• chemical formula
• chemical kinetics
• chemical periodicity
• chemical property
• chemical reaction
• chemical relaxation
• chemical shift
• chemical species
• chemical weight
• chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP)
• chemiluminescence
• chemiosmosis
• chemistry
• chemoautotroph
• chemoheterotroph
• chemoreceptor
• chemoselectivity, chemoselective
• chemotherapy
• chi-square test
• chirality
• chitin
• chloralkali cell
• chlorin
• chlorofluorocarbon
• chlorophyll
• chloroplast
• cholesterol
• chromatin
• chromatography
• chromophore
• chromosome
• cine-substitution
• circular dichroism (CD)
• cis
• cis-trans isomerism
• cisplatin
• class (a) metal ion
• class (b) metal ion
• Clausius-Clapeyron equation
• clay
• clone
• close packing
• cloud chamber
• cluster (chemistry)
• coagulation (chemistry)
• coal
• cobalamin
• codon
• coefficient of variation
• coenzyme
• cofactor
• cohesion
• cohesive force
• coke
• collagen
• colligation
• colligative properties
• collision theory
• colloid
• combination reaction
• combinatorial library
• combinatorial synthesis
• combustible
• combustion (chemistry)
• common-ion effect
• comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA)
• compensation effect
• competitive exclusion principle
• competitive inhibitor
• complementary DNA (cDNA)
• complex (chemistry)
• complex ions
• composite reaction
• composition stoichiometry
• compost
• compound
• compressed gas
• comproportionation
• computational chemistry
• computer-assisted drug design (CADD)
• concanavalin A
• concentration
• concerted process
• condensation
• condensation polymer
• condensation reaction
• condensed phases
• conduction band
• confidence limits
• configuration
• configuration (electronic)
• configuration (molecular)
• conformation
• congener
• conjugate acid-base pair
• conjugated double bonds
• conjugated system
• connectivity (chemistry)
• consensus sequence
• constitution
• consumer
• contact process
• continuous spectrum
• contrast agent
• contributing structure
• control rod
• control test
• convection
• cooperativity
• coordinate covalent bond
• coordination
• coordination compound
• coordination isomers
• coordination number
• coordination sphere
• coordinatively saturated
• coordinatively unsaturated
• copolymer
• Cori, Carl Ferdinand
• Cori, Gerty Theresa
• corphin
• corrected/uncorrected
• correlation analysis
• corrin
• corrosion
• cotransport
• coulomb
• Coulomb's law
• countercurrent exchange
• coupled system
• coupling constant
• covalent bond
• covalent compounds
• Cox-Yates equation
• cracking
• crime labs and chemistry
• critical mass
• critical micelle concentration (CMC)
• critical point
• critical pressure
• critical temperature
• cross conjugation
• cross reactivity
• crown (chemistry)
• cryoscopy
• cryptand
• crystal
• crystal classes
• crystal field theory
• crystal lattice
• crystal lattice energy
• crystal systems
• crystalline solid
• crystallization (chemistry)
• cubic close packing
• curie (Ci)
• Curie, Marie
• Curtin-Hammett principle
• cyanobacteria
• cybernetics
• cybotactic region
• cyclic AMP (cAMP)
• cyclic electron flow
• cyclin
• cyclin-dependent kinase
• cyclization
• cycloaddition
• cycloalkane
• cycloelimination
• cyclotron
• cytochrome
• cytochrome P-450
• cytochrome-c oxidase
• cytokine
• cytoplasm
• d orbitals
• D
• Dale, Henry Hallett
• dalton
• Dalton's law
• Dam, Henrik
• Daniel cell
• data
• daughter nuclide
• De-nol
• de novo design
• debye
• Debye, Peter
• decant
• decay constant
• decomposers
• decomposition
• degenerate
• degenerate rearrangement
• degree
• dehydration reaction
• dehydrogenase
• delocalization
• demodulation
• denaturation
• denatured
• denitrification
• density
• denticity
• deoxyribose
• depolarization
• deposition (chemistry)
• derivative (chemistry)
• dermal toxicity
• desferrioxamine (DFO)
• detachment
• detector
• detergent
• detonate
• deuterium
• dextrorotatory
• diagonal similarities
• diamagnetic
• diamagnetism
• diastereoisomerism
• diastereoisomers
• diatom
• diatomic
• dielectric constant
• dienophile
• differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
• differential thermal analysis (DTA)
• differential thermometer
• diffraction
• diffusion
• digestion
• digital
• dihydrofolate
• dilution
• dimer
• dimerization
• Dimroth-Reichardt ET parameter
• dioxygenase
• dipolar aprotic solvent
• dipolar bond
• dipole
• dipole–dipole interaction
• dipole moment
• diprotic acid
• disaccharide
• dismutase
• dispersed phase
• dispersing medium
• displacement reaction
• disproportionation
• dissimilatory
• dissociation (chemistry)
• dissociation energy
• distillation
• distomer
• distonic radical cation
• DNA
• DNA ligase
• DNA methylation
• DNA polymerase
• DNA probe
• Dobson unit
• docking studies
• Doisy, Edward Adelbert
• Domagk, Gerhard Johannes Paul
• domain
• donor number (DN)
• donor-atom symbol
• Doppler radar
• dosimeter
• double-blind study
• double bond
• double helix
• double prodrug
• double salt
• Downs cell
• DP number
• driving force
• drug
• drug disposition
• drug latentiation
• drug targeting
• dry cells
• dry ice
• d-transition elements
• dual-action drug
• dual substituent-parameter equation
• ductile
• Dumas method
• dynamic equilibrium
• dynein
• dyotropic rearrangement
• E
• EC nomenclature for enzymes
• ecosystem
• educt
• effective atomic number
• effective charge
• effective collisions
• effective molarity
• effective nuclear charge
• efficacy
• effusion
• EF-hand
• eighteen-electron rule
• Eijkman, Christiaan
• Einthoven, Willem
• electrical conductivity
• electrical resonance
• electrochemical gradient
• electrochemistry
• electrocyclic reaction
• electrode
• electrode potential
• electrofuge
• electrogenic pump
• electrolysis
• electrolyte
• electromagnetic radiation
• electromagnetic spectrum
• electromagnetic wave
• electromeric effect
• electron
• electron acceptor
• electron affinity
• electron attachment
• electron capture
• electron density
• electron detachment
• electron donor
• electron microscope (EM)
• electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR)
• electron-pair acceptor
• electron-pair donor
• electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
• electron spin quantum number
• electron spin-echo spectroscopy
• electron transfer
• electron-transfer catalysis
• electron-transfer protein
• electron-transport chain
• electron-deficient bond
• electron-donor-acceptor complex
• electronegativity
• electroneutrality principle
• electronic effect of substituents: symbols and signs
• electrophile
• electrophilicity
• electrophoresis
• element
• element effect
• elementary process
• elementary reaction
• elimination (chemistry)
• empirical formula
• emulsifying agent
• emulsion
• enantiomer
• encounter complex
• encounter-controlled rate
• endergonic reaction
• endogenous
• endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)
• endotherm
• endothermal reaction
• endothermic
• ene reaction
• energy
• energy of activation
• enforced concerted mechanism
• enhanced greenhouse effect
• entatic state
• entering group
• enterobactin
• enthalpy
• enthalpy of activation
• enthalpy of formation
• entropy
• entropy of activation
• environment
• enzyme
• enzyme induction
• enzyme repression
• epimer
• epimerization
• epitope
• epoch
• equatorial bonds
• equilibrium
• equivalent (chemistry)
• equivalent weight
• Erlanger, Joseph
• ester
• ethanol
• ether
• ethylene
• euchromatin
• eudismic ratio
• eukaryote
• eutomer
• eutrophic lake
• eutrophication
• evaporation
• evaporative cooling
• evapotranspiration
• excimer
• exciplex
• excited state
• exclusion principle
• exegetic reaction
• exogenous
• exon
• exosphere
• exothermic
• exotoxin
• expression (chemistry)
• extended Hammett equation
• extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)
• extinct species
• extrusion transformation
• F
• F-430
• face-centered cubic
• facilitated diffusion
• facultative anaerobe
• facultative organism
• Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel
• fallout
• faraday
• Faraday's law of electrolysis
• fast-atom bombardment mass spectroscopy
• fast neutron
• fat (general)
• fat (triacylglycerol)
• fatty acid
• feedback inhibition
• FeMo cofactor
• Fenton reaction
• fermentation
• ferredoxin
• ferriheme
• ferritin
• ferrochelatase
• ferroheme
• ferromagnetic
• ferrous metal
• field effect
• filter
• filtration (chemistry)
• first law of thermodynamics
• Fischer, Emil Hermann
• flammable (chemistry)
• flash point
• flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP)
• flavin
• flocculation (chemistry)
• flotation
• fluids
• fluorescence
• fluorination
• flux (chemistry)
• fluxional
• foam
• folate coenzymes
• force constant
• formal charge
• formula (chemistry)
• formula unit
• formula weight
• fossil fuel
• fractional distillation
• fractional precipitation
• fragmentation (chemistry)
• Frasch process
• free energy
• free radical
• free-energy change
• freezing-point depression
• frequency
• frontier orbitals
• fuel cell
• fullerene
• functional group (chemistry)
• fur (chemistry)
• fused-ring compound
• fusion
• G
• galvanizing
• gamma ray
• gangue
• gap junction
• gas
• gas chromatography
• gas-phase acidity
• gas-phase basicity
• gated ion channel
• GC-MS
• Geiger counter
• gel
• gel electrophoresis
• gem-dimethyl group
• geminate pair
• geminate recombination
• gene
• general acid catalysis
• general base catalysis
• genetic code
• genome
• geological time
• geometrical isomers
• geothermal energy
• geotropism
• Gibbs energy diagram
• Gibbs energy of activation
• Gibbs free energy
• Gilbert, Walter
• glass
• glass electrode
• glass transition temperature
• glycogen
• glycoprotein
• gold drugs
• Graham's law
• Greek letters used
• greenhouse effect
• ground state
• group (chemistry)
• group theory
• growth factor
• Grunwald-Winstein equation
• guanylate cyclase
• guest (chemistry)
• gypsum
• H
• Haber, Fritz
• Haber process
• Haber-Weiss reaction
• Hahn, Otto
• half-cell (chemistry)
• half-life
• half-reaction
• Hall process
• halocarbon
• halochromism
• halogens
• haloperoxidase
• Hammett equation
• Hammond principle
• Hansch analysis
• Hansch constant
• hapten
• hapto
• hard acid
• hard base
• hard drug
• hard water
• heat
• heat capacity
• heat capacity of activation
• heat of atomization
• heat of condensation
• heat of crystallization
• heat of fusion
• heat of reaction
• heat of solution
• heat of sublimation
• heat of vaporization
• heat-shock proteins
• heavy atom isotope effect
• heavy water
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• helium
• helix (chemistry)
• heme
• hemerythrin
• hemochromatosis
• hemocyanin
• hemoglobin
• Henderson-Hasselbach equation
• Henry's law
• herbicide
• hertz
• Herzberg, Gerhard
• Hess's law of heat summation
• heterobimetallic complex
• heteroconjugation
• heterocyclic amine
• heterocyclic compound
• heterogeneous catalyst
• heterogeneous equilibrium
• heterogeneous mixture
• heteroleptic
• heterolysis
• heterolytic bond-dissociation energy
• heteronuclear
• heteroreceptor
• heterotrophic organisms
• hexagonal close packing (HCP)
• Heyrovsky, Jaroslav
• high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
• high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (chemistry)
• highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)
• high-temperature superconductor
• Hildebrand parameter
• Hill, Archibald Vivian
• HiPIP
• hirudin
• histamine
• histone
• Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot
• Hofmann rule
• holoenzyme
• HOMO
• homoaromatic
• homoconjugation
• homogeneous catalyst
• homogeneous equilibrium
• homogeneous mixture
• homoleptic
• homologous series
• homologue
• homolysis
• homonuclear
• Hopkins, Frederick Gowland
• hormone
• host (chemistry)
• Hückel (4n + 2) rule
• humic acid
• Hund's rule
• hybridization
• hydrate
• hydration
• hydration energy
• hydride (chemistry)
• hydrocarbon
• hydrogen bond
• hydrogen ion
• hydrogenase
• hydrogenation
• hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
• hydrolase
• hydrolysis
• hydrolysis constant
• hydrometallurgy
• hydrometer
• hydron
• hydronium ion
• hydrophilic
• hydrophilic colloids
• hydrophilicity
• hydrophobic
• hydrophobic interaction
• hydrophobicity
• hydroxyl group
• hydroxyl ion
• hydroxyl radical
• hyperconjugation
• hyperpolarization (chemistry)
• hypertonic solution
• hypoosmotic solution
• hypothesis
• hypotonic solution
• hypsochromic shift
• I
• ideal gas
• ideal gas law
• ideal solution
• identity reaction
• igneous rock
• imaging (medicine)
• imbalance
• immiscibility
• immune response
• immunoglobulin (Ig)
• immunogold
• inclusion compound
• indicators
• induced dipole moment
• induction period
• inductive effect
• inductomeric effect
• inert
• inert s-pair effect
• infrared radiation
• infrared spectroscopy
• inhibition (chemistry)
• inhibitor
• inhibitory catalyst
• inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
• initiation (chemistry)
• inner-sphere electron transfer
• inorganic chemistry
• insertion (chemistry)
• insertion reaction
• insoluble compound
• insulator
• insulin
• integrated rate laws
• inter-
• intercalation compounds
• interferon
• intermediate (chemistry)
• intermolecular
• intermolecular forces
• internal conversion (chemistry)
• internal energy
• interstitial
• intra-
• intramolecular
• intramolecular catalysis
• intramolecular isotope effect
• intrinsic activity
• intrinsic barrier
• intron
• inverse agonist
• inverse isotope effect
• inverted micelle
• investigational new drug (IND)
• ion
• ion channel
• ion exchange
• ion pair
• ion pump
• ionic bond
• ionic bonding
• ionic compounds
• ionic radius
• ionic strength
• ionization
• ionization constant
• ionization energy
• ionizing power
• ionizing radiation
• ionophore
• ion-pair return
• ion-selective electrode
• ipso attack
• iron-responsive element
• iron-responsive protein (IRP)
• iron-sulfur cluster
• iron-sulfur protein
• ischemia
• isobacteriochlorin
• isochore
• isodesmic reaction
• isoelectronic
• isoentropic
• isoenzymes
• isoequilibrium relationship
• isokinetic relationship
• isolobal
• isomerase
• isomerization
• isomers
• isomorphous
• isosbestic point
• isoselective relationship
• isosteres
• isotonic solutions
• isotope
• isotope effect
• isotope exchange
• isotopic fractionation factor
• isotopic scrambling
• isotopologue
• isotopomer
• isotropy
• J
• Joliot-Curie, Irène
• Jones reductor
• Josephson junction
• joule
• Joule-Thompson effect
• K
• K capture
• Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters
• Kekulé structure (for aromatic compounds)
• Kelvin
• Kendall, Edward Calvin
• keratin
• ketone
• kilocalorie
• kilogram
• kinetic control (of product composition)
• kinetic electrolyte effect
• kinetic energy
• kinetic equivalence
• kinetic isotope effect
• kinetic-molecular theory
• kingdom
• klinotaxis
• Koppel-Palm solvent parameters
• Kossel, Albrecht
• Krebs cycle
• Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf
• L
• labeled compound
• labile
• laccase
• lactate
• lactoferrin
• Landsteiner, Karl
• Langmuir, Irving
• lanthanide contraction
• lanthanides
• laser
• latex
• lattice (chemistry)
• lattice energy
• law of combining volumes
• law of conservation of energy
• law of conservation of matter
• law of conservation of matter and energy
• law of definite proportions
• law of partial pressures
• Le Châtelier's principle
• lead discovery
• lead generation
• lead optimization
• lead storage battery
• leaving group
• Leclanché cell
• left-to-right convention
• leghemoglobin
• Leloir, Louis F.
• leveling effect
• levorotatory
• Lewis acid
• Lewis acidity
• Lewis adduct
• Lewis base
• Lewis formula
• Libby, Willard Frank
• lifetime
• ligand
• ligand field
• ligand field splitting
• ligand-gated ion-channel receptor
• ligase
• light microscope
• light reactions
• light water reactor
• lignin
• limestone
• limewater
• limiting law
• limiting reactant
• line formula
• line spectrum
• linear accelerator
• linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)
• linear free-energy relation
• linear solvation energy relationships
• line-shape analysis
• linkage isomers
• lipid
• Lipmann, Fritz Albert
• lipophilic
• lipophilicity
• lipoprotein
• lipoxygenase
• liquefaction
• liquid aerosol
• liquid crystal
• liquid drop model (of the nucleus)
• littoral zone
• Loewi, Otto
• London forces
• lone (electron) pair
• low spin
• lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)
• luminescent
• luster
• lyase
• lyate ion
• Lyman series
• lyonium ion
• M
• macromolecule
• macrophage
• Madelung constant
• magnetic circular dichroism (MCD)
• magnetic equivalence
• magnetic moment
• magnetic quantum number
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• magnetic susceptibility
• magnetization transfer
• magnetotactic
• main group
• malleability
• manometer
• marble
• Marcus equation
• Markownikoff rule
• mass
• mass action law
• mass number
• mass spectrometer
• mass-law effect
• matrix isolation
• matter
• McMillan, Edwin Mattison
• mean bond energy
• mechanism (chemistry)
• mechanism-based inhibition
• mechanoreceptor
• mediator modulator
• medicinal chemistry
• medium (chemistry)
• megapascal
• Meisenheimer adduct
• melting point
• membrane potential
• meniscus (chemistry)
• Menkes disease
• mercury battery
• mesolytic cleavage
• mesomeric effect
• mesomerism
• mesophase
• messenger RNA (mRNA)
• met-
• metabolism
• metabolite
• metal
• metallic bonding
• metallic conduction
• metalloenzyme
• metalloid
• metalloids
• metallo-immunoassay
• metallothionein
• metallurgy
• metathesis
• meter
• methane hydrate
• methane monooxygenase
• methanogen
• method of isotopic perturbation
• me-too drug
• Meyerhof, Otto Fritz
• mica
• micellar catalysis
• micelle
• Michaelis-Menten kinetics
• micronutrient
• microscopic diffusion control
• microstate
• microwave
• microwave spectrum
• migration (chemistry)
• migratory aptitude
• migratory insertion
• mineral
• miscibility
• mitochondria
• mitosis
• mixed valency
• mixing control
• mixture
• mobile phase
• Möbius aromaticity
• model (chemistry)
• moderator
• moiety
• molality
• molar solubility
• molarity
• mole
• mole fraction
• molecular entity
• molecular equation
• molecular formula
• molecular geometry
• molecular graphics
• molecular mechanics calculation
• molecular metal
• molecular modeling
• molecular modeling
• molecular orbital
• molecular orbital theory
• molecular rearrangement
• molecular solid
• molecular weight
• molecularity
• molecule
• molybdenum cofactor (Moco)
• molybdopterin
• monoamine
• monomer
• monooxygenase
• monoprotic acid
• monosaccharide
• morphogen
• morphometrics
• Mössbauer effect
• mother nuclide
• motif
• mu (chemistry)
• Müller, Paul Hermann
• Mulliken, Robert S.
• multicenter bond
• multicenter reaction
• multicopper oxidases
• multienzyme
• multiheme
• multiple bond
• mutagen
• mutagenesis
• mutation
• mutual prodrug
• myoglobin
• N
• NAD+
• NADH
• NADP+
• NADPH
• nanoparticle
• nanotube
• narcissistic reaction
• native state
• natural gas
• natural product
• natural radioactivity
• natural versus synthetic compounds
• neighboring-group participation
• Nernst equation
• net ionic equation
• neuron
• neurotransmitter
• neutralization
• neutron
• new chemical entity
• new drug application (NDA)
• nickel-cadmium cell
• nif
• NIH shift
• nitrate reductase
• nitrene
• nitrenium ion
• nitrite reductase
• nitrogen cycle
• nitrogen fixation
• nitrogenase
• noble gases
• nonbonding orbital
• nonclassical carbocation
• nonclassical isostere
• noncyclic electron flow
• noncyclic photophosphorylation
• nonelectrolyte
• nonpolar covalent bond
• normal mode (of vibration)
• n-σ delocalization
• n-to-pi-star transition
• n-type semiconductor
• nuclear binding energy
• nuclear decay
• nuclear fission
• nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• nuclear radiation
• nuclear reaction
• nuclear reactor
• nuclearity
• nucleation (chemistry)
• nucleic acids
• nucleofuge
• nucleons
• nucleophile
• nucleophilic catalysis
• nucleophilicity
• nucleoside
• nucleotide
• nuclide
• nuclide symbol
• nylon
• O
• obligate aerobe
• obligate anaerobe
• ocean thermal vents
• oceanic zone
• octahedral
• octahedral hole
• octane number
• octet rule
• oil
• oil shale
• olefin
• olfaction
• oligonucleotide
• oligopeptide
• oligotrophic lake
• onium ion
• open sextet
• open system
• operon
• optical activity
• optical isomers
• optical yield
• optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR)
• orbital steering
• orbital symmetry
• order of reaction
• ore
• organic chemistry
• organism
• organochlorine compounds
• organophosphorus compound
• orphan drug
• osmoconformer
• osmolarity
• osmoregulation
• osmoregulator
• osmosis
• osmotic pressure
• Ostwald process
• outer orbital complex
• outer-sphere electron transfer
• overlap
• overpotential
• ovotransferrin
• oxidase
• oxidation (chemistry)
• oxidation number
• oxidation-reduction reactions
• oxidation state
• oxidative addition
• oxidative coupling
• oxidative phosphorylation
• oxide
• oxidizing agent
• oxidoreductase
• oxygen
• oxygen-evolving complex (OEC)
• ozone
• ozonolysis
• p orbital
• P
• pairing energy
• paraffin
• paramagnetic
• parent ion
• partial agonist
• partial pressure
• partial rate factor
• particulate matter
• pascal
• passivation
• passive transport
• pattern recognition
• Pauli exclusion principle
• Pauling, Linus
• p-block element
• peptide bond
• peptidoglycan
• peptidomimetic
• peptoid
• percent by mass
• percent composition
• percent ionic character
• percent purity
• percentage ionization
• perfect gas
• perfluorocarbon (PFC)
• pericyclic reaction
• period
• periodic law
• periodic table of elements
• periodicity
• periselectivity
• peroxidase
• peroxide
• petroleum
• Pfeiffer's rule
• pH scale
• pharmacokinetics
• pharmacophore
• pharmacophoric descriptors
• phase diagram
• phase rule
• phase-transfer catalysis
• phenol
• pheromone
• phosphatase
• phosphate group
• phospholipase A
• phospholipases
• phospholipids
• phosphorylation
• photic zone
• photoautotroph
• photochemical oxidants
• photochemical smog
• photochemistry
• photodissociation
• photoelectric effect
• photoheterotroph
• photolysis
• photon
• photoperiodism
• photophosphorylation
• photosynthesis
• photosystem
• photovoltaic cell
• pH-rate profile
• physical change
• phytoalexin
• phytochelatin
• phytochrome
• pi (π) adduct
• pi (π) bond
• pi (π) electron acceptor, π-electron donor group
• pi (π) orbital
• picket-fence porphyrin
• piezoelectric effect
• placebo
• Planck's constant
• plasma
• plasmid
• plastic
• plasticize
• plasticizer
• plastocyanin
• plutonium
• p-n junction
• pOH
• poikilotherm
• polar covalent bond
• polar effect
• polar molecule
• polarimeter
• polarity
• polarizability
• pollen
• polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
• polycyclic
• polydent
• polyene
• polyester
• polyethylene
• polyhedral symbol
• polymer
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• polymerization
• polymorphous
• polypeptide
• polyprotic acid
• polysaccharide
• porins
• porphyrin
• positron
• potency
• potential energy
• potential-energy (reaction) surface
• potential-energy profile
• potentiometer
• potentiometry
• Pourbaix diagram
• power saturation
• pre-association
• precipitate
• predominance area diagram
• pre-equilibrium
• Prigogine, Ilya
• primary isotope effect
• primary standard (chemistry)
• primary structure
• primary voltaic cell
• primer
• primitive change
• principle of detailed balancing
• principle of least nuclear motion
• principle of microscopic reversibility
• probability
• prodrug
• product-determining step
• product-development control
• promoter
• prosthetic group
• protein
• protein phosphatase
• proteoglycan
• proteomics
• protogenic solvent
• protolysis
• proton
• proton affinity
• proton motive force
• proton pump
• protonation
• proton-transfer reaction
• protophilic solvent
• protoplasm
• protoporphyrin IX
• pseudobinary ionic compounds
• pseudocatalysis
• pseudomolecular rearrangement
• pseudopericyclic
• pseudo-unimolecular
• pterin
• p-type semiconductor
• pyrolysis
• Q
• quantitative analysis
• quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)
• quantum mechanics
• quantum numbers
• quantum yield
• quartz
• quaternary ammonium salts
• quaternary nitrogen
• quaternary structure
• R
• racemic
• radiation
• radical center
• radical (chemistry)
• radical ion
• radical pair
• radioactive isotope (chemistry)
• radioactive tracer
• radioactivity
• radiocarbon dating
• radiolysis
• radiometric dating
• radionuclide
• radius ratio
• radon
• Raman spectroscopy
• Raoult's law
• rate law
• rate of reaction
• rate-controlling step
• rate-determining step
• reactants
• reacting bond rules
• reaction coordinate
• reaction path
• reaction ratio
• reaction stage
• reaction step
• reactive, reactivity
• reactivity index
• reactivity-selectivity principle (RSP)
• real gas
• rearrangement stage
• Réaumur, René-Antoine Ferchault de
• receptor
• receptor mapping
• receptor potential
• receptor-mediated endocytosis
• redox potential
• reducing agent
• reduction
• reductive elimination
• refractory material/metal
• regioselectivity, regioselective
• regulation (chemistry)
• Reichstein, Tadeus
• relative configuration
• relaxation
• releaser
• reorganization energy
• residence time
• resolving power
• resonance
• resonance effect
• resonance energy
• resonance Raman spectroscopy
• respiration
• resting potential
• restriction enzyme
• reverse osmosis (chemistry)
• reversible reaction
• Rh blood types
• rho (ρ) value
• rhodopsin
• ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• ribonucleotide reductases
• ribose
• ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• ribosomes
• ribozyme
• ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
• Rieske iron-sulfur protein
• Ritchie equation
• roentgen
• role of chemistry
• rotamer
• rotational energy
• rotational spectrum
• rubredoxin
• rubrerythrin
• ruby
• rusticyanin
• Rutherford, Sir Ernest
• Rydberg series
• S
• s electron
• s orbital
• sacrificial anode
• saline
• salinity
• salt
• salt bridge
• sandwich compound
• saponification
• saprobe
• saturated fatty acid
• saturated hydrocarbons
• saturated solution
• scanning electron microscope
• scavenger (chemistry)
• Schiff base
• Schroedinger equation (wavefunction)
• scientific method
• scientific notation
• second law of thermodynamics
• second messenger
• secondary alcohol
• secondary compound
• secondary isotope effect
• secondary productivity
• secondary standard
• secondary structure
• secondary voltaic cell
• second-order reaction
• selective permeability
• selectivity
• selectivity factor
• semiconductor
• semipermeable
• sensory neuron
• sensory receptor
• sequence
• serotonin
• shell (of electrons)
• shielding effect
• shielding (NMR spectroscopy)
• side chain
• siderophore
• sigma, pi
• sigma (σ) adduct
• sigma (σ) bond
• sigma (σ) constant
• sigma (σ) orbital
• sigmatropic rearrangement
• signal peptide
• signal transduction pathway
• silica, silicon dioxide
• silicate
• silicones
• silylene
• single covalent bond
• single-electron transfer mechanism (SET)
• single-step reaction
• siroheme
• site-specific delivery
• Slater-type orbital
• smectic phase
• smelting
• smog
• SN1/SN2 reactions
• soap
• Soddy, Frederick
• sodium-potassium pump
• soft drug
• sol
• solar energy
• solar radiation
• sol-gel process
• solid solution
• solubility product constant
• solubility product principle
• solute
• solution
• solvation
• solvatochromic relationship
• solvatochromism
• solvent
• solvent extraction
• solvent isotope effect
• solvent parameter
• solvolysis
• solvophobicity parameter
• SOMO
• sonication
• soret band
• special salt effect
• speciation (chemistry)
• specific catalysis
• specific gravity
• specific heat
• spectator ion
• spectator mechanism
• spectral line
• spectrochemical series
• spectrograph
• spectrophotometer
• spectrum
• spin density
• spin label
• spin-orbit coupling
• spin trapping
• spin-spin coupling
• spontaneous fission
• spontaneous reaction
• square planar
• square planar complex
• stability constant
• stable
• standard electrode potential
• standard molar enthalpy of formation
• standard molar volume
• starch
• state function
• steady state (chemistry)
• stellacyanin
• stepwise reaction
• stereochemical
• stereoelectronic
• stereoelectronic control
• stereoisomeric
• stereoisomers
• stereoselectivity, stereoselective
• stereospecificity, stereospecific
• steric effect
• steric hindrance
• steric isotope effect
• steric-approach control
• steroid hormone
• stimulus
• stochastic
• stoichiometry
• stopped flow
• strain (chemistry)
• stratosphere
• strict aerobe
• strong acid
• strong base
• strong electrolyte
• strong-field ligand
• structural formula
• structural isomers
• structure-activity relationship (SAR)
• structure-based design
• structure-property correlations (SPC)
• subjacent orbital
• sublimation
• substance
• substituent
• substitution reaction
• substrate
• substrate-level phosphorylation
• subunit
• successor complex
• sugar
• sulfite reductase
• superacid
• superconductivity
• superconductor
• supercooled liquids
• supercritical fluid
• superoxide dismutases (SOD)
• supersaturated solution
• supramolecular chemistry
• supramolecule
• surface tension
• surfactant
• suspension
• sustainable
• sustainable agriculture
• sustainable development
• Sutherland, Earl W., Jr.
• Swain-Lupton equation
• Swain-Scott equation
• symbiosis (chemistry)
• symproportionation
• synapse
• synaptic terminal
• synchronization
• synchronous (chemistry)
• synchrotron
• synchrotron radiation
• synergism
• synthase
• Szent-Györgyi, Albert von
• T
• Taft equation
• tautomerism
• tautomerization
• taxon
• tele-substitution
• telomerization
• temperature
• termination
• ternary acid
• terpenes
• tertiary structure
• tetrahedral
• tetrahedral hole
• tetrahedral intermediate
• tetrahydrofolate
• thalassemia
• Theorell, Hugo
• theoretical chemistry
• theoretical yield
• therapeutic index
• thermal analysis
• thermal cracking
• thermal neutron
• thermal pollution
• thermodynamic control (of product composition)
• thermodynamic isotope effect
• thermodynamics
• thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
• thermoluminescence
• thermolysin
• thermolysis
• thermonuclear energy
• third law of thermodynamics
• thorium-lead dating
• three-center bond
• three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR)
• thylakoid
• titration
• topliss tree
• torquoselectivity
• torr
• torsion angle, dihedral angle
• total energy
• total ionic equation
• toxicity
• toxin
• trace elements
• tracer
• trans-
• transcription
• transduction
• transferability
• transferase
• transferrin
• transformation (chemistry)
• transient (chemical) species
• transition coordinate
• transition element
• transition state
• transition structure
• transition-state analog
• transpiration
• transuranium element
• trapping (chemistry)
• triboluminescence
• triple bond
• triple point
• tritium
• trophic structure
• tropism
• troposphere
• Trouton's rule
• tunneling
• turgor pressure
• Tyndall effect
• type 1,2,3 copper
• tyrosinase
• tyrosine kinase
• tyrosine kinase receptor
• U
• ultrasound
• ultraviolet radiation
• ultraviolet (UV) spectrum
• umpolung
• unified atomic mass unit
• unit cell
• unreactive
• unsaturated fatty acids
• unsaturated hydrocarbon
• unsaturated solution
• unstable
• urea
• urease
• Urey, Harold
• uric acid
• V
• valence
• valence bond theory
• valence electrons
• valence isomer
• valence shell
• valence tautomerization
• valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR)
• A value
• van der Waals equation
• van der Waals forces
• van der Waals radius
• vapor
• vapor pressure
• ventilation
• visible light
• vitamin
• volt
• voltage
• voltage-gated channel
• voltaic cells
• volume of activation
• VSEPR
• W
• Waksman, Selman Abraham
• Warburg, Otto Heinrich
• water
• water cycle
• water equivalent
• water of crystallization
• water potential
• water table
• water vapor
• Watson-Crick model
• wave function
• wavelength
• weak acid/base
• weak electrolyte
• wetting agent
• Whipple, George Hoyt
• Wilson's disease
• work
• work function
• X
• X ray
• X-ray diffraction
• xenobiotic
• Y
• yeast
• yield (chemistry)
• ylide
• Yukawa-Tsuno equation
• Z
• zeolite (chemistry)
• zero-order reaction
• zero-point energy
• Ziegler-Natta catalyst (ZNC)
• zinc finger
• zone refining
• Zucker-Hammett hypothesis
• Z-value
• zwitterionic compound
• Bibliography