This impressive edition builds upon the solid foundation of the first three award-winning editions with an expanded focus on climate change related disasters, globalization and its implications for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, the accommodation of high-risk, high-vulnerability populations, and the potential for disaster arising from a world witnessing increasing community violence and civil unrest.

Table of Contents

• Contributors
• Reviewers
• Foreword - Frederick M. Burkle Jr., MD, MPH, DTM, PhD(Hon.), FAAP, FACEP
• Foreword - Patricia M. Davidson, PhD, MED, RN, FAAN
• Foreword - Loretta C. Ford, RN, PNP, EdD
• Preface
• How to Use this Book
• Editor's Note
• Section I Disaster Preparedness
• 1. Essentials of Disaster Planning - Tener Goodwin Veenema
• Chapter Overview
• Definition and Classification of Disasters
• Declaration of a Disaster
• Health Effects of Disasters
• The Disaster Continuum
• Disaster Planning
• All Hazards Disaster Planning
• Disaster Planning and Public Health Preparedness
• Hazard Identification, Vulnerability Analysis, and Risk Assessment
• Evaluating Capacity to Respond
• Core Preparedness Activities
• Evaluation of a Disaster Plan
• Situations Suggestive of an Increased Need for Planning
• Megacities
• Disasters Within Hospitals and Healthcare Settings
• Pandemics
• Hazardous Materials Disaster Planning
• Professional Nursing Mandate
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• 2. Leadership and Coordination in Disaster Healthcare Systems: The U.S. National Preparedness System - Lynn A. Slepski, Mary Pat Couig, Roberta Proffitt Lavin, Susan M. Orsega, and Tener Goodwin Veenema
• Chapter Overview
• Federal Preparedness Planning and Emergency Response
• National Planning Frameworks
• National Response Framework
• The NRF As It Relates to the NIMS
• Implementation of the NRF
• Roles and Responsibilities
• ESF-8: Public Health and Medical Services
• Federal Definition of a Disaster Condition
• NRF Considerations
• Federal Medical Response Resources
• Federal Medical Stations
• Medical Response Actions
• Assessment of Health/Medical Needs
• Health Surveillance
• Medical Care Personnel
• Health/Medical Equipment and Supplies
• Patient Evacuation
• In-Hospital Care
• Food/Drug/Medical Device Safety
• Worker Safety
• Radiological/Chemical/Biological Hazards Consultation
• Mental Healthcare
• Public Health Information
• Vector Control
• Potable Water/Waste Water and Solid Waste Disposal
• Victim Identification/Mortuary Services
• Veterinary Services
• A Blueprint for the Future for Disaster Nursing
• Leadership
• All Disasters Are Local
• Crisis Standards of Care for Use in Disaster Situations
• Resources for Disaster Planning
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• 3. Hospital and Emergency Department Preparedness - David Markenson and Sarah Lynn-Andrews Losinski
• Chapter Overview
• Hospital Preparedness
• Hazard Vulnerability Analyses
• The Hospital Emergency Management Committee
• Alliance Building and Community-Based Planning
• Hospital Preparedness for Children
• Phases of Emergency Planning
• Mitigation Measures
• Preparedness Efforts
• The Response Phase
• The Recovery Function
• Disaster Standards of Care
• Hospital Disaster Planning
• Surge Capacity
• Staffing
• Credentialing
• Stockpiling and Logistics
• Resource Inventories
• Security Issues
• HAZMAT/CBRNE Readiness
• Collaboration and Integration With Public Health
• Equipment and Supplies
• Utilities
• Facility Evacuation
• Drills and Exercises
• ED Disaster Operations
• Trauma Centers
• Alternate Care Sites
• Incident Command System
• Management of a Mass Casualty Situation
• Initial Evolvement of MCI
• Casualties Flow to the Hospital
• Casualties Flow Within the Hospital
• Patient Triage
• Principles of Initial Hospital Management
• Use of Radiology
• Operating Room
• Secondary Transport
• Reassessment Phase
• Communication and Manpower Control
• Information Center and Public Relations
• Communication and Information Technology Issues
• Hospital-Based Decontamination and Pediatric Considerations
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• 4. Emergency Health Services in Disasters and Public Health Emergencies - Jeremy T. Cushman, Manish N. Shah, and Mahshid Abir
• Chapter Overview
• The EHS System
• EHS Components
• Standard Operation of EHS
• Current State of EHS
• Major EHS Concepts Associated With Disasters
• Resources for the EHS System
• Regional and Federal Assets
• Patients’ Access to EHS During a Disaster
• Major EHS Issues
• System Survey
• Resource Availability
• Communication and Coordination
• How to Deal With the Influx
• Summary
• Critical Actions
• Study Questions
• References
• 5. Emergency Medical Consequence Planning for Special Events, Mass Gatherings, and Mass Casualty Incidents - Tener Goodwin Veenema, Paul Arbon, and Alison Hutton
• Chapter Overview
• Mass Gatherings and Special Events
• Healthcare Emergency Management
• Emergency Medical Consequence Planning
• Guidelines
• Goals of Emergency Care at Mass Gatherings
• Predicting Patient Presentation Rates
• Event Type
• Weather
• Heat
• Heat Rash
• Heat Cramps
• Heat Syncope
• Heat Exhaustion
• Heat Stroke
• Cold
• Frostnip
• Frostbite
• Hypothermia
• Event Duration
• Characteristics of the Crowd
• Crowd Density
• Crowd Mood
• Alcohol and Drug Usage
• Medical Aid Stations
• Transportation Considerations
• Communication Systems
• Staffing
• Documentation
• Mass Casualty Incidents
• Practice Parameters for Nursing Care
• Nursing Assessments
• Nursing Therapeutics and Core Competencies
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• Appendix 5.1 No-Notice Incidents: Hospital Triage, Intake, and Throughput
• 6. Legal and Ethical Issues in Disaster Response - Eileen M. Amari-Vaught, Marilyn Pesto, and Kevin D. Hart
• Chapter Overview
• Legal and Ethical Framework and Background
• Introduction to the Legal System
• Effect of Law on Nursing Professionals
• Relationship Between Ethical and Legal Obligations
• Proposed Model State Acts
• The Role of Government in a Public Health Crisis
• Local Government
• State Government
• Federal Government
• Law and Ethics
• Specific Legal and Ethical Issues
• Privacy Issues
• Reporting of Diseases
• Disclosure of Health Information
• Quarantine, Isolation, and Civil Commitment
• Vaccination
• Treatment for Diseases
• Screening and Testing
• Professional Licensing
• Resource Allocation
• Professional Liability
• Provision of Adequate Care
• Selected Ethical Issues
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• Section II Disaster Mental Health and High-Vulnerability Populations
• 7. Identifying and Accommodating High-Risk, High-Vulnerability Populations in Disasters - Elizabeth A. Davis, Rebecca Hansen, Lori Peek, Brenda Phillips, and Sarah Tuneberg
• Chapter Overview
• Defining and Understanding Vulnerability
• Models for Understanding Vulnerability
• Medical Model
• Functional Model
• Application
• Understanding Vulnerability Systematically as a Basis for Intervention
• Using an Equity and Empowerment Lens
• The Life Cycle of Disasters
• Preparedness
• Response
• Response Activities
• Recovery
• Recovery Programs
• Mitigation
• Guiding Principles
• Conditions Fostering Change
• Examples Organized Around the Ecosystem Model
• Microlevel Example: Personal Preparedness
• Meso-Level Example: Safe Centers in Alabama
• Exo-Level Example: FEMA Trailers and Housing Policy
• Macro-Level Example: Muslim Americans—Targeting and Tolerance after 9/11
• Summary
• References
• Additional Resources
• Case Study 7.1
• Case Study 7.2
• Case Study 7.3
• Appendix 7.1 The Post-Disaster Personal Assessment Tool
• Appendix 7.2 Think Before You Speak or Write: Polite Communication
• 8. Human Services in Disasters and Public Health Emergencies: Social Disruption, Individual Empowerment, and Community Resilience - Juliana Sadovich and Jonathan D. White
• Chapter Overview
• Human Services “Under Clear Skies”
• Human Security
• What Is Social Well-Being?
• Empowerment
• Human Services in Disaster Response and Recovery
• Theories Supporting the Role of Nurses in Human Services
• The Role of Nurses in Human Services
• Case Management in Disasters
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• Case Study 8.1
• 9. Understanding the Psychosocial Impact of Disasters - Susan M. S. Carlson, Plum Kathleen Coyne, and Elizabeth C. Meeker
• Chapter Overview
• Bioterrorism and Toxic Exposures
• Community Impact and Resource Assessment
• Normal Reactions to Abnormal Events
• Resiliency in the Face of Disaster
• Special Needs Popluations
• Children and Youth
• Older Adults
• The Seriously Mentally Ill
• Cultural and Ethnic Subgroups
• Disaster Relief Personnel
• Community Reactions and Responses
• Mourning, Milestones, and Anniversaries
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• Useful Links
• References
• Case Study 9.1
• Case Study 9.2
• 10. Management of the Psychosocial Effects of Disasters - Susan M. S. Carlson, Elizabeth C. Meeker, Plum Kathleen Coyne, and Tener Goodwin Veenema
• Chapter Overview
• The Mental Health Response Team
• Recruitment, Screening, and Training
• Disaster Mental Health Interventions
• Psychological First Aid
• Crisis Intervention
• Social Support
• Psychological Triage
• Mental Health Referrals
• Acute Stress Disorder
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• PTSD in Children
• Interventions With Special Populations
• Children and Youth
• Children's Disaster Mental Health Concept of Operations Model
• Older Adults
• Individuals With Mental Illness
• Cultural, Ethnic, and Religious Subgroups
• Disaster Relief Personnel
• Fatigue Management
• When Grief and Stress Go Awry
• Traumatic Grief (Complicated Bereavement)
• Evidence-Based Practices in the Treatment of ASD and PTSD
• Utilizing Technology as an Adjunct to Intervention and Treatment
• Critical Incident Stress Management
• The Debriefing Controversy
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• Useful Links
• References
• 11. Unique Needs of Children During Disasters and Other Public Health Emergencies - Michael Beach and Patricia Frost
• Chapter Overview
• Epidemiology of Pediatric Injuries and Illnesses During Disasters and Public Health Emergencies
• Natural Disasters
• Public Health Emergencies
• Acts of Terrorism
• Acts of War
• Physiological Considerations in Pediatric Care Following a Disaster or Public Health Emergency
• Pulmonary
• Cardiovascular
• Integumentary
• Musculoskeletal
• Cognitive
• Nutritional Requirements
• Genetic
• Immunologic
• Children With Functional and Access Needs
• Psychosocial Considerations in Pediatric Care
• Pediatric Care During Disasters
• Pediatric Disaster Triage
• Prehospital Treatment
• Prehospital Medical Transportation and Evacuation
• Emergency Department Treatment
• Reunification and Family Assistance Planning
• Community Hospital Preparedness
• Care in Shelters
• Care in Refugee Camps and Camps for Displaced Populations
• Long-Term Care Following a Disaster
• Pediatric Care During Public Health Emergencies
• Exposure to Nuclear and Radiological Agents
• Prehospital Treatment
• Emergency Department Treatment
• Exposure to Biological Agents
• Definitive Treatment
• Ethical and Legal Considerations in Pediatric Disaster Care
• Pediatric Death Following Disasters and Public Health Emergencies
• Planning for Disasters—Pediatric-Specific Considerations
• Pediatric Considerations in Healthcare Preparations
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• Support Preparedness
• References
• 12. Disaster Nursing in Schools and Other Community Congregate Child Care Settings - Cheryl K. Schmidt, Devin Terry, Dona M. Friend, Shannon Finley, Joy Jennings, Susan Ritchie, Kelly Betts, and Jody Bryant
• Chapter Overview
• Growth and Developmental/Cognitive Considerations
• Elementary and Secondary Schools
• Child Welfare Agencies
• Juvenile Justice and Residential Settings
• Child Care Settings
• Universities/Colleges
• Churches/Parishes
• Legislation
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• References
• Appendix 12.1 Index to Recommendations and Responsible Entities
• 13. Care of the Pregnant Woman and Newborn Following a Disaster - Kathleen Capitulo and Robbie Preppas
• Chapter Overview
• Physiology of Normal Pregnancy
• Pregnancy During Disaster Conditions
• Complications of Pregnancy
• Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, and Eclampsia
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Bleeding and Blood Disorders
• Blood Disorders
• Other Medical Conditions in Pregnancy Occurring During a Disaster
• Assessment of the Pregnant Woman and Baby
• Cardiovascular System
• Childbirth During Disasters
• Stages of Childbirth
• Complications of Labor and Delivery: Malpresentation
• Care of the Umbilical Cord
• Physiology of Postpartum Mother and Newborn
• Special Assessment/Conditions of the Newborn
• Postpartum Management in Disasters
• Special Considerations for Mother and Baby in Disasters
• Infections and Communicable Diseases
• Special Infectious Disease Considerations
• Environmental Cleanliness and Sanitation
• Bioterrorism
• Trauma in Pregnancy
• Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Breastfeeding and Infant Nutrition
• Breastfeeding Challenges
• Relactation
• Lack of Food, Malnutrition, and Starvation
• Crisis Conditions Associated With Pregnancy
• Hemorrhage
• Infections in Postpartum and Lactating Women During Disasters
• HIV—AIDS
• Zika Virus
• Ebola Virus Disease
• Shelters and Practical Considerations for Austere Environments
• Death of the Mother or Infant—Bereavement Concerns and Interventions
• Maternal Death
• Perinatal Death
• Healing Professional Interventions in Maternal/Perinatal Bereavement
• Returning Home Safely
• Flood Water in Streets and Buildings
• Toxic Exposures During Pregnancy
• Returning Home
• Risk of Violence, Abuse, Slavery, and Human Trafficking
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Summary
• References
• Appendix 13.1 Breastfeeding: A Vital Emergency Response. Are You Ready?
• Section III Global Disasters and Complex Human Emergencies
• 14. Disaster Nursing and the United Nations 2015 Landmark Agreements—A Vital Force for Change in the Field of Disaster Nursing - Rishma Maini, Joanne Bosanquet, and Virginia Murray
• Chapter Overview
• Disasters and Their Impacts
• The 2015 UN Landmark Agreements
• The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
• Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses in Implementing The Sendai Framework
• How Can Nurses Actively Engage in and Lead on Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Risk-Management Policy Nationally and Globally?
• Nurses Engaging and Leading Nationally
• Nurses Engaging and Leading Globally
• Role of the World Health Organization
• Who Collaborating Centers
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Acknowledgments
• Useful Links
• References
• 15. Complex Humanitarian Emergencies - Frederick M. Burkle, Jr.
• Chapter Overview
• Defining Ches
• Conventional Warfare
• Unconventional Warfare
• Major Characteristics
• International Response
• Measuring the Human Cost
• Assessments, Data Collection, and Analysis
• Direct Indices
• Indirect Indices
• Epidemiological Models
• Developing Country Health Profiles
• Developing Country Health Profiles
• Chronic/Smoldering Country Health Profiles
• Postconflict Phase Consequences
• Shifting Aid From Rural to Urban Environments
• Future Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
• Professionalization of the Humanitarian Workforce
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• Additional Resources
• 16. Nursing in Disasters, Catastrophes, and Complex Humanitarian Emergencies Worldwide - Patrick Deeny and Kevin Davies
• Chapter Overview
• Scale of Disasters Worldwide
• Growth of Aid Agencies and Contribution of Nursing
• Development of an International Workforce
• Ethical Issues in Disaster Nursing
• Communication and Transport as Obstacles to Aid Relief
• Care of Displaced Persons and Refugees
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• 17. Natural Disasters - Tener Goodwin Veenema, Andrew Corley, and Clifton P. Thornton
• Chapter Overview
• Types and Consequences of Natural and Environmental Disasters
• Severity of Damage
• Trends in Natural Disaster
• Cyclones, Hurricanes, and Typhoons
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Drought
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Earthquake
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Prevention/Mitigation
• Epidemics
• Flood
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Heat Wave
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Prevention
• Tornado
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Prevention/Mitigation
• Thunderstorms
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Tsunamis
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Volcanic Eruptions
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Winter/Ice Storms
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Prevention/Mitigation
• Wildfires
• Risk of Morbidity and Mortality
• Prevention/Mitigation
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• References
• Case Study 17.1
• Case Study 17.2
• Case Study 17.3
• 18. Environmental Disasters and Emergencies - Tener Goodwin Veenema, Clifton P. Thornton, and Andrew Corley
• Chapter Overview
• Environmental Emergencies
• Environmental Disasters
• Environmental Public Health Tracking: Protecting Communities Through Integrated Environmental Public Health Surveillance
• Environmental Protection Agency
• CDC National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network
• Examples of Environmental Hazards and Their Impact
• Air Pollutants
• Chemical Spills
• Risk Management Program Rule (40 CFR 68)
• Land, Waste, and Brownfields
• Mold
• Oil Spills
• Unconventional Gas and Oil Production
• Pesticides
• Radiation Release and Contamination
• Water
• Pharmaceuticals
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• References
• Case Study 18.1
• Case Study 18.2
• Case Study 18.3
• Case Study 18.4
• Case Study 18.5
• Case Study 18.6
• Case Study 18.7
• 19. Restoring Public Health Under Disaster Conditions: Basic Sanitation, Water and Food Supply, and Shelter - Mary Pat Couig, Tener Goodwin Veenema, and Adam B. Rains
• Chapter Overview
• Basic Public Health Functions
• Health Promotion
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
• Risk Factors for Infectious Disease Outbreaks From Disasters
• Rapid Assessment of Population Health Needs
• The Role of the Public Health Nurse Following a Disaster
• The Sphere Project
• Vulnerabilities and Capacities of Disaster-Affected Populations
• Water
• Sanitation
• Access to Toilets
• Design of Toilets
• Foodborne Illness
• Food Safety
• Magnitude of Foodborne Illness
• Major Foodborne Diseases From Microorganisms
• Foodborne Illness Investigation
• Challenges in Food Safety
• Food Safety Is Essential for Disease Prevention in the Aftermath of a Disaster
• Shelter From the Elements
• Personal Hygiene
• Vector Control
• Methods of Vector Control
• Restoration of Electrical Power
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Acknowledgment
• References
• Appendix 19.1 Ten Essential Functions of Public Health
• 20. The Role of the Public Health Nurse in Disaster Response - Janice Springer
• Chapter Overview
• The Unique Contribution of the PHN
• Historical Perspective
• Emerging Roles
• Role of the PHN in a Disaster
• ESF-6 Mass Care
• ESF-8 Public Health and Medical Services
• Role of the PHN in Prevention and Health Education
• Families
• Community Groups
• Primary and Secondary Schools
• Faith-Based Groups
• Correctional Institutions
• Vulnerable Populations
• Postdisaster Assistance
• Care of the Caregiver
• Role of the PHN in a Biological Event
• Role of the PHN in Infectious Disease Emergencies
• Role of the PHN in Medical Countermeasure Dispensing
• Role of the PHN in a Chemical Disaster
• Role of the PHN in a Radiological Event
• Role of the PHN on a Multidisciplinary Response Team
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• 21. Climate Change and Health: the Nurse's Role in Policy and Practice - Karen Levin and Thomas Chandler
• Chapter Overview
• Physical Drivers of Climate Change
• Selected Health Outcomes
• Extreme Weather Events
• Thermal Extremes (Heat and Cold)
• VectorBorne and Zoonotic Diseases
• Food- and Waterborne Diseases
• Vulnerable and Susceptible Populations
• Children
• Elderly
• Urban Poor
• Mental Health
• The Nurse's Role in Climate Change
• What Are Nurses Doing?
• Future Work to Be Done
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Useful Links
• References
• Section IV Disaster Response
• 22. Disaster Triage - Lou E Romig. and E. Brooke Lerner
• Chapter Overview
• Basic Principles of Disaster Triage
• Phases of Disaster Triage: From the Field to the Hospital
• Basic Differences Between Daily Triage and Disaster Triage at the Hospital
• Daily Triage in the Hospital Setting
• In-Hospital Triage Systems for Daily Operations
• Disaster Triage in the Hospital Setting
• Prehospital Disaster Triage
• SALT Triage
• Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment
• JumpSTART
• Triage Tags
• The Job of the Triage Officer
• Disaster Triage for Hazardous Material Disasters
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• 23. Disaster Management - Kristine M. Gebbie and Kristine Qureshi
• Chapter Overview
• Classifications of Disasters
• Internal Disaster
• External Disaster
• Combined External/Internal Disaster
• The Role of Leadership
• The Disaster Management Process
• Preparedness/Risk Assessment
• Mitigation
• Response
• Infrastructure
• Staff Competency
• The Plan
• Relationships and Partnerships
• Introduction to Hospital Incident Command System
• HICS Structure
• Specific HICS Functional Roles
• HICS Updates and Coalition Building
• Communication During an Emergency Event
• Adapting Care to the Context
• Recovery
• Evaluation and Follow-Through
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Useful Links
• References
• 24. Public Health Emergencies Involving Community Violence and Civil Unrest: Taking Planned Action - Roberta Proffitt Lavin, Wilma J. Calvert, Sue Anne Bell, Shelia R Grigsby, and Anne F. Fish
• Chapter Overview
• Civil Unrest
• Ferguson, MO
• Social Issues as Foundational Elements in Civil Unrest
• Active Shooter
• Types of Active Shooters
• Active Shooter
• Mass Shooting
• Mass Killings
• Terrorism
• Active Shooter Incidents in the Healthcare Setting
• Mitigation and Preparedness
• Response
• Active Shooter Management in the Prehospital Setting
• Recovery
• Community Resilience
• Mental Health Support
• Ethics
• Considerations for Nurses in Mass Shootings
• Considerations for Nurses in Civil Unrest
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Useful Links
• References
• 25. Management of Burn Mass Casualty Incidents - Lisa Pruett
• Chapter Overview
• Preparedness/Planning
• Mitigation
• Response
• Burn Triage in MCIs
• Pathophysiology of Burn Injury
• Management of a Mass Casualty Burn Patient
• Primary Survey
• Secondary Survey
• Burn Wound Care
• Pain Control
• Special Topics
• Recovery
• Evaluation
• Summary
• Acknowledgments
• Study Questions
• References
• Case Study 25.1
• Case Study 25.2
• Case Study 25.3
• 26. Traumatic Injury Due to Explosives and Blast Effects - Tara L. Sacco
• Chapter Overview
• Explosives: Classification and Physics
• Mechanisms and Patterns of Injury
• Blast Injuries and Clinical Care of Survivors
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Ear Injury
• Eye Injury
• Pulmonary Injury
• Cardiovascular Injury
• Abdominal Injury
• Musculoskeletal Injury
• Military and Civilian Casualties
• Extremes of Ages and Pregnancy
• Event Management
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• Case Study 26.1
• Case Study 26.2
• 27. Caring for Patients With HIV Following a Disaster - Susan Michaels-Strasser, Juliana Soares Linn,
• Chapter Overview
• The Sphere Project and Minimum Standards
• Reproductive Health and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Disasters and Disruption of the Social Fabric of Communities
• Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
• Reduced Access to Preventive Health Services
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Disaster Preparedness Continuum
• Primary Prevention
• Prevention of Disease Transmission
• Blood Donations and Transfusions
• Secondary Prevention—Securing Essential Drugs for HIV-Positive People
• Practical Considerations for Nurse Safety
• Identifying Patients in Need
• Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission
• Access and Adherence to ART
• Differentiated Service Delivery
• Clinical Considerations in Caring for Patients With HIV and AIDS
• Special Considerations in Children and Pregnant Women
• Nursing Care Guidelines
• Nutrition, Hygiene, and Sanitation
• Drug Supplies and Drug Dumping
• Psychological Considerations of Caring for Patients With HIV
• Summary
• References
• Case Study 27.1
• Case Study 27.2
• Section V Disaster Caused by Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents
• 28. Biological and Chemical Terrorism: A Unique Threat - Eric Croddy and Ackerman Gary
• Chapter Overview
• Chemical Terrorism and Bioterrorism Defined
• Chemical and Biological Agents: Quick Definitions
• Why Would Terrorists Use Chemical or Biological Agents?
• Disinformation or Hoaxes
• How Might the Choice of CB Weapons Differ Between Military and Terrorist Use?
• Some Unique Aspects of a Chemical or Biological Terrorist Incident
• What Are the Real Risks of Chemical Terrorism/Bioterrorism?
• Chemical Terrorism
• Delivery of Chemical Agents
• Nerve Agents
• Blood Agents
• Lung Irritants
• Vesicants
• Psychoincapacitants
• Pesticides
• Effects of Chemical Terrorism
• Chemical Contamination of Water, Food, Beverages, and Consumer Products
• Challenges Posed by a Chemical Terrorist Attack
• Bioterrorism
• Bioterrorism and Delivery of BW Agents
• What Agents Might the Bioterrorist Use?
• Smallpox
• Sabotage (Food and Water Contamination) Threats
• Challenges Posed by Bioterrorism
• Case Examples
• The Rajneeshees
• Aum Shinrikyo
• The 2001 Anthrax Attacks
• Mass Psychogenic Illness
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• 29. Chemical Agents of Concern - Justin K. Loden, Sean J. Kice, and John G. Benitez
• Chapter Overview
• HAZMAT Incidents
• Chemical Agents in the Environment
• HAZMAT Emergency Response
• Detection of Chemical Agents
• Chemical Agents of Concern
• Medical Countermeasures
• Medical Management of HAZMAT Victims
• Primary Assessment and Resuscitation
• Secondary Assessment
• Nerve Agents
• Recognizing Nerve Agents
• Duration/Mortality
• Patient Assessment
• Clinical Diagnostic Tests
• Patient Management
• Treatment
• Vesicating/Blister Agents
• Recognizing Vesicants
• Exposure Types and Onsets
• Treatment
• Duration/Mortality
• Patient Assessment
• Clinical Diagnostic Tests
• Patient Management
• Therapy
• Blood Agents
• Recognizing Tissue (Blood) Agents
• Patient Assessment
• Clinical Diagnostic Tests
• Treatment
• Patient Management
• Therapy
• Pulmonary/Choking Agents
• Recognizing Pulmonary Agents
• Exposure Type(s)/Onset
• Duration/Mortality
• Patient Assessment
• Clinical Diagnostic Tests
• Patient Management
• Therapy/Antidote
• Treatment
• Riot Control Agents
• Recognizing Riot Control Agents
• Treatment
• Duration/Mortality
• Patient Assessment
• Emergency Department Procedures in Chemical Hazard Emergencies
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• References
• Case Study 29.1
• Case Study 29.2
• 30. Biological Agents of Concern - David C. Pigott, Ziad N. Kazzi, and Sarah D. Nafziger
• Chapter Overview
• Classification of Biological Agents of Concern
• Category A Agents
• Category B Agents
• Category C Agents
• Biosafety Laboratory Classification
• Anthrax
• History
• Epidemiology
• Classification and Etiology
• Pathogenesis
• Biosafety Issues, Protection, and Isolation
• Public Health Implications
• Vaccination and Postexposure Prophylaxis
• Treatment
• Botulism
• History
• Epidemiology
• Classification and Etiology
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
• Laboratory Issues, Protection, and Isolation
• Public Health Implications
• Vaccination and Postexposure Prophylaxis
• Treatment
• Plague
• History
• Epidemiology
• Classification and Etiology
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
• Biosafety Issues, Protection, and Isolation
• Public Health Implications
• Vaccination and Postexposure Prophylaxis
• Treatment
• Tularemia
• History
• Epidemiology
• Classification and Etiology
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
• Biosafety Issues, Protection, and Isolation
• Public Health Implications
• Vaccination and Postexposure Prophylaxis
• Treatment
• Smallpox
• History
• Epidemiology
• Classification and Etiology
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
• Biosafety Issues, Protection, and Isolation
• Public Health Implications
• Vaccination and Postexposure Prophylaxis
• Treatment
• Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
• Epidemiology
• Classification and Etiology
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
• Biosafety Issues, Protection, and Isolation
• Public Health Implications
• Vaccination and Postexposure Prophylaxis
• Treatment
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• 31. Surveillance Systems for Detection of Biological Events - Erica Rihl Pryor
• Chapter Overview
• Background
• How Is Disease Occurrence Measured?
• What Is Public Health Surveillance?
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis and Interpretation
• Data Dissemination
• What Types of Systems Are Used to Collect Surveillance Data?
• Public Health Surveillance System Example: Influenza in the United States
• Other Infectious Disease Surveillance Systems
• What Are the Roles of State and Local Health Departments in Disease Surveillance Systems?
• What Is the Role of Clinicians in Infectious Disease Surveillance?
• What Is Biosurveillance?
• Syndromic Surveillance
• Internet-Based Surveillance Systems
• Surveillance Partners
• What Is the Role of Animal Surveillance Systems?
• How Do Emergency Information Systems Fit Into a Biosurveillance System?
• Early Recognition and Detection of Biological Events: Role of the Clinician
• Enhancing Early Recognition in Clinical Settings
• Epidemiological Approach to Biological Event Recognition
• Epidemiological Clues to Recognition
• Syndrome-Based Approach to Biological Event Recognition
• Syndromes Associated With CDC Category A Agents
• Clinical Presentations for Other Potential Bioterror Agents
• Laboratory Detection of Biological Events
• Laboratory Methods for Detection
• Future Directions for Laboratory Detection Methods
• Laboratory Response Network
• Lessons Learned and Future Directions
• Lessons From the 2014–2015 Ebola Outbreak
• Future Directions in Biosurveillance
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• References
• 32. Infectious Disease Emergencies - Kristine M. Gebbie and Qureshi Kristine
• Chapter Overview
• Infectious Diseases and Emergencies
• Brief History
• The Burden of Infectious Disease
• Factors Contributing to the Spread of Infectious Diseases
• Immune Status
• Climate and Weather
• Climate Change and the Changing Environment
• Risk Behaviors
• International Travel and Commerce
• Diseases of Importance
• Cholera
• Dengue Fever
• HIV/AIDS
• Influenza
• Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever
• Smallpox
• One Health
• Future Directions
• Study Questions
• References
• 33. Medical Countermeasures Dispensing - Susan Sullivan and Amanda Fuller Moore
• Chapter Overview
• The Division of Strategic National Stockpile
• The CHEMPACK Program
• Radiological Countermeasures
• Shelf Life Extension Program (SLEP)
• Organizing to Respond
• Structuring Dispensing Programs
• Cities Readiness Initiative
• Medical Countermeasures Planning Elements
• The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
• Vaccine Storage and Handling
• Pediatric Countermeasures Planning
• Cross-Jurisdictional Planning
• Summary
• References
• Case Study 33.1
• 34. Radiological Incidents and Emergencies - P. Andrew Karam
• Chapter Overview
• Radiation Basics
• Types of Radiation
• Units of Radiation Dose
• Background Radiation Exposure
• Health Effects of Radiation Exposure
• Acute Exposure to High Doses of Radiation
• Chronic Exposure to Low Levels of Radiation
• Reproductive Effects of Radiation Exposure
• Radiology and the Pregnant Patient
• Radiological Incidents and Emergencies
• Samples
• On-Scene Medical Assistance
• Caring for Patients Exposed to High Levels of Radiation
• Clinical Signs of Radiation Exposure
• Treatment for Patients Exposed to High Levels of Whole-Body Radiation
• Patient Management—Doses Greater Than 200 rad
• Caring for Radioactively Contaminated Patients
• Caring for Patients With Internal Radioactivity
• Radiological Control Methods
• Medical Response to Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism
• Medical Response to RDD (Dirty Bomb)
• Medical Response to a Radiation-Emitting Device Attack
• Medical Response to Nuclear Attack
• Questions to Ask When Receiving and Caring for Radiological Patients
• About the Incident
• About the Patient
• Follow-Up
• Contents of a Contamination Control Kit
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• References
• 35. Decontamination and Personal Protective Equipment - Tener Goodwin Veenema
• Chapter Overview
• Triage of Contaminated Patients in the Field
• Triage in the Zones of Operation
• Triage in the Hospital Setting
• Decontamination for Chemical Warfare Agents
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Respirators
• Patient Decontamination
• Patient Decontamination in the Field
• Patient Decontamination in the ED
• Decontamination Procedures
• Victim Decontamination
• Pediatric Considerations
• Evacuation of the ED
• Supportive Medical And Nursing Care
• Seizures
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Hotline/Helpline
• References
• Section VI Special Topics in Disasters
• 36. U.S. National Disaster Nurse Readiness: Practice and Education for a Prepared Workforce - Joanne C. Langan, Anne Griffin, Alicia R. Gable, and Aram Dobalian
• Chapter Overview
• Rationale for a Prepared Nursing Workforce
• Practices of a Prepared Nursing Workforce
• Educating a Prepared Nursing Workforce
• Pre-Licensure Disaster Education
• Post-Licensure Disaster Education
• Educational Strategies
• Supporting Evidence-Based Disaster Nursing Practice
• Society for the Advancement of Disaster Nursing
• Summary
• Study Questions
• References
• 37. American Red Cross Disaster Health Services and Disaster Nursing: National Capability—Local Community Impact - Mary Casey-Lockyer, Linda M. MacIntyre, J. Christie Rodgers, and Valerie Cole
• Chapter Overview
• Congressional Charter
• International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
• American Red Cross Historical Background
• Overview of American Red Cross Disaster Cycle Services
• American Red Cross Disaster Partners
• The National Response Framework (NRF) and the Red Cross
• The National Emergency Repatriation Plan and the Red Cross
• The Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act and the Red Cross
• American Red Cross at the Local, Regional, and National Levels
• Red Cross Nursing
• Office of the Chief Nurse and Red Cross Nursing
• Role of the American Red Cross Nurse During a Disaster
• Functional Needs Support Services in Shelters
• Disaster Health Services
• Red Cross Disaster Health Services
• Disaster Health Services Team
• Assignment Settings
• Disaster Mental Health
• Disaster Mental Health Volunteer Eligibility
• Assumptions of Disaster Mental Health Services
• Disaster Mental Health Response
• More About the 3R's
• Staff Mental Health
• Staff Wellness
• What They Do
• Shelter Nursing—The Art of Disaster Care
• Disaster Health Services Competencies
• Red Cross Disaster Health Services in Shelter Operations
• Providing Disaster Health Services in the Shelter Environment Toolkit
• Summary
• References
• 38. Directions for Disaster Nursing Research and Development - Janice B. Griffin Agazio, Lynn A. Slepski, Roberta Proffitt Lavin, Mary Pat Couig, Kandra Strauss-Riggs, and Richard Ricciardi
• Chapter Overview
• Conceptual Frameworks for Disaster Nursing Research
• Assumptions of the Haddon Matrix
• Concepts
• Relationships Among the Concepts
• Crisis Conceptual Nursing Model
• Assumptions
• Concepts
• Relationships Among the Concepts
• Merits of Models
• Haddon Matrix
• Crisis Conceptual Nursing Model
• Implications for Using Models for Disaster Nursing Research
• Complexities Conducting Disaster Research
• Study Design
• Future Nursing Research Agenda and Policy Implications
• Policy Considerations
• Summary
• Study Questions
• Internet Activities
• References
• Case Study 38.1
• Case Study 38.2
• 39. Improving Children's Health Outcomes Through Pediatric Disaster Research and Policy - Janice B. Griffin Agazio
• Chapter Overview
• Why Are Children's Responses Different From Adults in Disasters?
• Researching Children Experiencing Disasters
• Children's Reactions to Disaster
• Parental Influences on Children's Reactions to Disasters
• Research-Based Interventions With Children Exposed to Disasters
• Pediatric Perspectives on Disaster Preparations
• Summary
• References
• 40. Information Technology in Disaster Management - Adam B. Rains
• Chapter Overview
• Information and Disaster Management
• Telecommunications
• Alerting and Warning Technology
• Direct and Remote Sensing
• Information Management and Processing
• Logistics and Resource Management
• Decision Support Systems
• Early Warning Systems
• Telemedicine
• The Internet as a Disaster Management Resource
• Summary
• References
• Epilogue Disaster Recovery: Creating Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters
• Appendix I At-A-Glance: Capability Definitions, Functions, and Associated Performance Measures
• Appendix II Sequence for Putting on Personal Protective Equipment
• Appendix III Glossary of Terms Commonly Used in Disaster Preparedness and Response
• Appendix IV Creating a Personal Disaster Plan
• Appendix V CDC's Public Health Emergency Preparedness Program: Every Response is Local
• Appendix VI Radiation Infographics