A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling

Editor/Author Jamieson, Allan and Bader, Scott
Publication Year: 2016
Publisher: Wiley

Single-User Purchase Price: $145.00
Unlimited-User Purchase Price: $217.50
ISBN: 978-1-118-75152-7
Category: Social Sciences - Criminology & Law
Image Count: 81
Book Status: Available
Table of Contents

The increasingly arcane world of DNA profiling demands that those needing to understand at least some of it must find a source of reliable and understandable information.

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Table of Contents

    • Contributors
    • Foreword
    • Preface
    • Glossary
    • Abbreviations and Acronyms
    • Part A: Background
    • Chapter 1: Introduction to Forensic Genetics
    • The Ideal Forensic Material—Individualization
    • DNA—The Molecule
    • DNA in Populations
    • The Scientific Expert
    • Forensic DNA
    • Chapter 2: DNA: An Overview
    • History of DNA Profiling
    • STR Analysis
    • DNA Extraction
    • DNA Quantification
    • DNA Profile Interpretation
    • Low Template DNA Profiling
    • References
    • Chapter 3: DNA
    • Introduction
    • Fundamental Human Anatomy
    • Fundamental Genetics
    • Fundamental Molecular Biology
    • Summary
    • References
    • Chapter 4: Introduction to Forensic DNA Profiling — The Electropherogram (epg)
    • Notation and Descriptions of Profiles
    • Separation
    • The Kit
    • Relative Fluorescence Units, Peak Height, and Peak Area
    • Controls
    • References
    • Chapter 5: Biological Stains
    • Introduction
    • Locating Potential Biological Material
    • Other Body Fluids and Secretions
    • Trace Biological Material
    • References
    • Chapter 6: Sources of DNA
    • Introduction
    • Blood
    • The Vaginal Tract
    • Semen
    • Trace DNA
    • Low Copy Number and Single Cells
    • Saliva
    • Fingernails
    • Fingerprints
    • Hair
    • Teeth and Bone
    • Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples
    • Fecal Material
    • Unusual Sources
    • Plant Material as Forensic Evidence
    • Summary
    • References
    • Chapter 7: Identification and Individualization
    • Identity, Identification, and Individualization
    • DNA Evidence and Individualization
    • Uniqueness
    • Reporting Identification Evidence in Court
    • References
    • Chapter 8: Transfer
    • Introduction
    • Transfer of Trace DNA
    • Factors Affecting the Detection of Transferred DNA
    • Evaluation of DNA Transfer in Forensic Casework
    • Potential Contamination Issues
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Chapter 9: Laboratory Accreditation
    • Introduction and Background
    • Accreditation
    • Accreditation Schemes
    • ISO17025
    • Accreditation in the Forensic Context
    • Defense Expert Accreditation
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Chapter 10: Validation
    • Introduction
    • Validation Defined
    • Types of Validations
    • Governing Bodies and Guidelines
    • Internal Validations Process
    • Sample Selection
    • Sample Size
    • Setting Thresholds
    • Performance Checks and Material Modifications
    • Challenges of Validation Process
    • Testimony and Training
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Part B: Analysis & Interpretation
    • Chapter 11: Extraction
    • Introduction
    • Differential Extraction
    • Solid-Phase Extraction Technologies
    • Solutions for Specific Sample Types
    • Contamination
    • Automated Extraction
    • References
    • Chapter 12: Quantitation
    • Introduction
    • Background
    • Principles of Real-Time PCR
    • Quantitation of Low-Level DNA Analysis
    • References
    • Chapter 13: Amplification
    • References
    • Chapter 14: Interpretation of Mixtures; Graphical
    • Identifying and Interpreting Mixtures
    • Mixed Samples; Analysis of Mixtures
    • Major/Minor Mixtures
    • Complex Mixtures
    • Stutter
    • Low-Template Mixtures
    • Partial Profiles
    • Degraded Samples
    • References
    • Chapter 15: DNA Mixture Interpretation
    • Introduction
    • Conventional Mixture Deconvolution
    • Probabilistic Approaches
    • Semi-Continuous Probabilistic Genotyping Approaches
    • Fully Continuous Probabilistic Genotyping Approaches
    • Black Boxes and Due Process: Transparency in Expert Software Systems
    • References
    • Chapter 16: Degraded Samples
    • Introduction
    • Characteristics of Degraded DNA Samples
    • Objectively Identifying Potential Degradation/Inhibition
    • Mini-STRs
    • Y-STR Testing
    • Low Copy Number Testing
    • Addressing Inhibition
    • The Coroner's Inquest into the Death of Jaidyn Leskie
    • Conclusions
    • References
    • Chapter 17: Ceiling Principle: DNA
    • Introduction
    • References
    • Chapter 18: Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats
    • Introduction
    • Commonly Used Y-STR Markers
    • Interpretation of a Y-STR Match
    • Casework Applications
    • References
    • Chapter 19: Expert Systems in DNA Interpretation
    • Introduction
    • Challenges in DNA Interpretation
    • The Likelihood Ratio Framework
    • The Need for Expert Systems
    • Currently Available Expert Systems
    • Further Evaluation of the Evidence
    • Comparative Studies
    • Validation
    • Remaining Challenges
    • References
    • Chapter 20: Paternity Testing
    • History of Markers Used for Paternity Testing
    • Legal Aspects of Paternity Testing
    • Practical Process
    • Data Analysis
    • Testing with or without a Sample of the Mother
    • Mutation Events
    • Gonosomal Marker and Paternity Testing
    • Statistical Evaluation
    • Kinship Cases
    • Paternity Tests in Case of Immigration
    • Quality Management in Paternity Testing Laboratories
    • References
    • Chapter 21: Observer Effects
    • Introduction
    • Underlying Psychological Phenomenon
    • Minimizing Observer Effects
    • Empirical Studies of Observer Effects in Forensic Science
    • Case Managers and Sequential Unmasking
    • References
    • Part C: Applications
    • Chapter 22: Databases
    • Introduction
    • A Brief Summary of National DNA Database Programs
    • Operational Impact of Forensic DNA Databases
    • Investigative and Intelligence Use of Forensic DNA Databases
    • Familial Searching
    • Cold Case Review and Postconviction Testing
    • Socio-Legal Issues Associated with Forensic DNA Databases
    • Summary
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
    • Chapter 23: Missing Persons and Paternity: DNA
    • Introduction
    • Measures of Inbreeding and Relatedness
    • Frequencies of Sets of Alleles
    • Parentage Testing
    • Missing Person Calculations
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
    • Chapter 24: Familial Searching
    • Familial Searching: Definition
    • Kinship Indices
    • Strategies for Autosomal Familial Searches
    • Further Statistical Issues
    • Ethical Aspects
    • References
    • Chapter 25: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
    • Introduction
    • Challenges in Forensic Genetics
    • SNP Typing Methods
    • SNPs as Investigative Leads
    • References
    • Chapter 26: Mini-STRs
    • Emergence of Mini-STRs as a Forensic Tool
    • Challenges to Mini-STR Development
    • Conclusions
    • References
    • Chapter 27: Phenotype
    • Introduction
    • Indirect Method of Phenotype Inference
    • Direct Method
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
    • Chapter 28: Mitochondrial DNA: Profiling
    • Introduction
    • mtDNA Biology
    • Nonforensic Uses
    • Laboratory Practices
    • References
    • Chapter 29: Geographical Identification by Viral Genotyping
    • Introduction
    • Relations between Parasitic Genotype and Geographic Area
    • Detection of Parasitic Genotypes from Forensic Samples
    • Estimation of Geographic Origin
    • Potential New Approaches toward Geographical Identification Using Human Parasites
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Chapter 30: Microbial Forensics
    • Introduction
    • Detection and Identification Capabilities
    • Interpretation of Microbial Forensic Results
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Further Reading
    • Chapter 31: Wildlife Crime
    • Introduction
    • Species Identification
    • DNA Profiling
    • Limits of Detection
    • Emerging Techniques
    • Standards
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
    • Part D: Court
    • Chapter 32: DNA Databases – The Significance of Unique Hits and the Database Controversy
    • Introduction and the Controversy
    • Posterior Odds
    • How Do Courts Deal with the Issue?
    • Some Final Remarks and Conclusion
    • Appendix
    • References
    • Chapter 33: DNA Databases and Evidentiary Issues
    • Introduction
    • Adventitious Matches
    • Estimation of DNA Match Statistics after a Database Search
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Chapter 34: Communicating Probabilistic Forensic Evidence in Court
    • Characterizations of a Match
    • How Do Jurors Think About and Use Match Statistics?
    • How Should a Forensic Scientist Communicate Match Statistics?
    • References
    • Chapter 35: Report Writing for Courts
    • Introduction
    • Legal Requirements of an Expert Report
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
    • Chapter 36: Discovery of Expert Findings
    • Introduction
    • Discovery in Common and Civil Law Systems
    • Criminal and Civil Law Procedures
    • Discovery in Criminal Matters
    • Discovery in Civil Matters
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
    • Chapter 37: Ethical Rules of Expert Behavior
    • Introduction
    • Defining Ethics
    • Fact Settings Presenting Potential Ethical Problems
    • Sanctions against Experts for Unethical Conduct
    • Conclusion
    • Chapter 38: Verbal Scales: A Legal Perspective
    • Helpfulness
    • The Davie principle
    • “Sufficiently Reliable to be Admitted”
    • The “range of opinion” rule
    • References
    • Chapter 39: Direct Examination of Experts
    • Nature, Purpose, and Scope
    • Expert Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
    • Eliciting the Testimony of the Expert on Direct Examination
    • Chapter 40: Cross-Examination of Experts
    • Nature, Purpose, and Scope
    • Cross-Examination—Some Additional Concepts
    • Cross-Examining the Qualifications of the Witness
    • Cross-Examining with Contrary Opinions Expressed in the Expert's Professional Literature
    • Redirect and Re-Cross-Examination
    • Chapter 41: DNA in the UK Courts
    • Introduction
    • Admissibility
    • Statistics and DNA Profiles
    • Statistics, Experience, and Expertise
    • Low Template DNA (LTDNA) Evidence
    • Transfer and Persistence of DNA
    • Recent Jurisprudence
    • Scotland—Different Jurisdiction, Different Standard?
    • Overall
    • References
    • Chapter 42: Legal Issues with Forensic DNA in the USA
    • Building the Database Empire
    • Opting Out—Private Databases
    • Focusing on Sensitivity over Accuracy
    • An Example: The NYOCME and US v Johnny Morganbe
    • US v. Johnny Morgan
    • Shifting Standards
    • Legal Controversy and Implications
    • Closing Off DNA from Defense Scrutiny
    • Conclusion
    • Chapter 43: Issues in Forensic DNA
    • Introduction
    • Issues
    • Experience
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • Chapter 44: Future Technologies and Challenges
    • Crime Scene
    • Laboratory Analysis
    • Interpretation
    • Evaluation
    • “Blue Sky” Thinking
    • References