Encyclopedia of Marine Science, Revised Edition explores the principal areas and issues of this core discipline in hundreds of entries, essays, photographs, and line illustrations. This comprehensive encyclopedia brings together information on marine science from its component and affiliate sciences, along with information on technology, commerce, business, society, history, and more.

Table of Contents

• Contributors
• Introduction
• A
• able-bodied seamen
• abyssal hills
• abyssal plain
• abyssal zone
• abyssopelagic zone
• academic programs in marine science
• acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP)
• acoustic release
• acoustic tide gauges
• acoustic tomography
• Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
• adaptive management and coastal zone management
• aerographer's mate
• agnathans
• Agulhas Current
• air-sea interactions: a biographical sketch of Vagn Walfrid Ekman
• Alaska Current
• albedo
• algae
• alkalinity and marine organisms
• altimeter
• ambient noise in the ocean
• American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
• American Fisheries Society (AFS)
• American Geophysical Union (AGU)
• American Meteorological Society (AMS)
• American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO)
• amphibious warfare
• amphidromic point
• anadromous fish
• anchors
• anemometer
• angular momentum
• Antarctic Bottom Water (ABW)
• Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)
• Antarctic Convergence
• Antarctica
• Antarctica's tabular icebergs
• aphotic zone
• aquaculture
• aquarium
• Arctic
• Arthropoda
• Atlantic Ocean
• atoll
• attenuation in the ocean
• Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
• B
• backscatter and marine science
• bacterial plankton
• barge
• barrier islands
• barrier reef
• bathymetry
• bathypelagic zone
• Bay of Bengal
• beach
• beach composition
• beach protection
• Benguela Current
• Benioff zone
• benthos
• berm
• Bermuda Institute for Ocean Sciences
• biological oceanographers
• biological reference point
• bioluminescence
• bivalve
• Black Sea
• boats
• bottom currents
• Bouguer anomaly
• box corer
• Brazil Current
• breakwater
• bridges
• brief history and current and future programs at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
• buoy tenders
• buoys
• C
• cabin cruisers
• calcite compensation depth (CCD)
• California Current
• Canary Current
• capillary waves
• carbon cycle and the oceans
• cargo container
• cartographer
• catadromous stocks
• causeway
• cephalopods
• cetaceans
• chaos
• Charleston Bump
• chemical oceanographers
• Chesapeake Bay
• Chesapeake Bay Observing System
• Chondrichthyes
• climate
• climatology
• clouds
• C-MAN stations
• coast type
• coastal buoy
• coastal engineer
• coastal erosion
• coastal inlet
• Coastal Oceanographic Line-of-Sight Buoy
• coastline
• coccolithophores
• cold core ring
• cold seeps
• combatant ships
• commercial fishing
• community (marine science)
• compass
• compensation depth
• conductivity-temperature-depth probe (CTD)
• constancy of composition
• container ship
• continental margin
• continental rise
• continental shelf
• continental slope
• contour currents
• convection in the ocean
• copepods
• coral animals
• coral bleaching
• coral reef ecology
• coral reef fish
• coral reefs
• Coriolis effect
• coxswain
• craftmaster
• current meter
• current pole
• cutter
• cyclone
• D
• data processing and analysis
• datum
• day shapes
• dead reckoning
• deck gear
• deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM)
• deep scattering layer (DSL)
• Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP)
• deltas
• Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)
• diffusion in the ocean
• Digital Nautical Chart® (DNC®)
• discus buoys
• Distributed Oceanographic Data System (DODS)
• dive equipment
• diver
• diving bell
• docking pilot
• docking station for submersibles
• dredging
• drill ship Glomar Challenger
• East Australia Current
• E
• eastern boundary currents
• ecological efficiency for aquatic systems
• edge waves
• Ekman spiral
• Ekman spiral and transport
• El Niño
• electrolysis
• electron microscope
• electronic nautical charts
• endangered species
• endpoint
• environmental engineer
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• environmental scientist
• epipelagic zone
• Equatorial Countercurrent
• Equatorial Undercurrent
• estuary
• euphotic zone
• Europa
• Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
• F
• fathometer
• fathometer
• feedwater
• fetch
• Field Research Facility (FRF)
• fish
• fisheries recruitment
• fisherman
• Fishery Conservation and Management Act
• fishing nets
• fluid mechanics and marine science
• forced waves
• forecasting in marine science
• fossil
• fracture zones
• free waves
• fringing reef
• fully developed sea
• Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS)
• G
• geodesy
• geoid
• geological epochs
• geological oceanographers
• geophysicist
• geostationary satellite
• geostrophy
• glacier ice forms
• Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• global warming
• grab samplers
• grazing
• groin
• groundfish
• Guinea Current
• Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS)
• Gulf of Mexico
• Gulf Stream
• Guyana Current
• guyot
• gyres
• H
• hadal zone
• hadopelagic zone
• halocline
• harbor pilot
• harmonic tidal predictions
• Harvest Platform
• heat budget
• heat flow
• highly migratory species
• high-speed vessels (HSVs)
• hindcasting in marine science
• hodograph
• hot spot
• hovercraft
• hurricane
• hydraulic current
• hydrodynamics
• hydrofoil
• hydrographer
• hydrographic survey
• hydrologic cycle
• hydrothermal vents
• hypsometry
• I
• iceberg
• icebreaking
• icebreaking
• Indian Ocean
• inertia current
• inflatable boats
• infragravity waves
• infrasonic waves
• interferometry
• internal wave
• International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)
• Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
• isobar
• isostatic equilibrium
• isotherm
• J
• jet stream
• jetty
• JIM suit
• JOIDES Resolution
• Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)
• Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)
• Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES)
• K
• katabatic winds
• kelp
• Kelvin waves
• knot
• krill
• Kuroshio Current
• La Niña
• Labrador Current
• L
• lagoon
• laminar flow
• Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO)
• land and sea breeze
• lasers and marine science
• Law of the Sea
• lidar
• light
• light and attenuation in the ocean
• limiting factors in marine ecosystems
• longshore current
• Loop Current
• lunar day
• lysocline
• M
• magnetic current meter
• Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
• major plates of the Earth
• manganese nodules
• mangrove swamp
• marginal sea
• mariculture
• Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center
• marine aerial survey
• marine archaeologist
• marine archaeologist
• marine biologist
• marine birds
• marine crustaceans
• marine ecosystem
• marine embedment anchors
• marine engineer
• marine fishes
• marine food chains and webs
• marine invasive species
• marine macrophytes
• marine mammals
• marine meteorologist
• marine nutrient regeneration
• marine operations
• marine police
• marine pollution
• marine protected area (MPA)
• marine provinces
• marine reptiles
• marine salvage
• marine sanctuary
• marine science and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
• marine science certifications
• marine science data centers
• marine science degree programs
• marine science long-term environmental observatory
• marine science models
• marine science photographers
• marine science trade certifications
• marine settlement
• marine spill response
• Marine Technology Society (MTS)
• marine trades
• maritime signals
• Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory
• mass spectrometers and marine science
• maximum depth of distribution
• maximum economic yield
• mean sea level (MSL)
• measure of angle in marine science
• measure of time
• Mediterranean Sea
• Mediterranean water
• mesopelagic zone
• meteorological measuring instruments used in marine meteorology
• METOC officers
• microbial loop
• midocean ridges
• Milankovitch cycles
• mining at sea
• minor plates
• modern physical oceanographer: a biographical sketch of Walter Heinrich Munk
• Mohorovicic discontinuity
• mollusks
• monsoons
• mooring
• Nansen bottle
• NASA's Earth Sciences Division
• National Ice Center
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Marine Sanctuary Program
• N
• natural hazards
• nautical charts
• naval architect
• Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)
• Naval Research Laboratory
• nearshore currents
• neritic zone
• nitrogen cycle and the oceans
• NOAA's Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (PORTS®)
• NOMAD buoy
• North Atlantic Current (NAC)
• North Equatorial Current (NEC)
• North Pacific Current
• Norwegian Current
• Notice to Mariners
• nowcasting
• numerical modeling
• O
• ocean basins
• ocean currents
• Ocean Drilling Program
• ocean engineer
• ocean explorations: a biographical sketch of Dr. Robert D. Ballard
• ocean gravity waves
• ocean nutrient cycles
• ocean observatory
• ocean remote sensing
• ocean salinity
• ocean swell
• ocean treaties and governance
• Ocean.US
• ocean wave prediction
• oceanic eddies
• oceanic pressure
• oceanic trench
• oceanic zone
• oceanographic innovations: a biographical sketch of Fridtjof Nansen
• oceanographic instruments
• oceanography
• The Oceanography Society
• Office of Naval Research (ONR)
• offshore drilling
• oil production platforms
• ooze
• open coast beach
• optimal ship track planning
• Osteichthyes
• oxygen minimum layer
• Oyashio Current
• P
• Pacific Ocean
• paleontologist
• parasitism
• patrol craft
• pear ring
• pelagic
• permanent current
• Persian Gulf
• Peru Current
• pH
• photic zone
• physical oceanographers
• physical scientist
• phytoplankton
• piston corer
• plankton
• plankton bloom
• plate tectonics
• polar-orbiting satellite
• population (fisheries)
• ports and harbors
• predictions in marine science
• pressure gradient and the ocean
• primary production
• pycnocline
• Q-routes
• Q
• quadrat
• Quality (Q) factor in marine science
• quartermaster
• quay
• R
• radar use in marine science
• radioactive waste disposal in the sea
• radiometric dating in marine science
• Rapidly Installed Breakwater (RIB)
• recruitment
• Red Sea
• Redfield ratio
• reef fish
• refractometer
• relative dating
• Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)
• residence time
• resilience
• Ring of Fire
• rip current
• rogue waves
• Rossby waves
• ROV operator
• S
• salinometer
• sandbars
• Sargasso Sea
• Savonius rotor current meter
• scattering
• scope (marine science)
• Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO)
• scuba
• sea grass
• sea ice
• sea level
• Sea of Japan
• sea state
• seafloor spreading
• seamounts
• search and rescue (SAR) in marine environments
• seawater density
• seawater temperature
• Secchi disk
• sediment
• sediment transport in the marine environment
• seiche
• seismic sea waves
• sextant
• shackle
• shears and marine science
• ship model basin
• ship's routing
• solitary wave
• sonar
• sound in the sea
• sounding
• South Atlantic Current (SAC)
• South Equatorial Current (SEC)
• Southern Ocean
• spar buoy
• specific gravity
• specific heat
• sport fish
• standing wave
• statistics and marine science
• stenothermal (marine science)
• stock assessment
• storm surges
• stratigraphy and marine science
• subduction zone
• submarine canyons
• submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV)
• submersible
• surf
• surface roughness (marine science)
• surface warfare
• sustainable yield of marine resources
• swivel
• T
• territorial sea
• thermocline
• thermohaline circulation
• tidal bores
• tidal currents
• tidal power plant
• tide gauge
• tide staff
• tide tables
• tides
• time series analysis in marine science
• transect
• transform fault
• transponder
• trawler
• trim
• tsunami
• tugboats
• turbidity
• turbidity currents
• turbulence
• U
• umbrella species in the marine environment
• undercurrent
• undersea exploration: a biographical sketch of Jacques-Yves Cousteau
• upwelling
• U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System
• use of dyes in marine science
• use of thermistors in marine science
• use of vectors in marine science
• use of winches in marine science
• V
• velocimeter
• Venturi effect
• vertical datum
• vessel navigation
• vessel navigation aids
• vessel navigation devices
• vibrocorer
• viscosity
• vorticity in marine science
• W
• warm-water vent
• water level fluctuations
• water mass
• water type
• water waves
• waterspouts
• wave and tide gauge
• wave buoy
• wave spectrum
• wave staff
• wavelength and water waves
• Weddell Sea
• wetland
• Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)
• workboat
• X
• xenolith
• Y
• yaw
• year class strength
• Yellow Sea
• Z
• zebra mussel
• zinc
• zooplankton
• zooxanthellae
• Support Materials
• Tables
• Lengths and Freeboards of Major Forms of Icebergs
• Selected Major Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, and Bays Worldwide
• Selection of Notable Ocean Basin Depths
• U.S. Marine Sanctuaries
• World Meteorological Organization Sea State Codes
• Further Resources