This accessible resource covers the entire spectrum of psychology, including: notable people, theories and terms, landmark case studies and experiments, primary source materials, applications of psychology in advertising, medicine and sports, and career information.

Table of Contents

• Advisory Board
• Please Read—Important Information
• Foreword
• Introduction
• Contributors
• A
• Ability
• Abnormal Psychology
• Abortion
• Absolute Threshold
• Acculturation
• Achievement Tests
• Nathan Ward Ackerman
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Action Potential
• Adaptation
• Addiction/Addictive Personality
• Adjustment Disorders
• Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
• Adolescence
• Adolescent Depression
• Adoption
• Advertising Psychology
• Affect
• Affiliation
• Aggression
• Aging
• Mary Ainsworth
• Alcohol Dependence and Abuse
• Alienation
• Gordon Willard Allport
• Altruism
• Alzheimer's Disease
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• American Psychiatric Association
• American Psychological Association
• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
• Ames Room
• Amnesia
• Anne Anastasi
• Anger
• Animal Experimentation
• Anorexia
• Antianxiety Drugs
• Antidepressant Drugs
• Antipsychotic Drugs
• Antisocial Behavior
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
• Apgar Score
• Aphasia
• Applied Psychology
• Approach Versus Avoidance
• Archetype
• Art Therapy
• Artificial Intelligence
• Asperger Syndrome
• Assessment, Psychological
• Assimilation
• Association for Psychological Science (APS)
• Associationism
• Attachment
• Attention
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Attitude and Behavior
• Attitudes and Attitude Change
• Attraction, Interpersonal
• Attribution Theory
• Authoritarian Personality
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
• Autoeroticism
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Aversive Conditioning
• Avoidance Learning
• Albert Bandura
• B
• Battered Child Syndrome
• Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
• Nancy Bayley
• Aaron T. Beck
• Clifford Beers
• Behavior Modification
• Behavior Therapy
• Behaviorism
• Bender-Gestalt Test
• Bruno Bettelheim
• Bilateral Cingulotomy
• Bilingualism and Bilingual Education
• Alfred Binet
• Binocular Depth Cues
• Biofeedback
• Bipolar Disorder
• Birth
• Birth Order
• Birth Trauma
• Bisexuality
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
• Body Image
• Bonding
• Borderline Personality Disorder
• Boredom
• Medard Boss
• Murray Bowen
• John Bowlby
• Brain
• Brain disorders
• Brain Injuries
• Brainwashing
• T. Berry Brazelton
• Josef Breuer
• Brief Reactive Psychosis
• Pierre-Paul Broca
• Jerome S. Bruner
• Bulimia
• Bullies
• Bystander Effect
• C
• Caffeine-Related Disorders
• Mary Whiton Calkins
• Cannabis-Related Disorders
• Career Counseling
• Case Study Methodologies
• Catharsis
• Cathexis
• James McKeen Cattell
• Raymond Bernard Cattell
• Central Nervous System
• Central Tendency Measures
• Character
• Jean Martin Charcot
• Chi-Square Test
• Child Abuse
• Child Development
• Child Psychology
• Childhood
• Noam Chomsky
• Circadian Rhythms
• Kenneth Bancroft Clark
• Classical Conditioning
• Client-Centered Therapy
• Clinical Psychology
• Cliques
• Codependence
• Cognition
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Cognitive Development
• Cognitive Dissonance
• Cognitive Psychology
• Cognitive Therapy
• Cognitivism
• Robert Martin Coles
• Color Vision
• Coma
• Combat Neurosis
• Communication Skills and Disorders
• Comparative Psychology
• Competence to Stand Trial
• Competition
• Compulsions
• Computer Simulation (Modeling)
• Concept Formation
• Conditioned Response
• Conditioned Stimulus
• Conditioning
• Conduct Disorder
• Confidence Intervals
• Confidentiality and Legal Privilege
• Conflict Resolution
• Conformity
• Conscience
• Conscious and Unconscious Motivations
• Consciousness
• Constructivism
• Consumer Psychology
• Contrast
• Control Group
• Convergent Thinking
• Conversion Reaction
• Coping Behavior
• Correctional Psychology
• Correlational Method
• Counseling Ppsychology
• Counterconditioning
• Covert Sensitization
• Creativity
• Creativity Tests
• Criminal Profiling
• Crisis Intervention
• Critical Period
• Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Cross-Sectional Study
• Cults
• Cultural-Historical Psychology
• Culture-Fair Test
• Charles Robert Darwin
• D
• Daydreaming
• Deductive Reasoning
• Deep Brain Stimulation
• Defense Mechanisms
• Delay of Gratification
• Delayed Response
• Delirium
• Delusion and Delusional Disorders
• Dementia
• Dendrites
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Dependent Variable
• Depression
• Depth Perception
• René Descartes
• Descriptive Psychology
• Desensitization
• Determinism
• Developmental Delay
• Developmental Stages, Theories of
• John Dewey
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy
• Differential Psychology
• Direct Observation Tests
• Disability
• Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Divergent Thinking
• Divorce
• Down Syndrome
• Draw-a-Person Test
• Dreams
• Drive Reduction
• Drug therapy
• Dysfunctional Family
• Dyslexia
• E
• Eating Disorders
• Hermann Ebbinghaus
• John C. Eccles
• Echolalia
• Ecological Systems Theory
• Educational Psychology
• Effector
• Ego
• Elective Mutism
• Electrical Stimulation of The Brain
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Electroencephalograph (EEG)
• David Elkind
• Albert Ellis
• Emotion
• Emotional Development
• Emotional Intelligence
• Empathy
• Empiricism
• Encounter group
• Enculturation
• Endocrine Glands
• Environment
• Environmental Psychology
• Equilibrium Sense
• Erik Erikson
• Ethical Treatment of Animals
• Ethnocentrism
• Ethology
• Etiology
• Eugenics
• Evolutionary Psychology (EP)
• Exhibitionism
• Existential Psychology
• Experimental Design
• Experimental Group
• Experimental Psychology
• Expert Testimony
• Extinction
• Extroversion
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
• Hans Jürgen Eysenck
• F
• Facial Recognition
• False Memory Syndrome
• Familial Retardation
• Family
• Family Size
• Family Therapy
• Fantasy
• Fear
• Gustav Theodor Fechner
• Feral Children
• Leon Festinger
• Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE) and Syndrome (FAS)
• Fight/Flight Reaction
• Figure-Ground Perception
• Fine Motor Skills
• Fixation
• John Hurley Flavell
• Food Addiction
• Forensic Psychology
• Forgetting Curve
• Waldo David Frank
• Viktor E. Frankl
• Free Association
• Free-Recall Learning
• Frequency (Auditory)
• Frequency Distribution
• Anna Freud
• Sigmund Freud
• Friendship
• Erich Seligman Fromm
• Fugue
• Functional Disorder
• Functional Fixedness
• Functionalism
• G
• Phineas Gage
• Galen
• Sir Francis Galton
• Gangs
• Howard Earl Gardner
• Gender Bias
• Gender Constancy
• Gender Dysphoria Disorder
• Gender Identity
• General Adaptation Syndrome
• Genius
• Geriatric Psychology
• Arnold Gesell
• Gestalt Principles of Organization
• Gestalt Psychology
• Gestalt Therapy
• Eleanor J. Gibson
• James Jerome Gibson
• Giftedness
• Goal-Setting Theory
• Grief
• Gross Motor Skills
• Group Dynamics
• Group Therapy
• Guilt
• Edwin Ray Guthrie
• H
• Habituation
• Jay Haley
• Halfway House
• Granville Stanley Hall
• Hallucinations
• Hallucinogens
• Halo Effect
• Handedness
• Hand-eye Coordination
• Harry F. Harlow
• Health Psychology
• Hearing
• Donald O. Hebb
• Fritz Heider
• Hermann Von Helmholtz
• Heredity
• Herzberg's Two-factor Theory
• Heterosexuality
• Heuristics
• High Intelligence
• High-risk Participant Studies
• Ernest R. Hilgard
• Robert Aubrey Hinde
• Histrionic Personality Disorder
• Hoarding
• Holtzman Inkblot Technique
• Evelyn Hooker
• Hormones
• Karen Horney
• Hostility
• Ethel Dench Puffer Howes
• Clark Leonard Hull
• Human Potential, Movement
• Humanistic Psychology
• David Hume
• Humor
• Hypnosis
• Hypochondria
• Hypothalamus
• Hypothesis Testing
• I
• Id
• Identification with the Aggressor
• Identity/Identity Formation
• Imagination
• Imitation
• Imprinting
• Impulse Control Disorders
• Incentive Theory
• Incest
• Independent Variable
• Inductive Reasoning
• Industrial Psychology
• Infancy
• Inferiority Complex
• Information-processing Theory
• Informed Consent
• Bärbel Inhelder
• Insanity Defense
• Instinct
• Institutionalization
• Instrumental Behavior
• Insulin Shock Therapy
• Intellectual Disability
• Intelligence
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• Intelligence Tests
• Interdisciplinary Treatment
• Interest Inventory
• Intermittent Explosive Disorder
• Internet-Based Therapy
• Interpersonal Therapy
• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation and the 16 Basic Desires Theory
• Introversion
• Irrational Beliefs
• J
• William James
• Pierre Marie Félix Janet
• Jealousy
• Arthur R. Jensen
• Virginia E. Johnson
• Jukes family
• Carl Jung
• Just Noticeable Difference
• Juvenile Delinquency
• K
• Jerome Kagan
• Kallikak Family
• George Alexander Kelly
• Kinesthetic Sense
• Alfred Charles Kinsey
• Kleptomania
• Kurt Koffka
• Lawrence Kohlberg
• Kohs Block Test
• Emil Kraepelin
• L
• Christine Ladd-Franklin
• Ronald David Laing
• Language Delay
• Language Development
• Language Disorder
• Karl Spencer Lashley
• Late-Life Psychosis
• Latent Inhibition
• Law of Effect
• Arnold Allan Lazarus
• Leadership
• Learned Helplessness
• Learning
• Learning: Associative
• Learning Curve
• Learning: Dialogic Learning
• Learning Disability
• Learning: E-Learning and Augmented Learning
• Learning: Episodic
• Learning: Formal and Informal
• Learning: Meaningful Learning
• Learning: Multimedia Learning
• Learning: Non-Associative
• Learning Theory
• Learning-to-Learn
• Left-Brain Hemisphere
• Leukotomy
• Kurt Lewin
• Libido
• Lie Detection
• Marsha M. Linehan
• Localization (Brain Function)
• Localization (sensory)
• John Locke
• Locus of Control
• Jane Loevinger
• Logical Thinking
• Logotherapy
• Longitudinal Study
• Konrad Lorenz
• Accepts Nobel Prize for Behavioral Research
• Aleksandr Romanovich Luria
• M
• Eleanor Emmons Maccoby
• Malingering
• Mania
• Marijuana
• Marriage Counseling
• Abraham Maslow
• William Masters
• Rollo May
• William McDougall
• Margaret Mead
• Mean
• Measurement
• Media Psychology
• Median
• Meditation
• Paul Everett Meehl
• Melancholia
• Memory
• Mental Age
• Mental Health
• Mental Hospitals
• Mental Illness
• Mental Imagery
• Merrill-Palmer Scales of Mental Tests
• Franz Anton Mesmer
• Metapsychology
• Adolf Meyer
• Middle Years
• Stanley Milgram
• Milgram's Obedience Experiment
• Military Mental Health
• Alice Miller (1923–2010)
• Minimal Brain Dysfunction
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
• Salvador Minuchin
• Mnemonic Strategies
• Mob Psychology
• Mode
• Modeling
• Monist and Pluralistic Motivational Theories
• Maria Montessori
• Mood
• Mood Stabilizers
• Moral Development
• Christiana Drummond Morgan
• Motion perception
• Motivation
• Multicultural Counseling
• Multivariate Methods
• Henry Alexander Murray, Jr
• Music Therapy
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
• N
• Narcissism
• Narcolepsy
• Narcotic Drugs
• National Association of School Psychologists
• National Institute of Mental Health
• Nature-Nurture Controversy
• Margaret Naumburg
• Near-Death Experience
• Negativism
• Neocortex
• Nerve
• Nervous System
• Neural Transmission: Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
• Neuroimaging
• Neuron
• Neuroplasticity
• Neuropsychological Tests
• Neurosis
• Neurotransmitter
• Night Terrors
• Nightmares
• Norm
• Normal
• Normal Distribution
• O
• Obesity
• Objective Tests
• Observational Study
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Occupational Therapist
• Oedipus Complex
• Operant Conditioning
• Oppositional-Defiant Disorder
• Organic Disorder
• Organismic Psychology
• Arthur Otis
• Overachiever
• P
• Pain
• Paired-Associate Learning
• Panic/Panic Disorders
• Paranoia
• Paraphilia
• Parapsychology
• Parent-Child Relationship
• Parkinson's Disease
• Passive-Aggressive Personality
• Ivan Pavlov
• Pedophilia
• Peer Acceptance
• Peer Groups
• Peer Mediation
• Peer Pressure
• Wilder Graves Penfield
• Perfectionism
• Frederick S. Perls
• Personality
• Personality Development
• Personality Disorders
• Personality Inventory
• Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)
• Phenomenology
• Philosophical Psychology
• Phobia
• Phrenology
• Physiological Psychology
• Jean Piaget
• Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
• Philippe Pinel
• Placebo Effect
• Play
• Play Therapy
• Pleasure Principle
• Pornography
• Postpartum Depression
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Power
• Preconscious
• Prejudice and Discrimination
• Premarital Counseling
• Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
• Primal Therapy
• Priming
• Probability
• Process Psychology
• Programmed Learning
• Projective Tests
• Propaganda
• Prospective Cohort Study
• Psyche
• Psychiatrist
• Psychoanalysis
• Psychodynamic psychotherapy
• Psychohistory
• Psychological Disorder
• Psychologist
• Psychology of Self
• Psychometrics
• Psychopharmacology
• Psychophysics
• Psychosexual stages
• Psychosis
• Psychosocial Development
• Psychosomatic Disorders
• Psychosurgery
• Psychotherapy
• Psychotic Disorders
• Puberty
• Punishment
• Pyromania
• Q
• Qualitative Methods
• R
• Race and Intelligence
• Racism
• Radical Behaviorism
• Otto Rank
• Rape
• Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
• Rating Scale
• Rational Motivation
• Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Rebt)
• Reaction Time
• Readiness Test
• Reading Disability
• Reality Therapy
• Recovered Memories
• Reflective Listening
• Reflexes
• Rehabilitation
• Rehearsal
• Wilhelm Reich
• Reinforcement
• Relational-Cultural Therapy
• Research Methodology
• Residential Treatment
• Resilience
• Retrospective Cohort Study
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• Right-Brain Hemisphere
• Risk-Taking Behaviors
• Carl Rogers
• Role Playing
• Rorschach Technique
• Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study
• Rote Learning
• Julian B. Rotter
• Benjamin Rush
• S
• Sampling Methods
• Satanic Ritual Abuse
• Virginia M. Satir
• Savant Syndrome
• Scapegoating
• Schizophrenia
• Scholastic Assessment Test
• School Phobia/School Refusal
• School Psychology
• Scientific Method
• Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Security Objects
• Self-Actualization
• Self-Concept
• Self-Conscious Emotions
• Self-Control Strategies
• Self-Esteem
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Self-Help Groups
• Self-Report Inventory
• Semantic Memory
• Sensation
• Sensitivity Training
• Sensitization
• Sensory Deprivation
• Sensory Modalities
• Separation Anxiety
• Serial Learning
• Serial Position Function
• Sex Differences
• Sex Offenders
• Sex Roles
• Sex Therapies
• Sexological Testing
• Sexual Abuse
• Sexual Dysfunction Disorders
• Sexual Identity
• David Shakow
• Shaping
• William Herbert Sheldon
• Milicent Washburn Shinn
• Shyness
• Signal Detection Theory
• Significance Level
• B. F. Skinner
• Sleep
• Sleep-wake Disorders
• Smell
• Smoking Behavior
• Social Cognition
• Social Competence
• Social Influence
• Social Learning Theory
• Social Media and Social Media Studies
• Social Perception
• Social Psychology
• Socialization
• Somatotherapy
• Somnambulism
• Spatial Memory
• Charles Edward Spearman
• Speech Perception
• Speech-Language Pathology
• Janet Taylor Spence
• Kenneth W. Spence
• Split-Brain Technique
• Benjamin Spock
• Sports Psychology
• Stalking
• Standard Error
• Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM)
• Standardized Test
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
• Statistical Significance
• Statistics In Psychology
• Stereotype
• Robert J. Sternberg
• Stimulants
• Strange Situation
• Stranger Anxiety
• Stress
• Structuralism
• Subliminal Influence
• Suicide
• Harry Stack Sullivan
• Superego
• Superstition
• Survey
• Synapse
• Systems Psychology
• T
• Tangential Learning
• Taste
• Temperament
• Temporal Motivation Theory
• Lewis Terman
• Test Anxiety
• Testing Bias
• Thalamus
• Thematic Apperception Test
• Edward Thorndike
• Edward Chace Tolman
• Torture
• Touch
• Tourette Syndrome
• Transactional Analysis
• Transference
• Transpersonal Psychology
• Twins
• U
• Unconscious
• Unconscious Motivation
• Underachiever
• V
• Validity
• Violence
• Vision
• Vocational Aptitude Test
• W
• Margaret Floy Washburn
• John Broadus Watson
• David Wechsler
• Wechsler Intelligence Scales
• Weight Control
• Carl Wernicke
• Max Wertheimer
• Withdrawal Behavior
• Joseph Wolpe
• Word Association Test
• Workplace Violence
• Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
• Y
• Robert M. Yerkes
• Z
• Edward F. Zigler
• Zone of Proximal Development
• Organizations
• Glossary