A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling
A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling
Editor/Author
Jamieson, Allan and Bader, Scott
Publication Year: 2016
Publisher: Wiley
Single-User Purchase Price:
$145.00

Unlimited-User Purchase Price:
$217.50
ISBN: 978-1-118-75152-7
Category: Social Sciences - Criminology & Law
Image Count:
81
Book Status: Available
Table of Contents
The increasingly arcane world of DNA profiling demands that those needing to understand at least some of it must find a source of reliable and understandable information.
This book is found in the following Credo Collections:
Table of Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Glossary
- Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Part A: Background
- Chapter 1: Introduction to Forensic Genetics
- The Ideal Forensic Material—Individualization
- DNA—The Molecule
- DNA in Populations
- The Scientific Expert
- Forensic DNA
- Chapter 2: DNA: An Overview
- History of DNA Profiling
- STR Analysis
- DNA Extraction
- DNA Quantification
- DNA Profile Interpretation
- Low Template DNA Profiling
- References
- Chapter 3: DNA
- Introduction
- Fundamental Human Anatomy
- Fundamental Genetics
- Fundamental Molecular Biology
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 4: Introduction to Forensic DNA Profiling — The Electropherogram (epg)
- Notation and Descriptions of Profiles
- Separation
- The Kit
- Relative Fluorescence Units, Peak Height, and Peak Area
- Controls
- References
- Chapter 5: Biological Stains
- Introduction
- Locating Potential Biological Material
- Other Body Fluids and Secretions
- Trace Biological Material
- References
- Chapter 6: Sources of DNA
- Introduction
- Blood
- The Vaginal Tract
- Semen
- Trace DNA
- Low Copy Number and Single Cells
- Saliva
- Fingernails
- Fingerprints
- Hair
- Teeth and Bone
- Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples
- Fecal Material
- Unusual Sources
- Plant Material as Forensic Evidence
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 7: Identification and Individualization
- Identity, Identification, and Individualization
- DNA Evidence and Individualization
- Uniqueness
- Reporting Identification Evidence in Court
- References
- Chapter 8: Transfer
- Introduction
- Transfer of Trace DNA
- Factors Affecting the Detection of Transferred DNA
- Evaluation of DNA Transfer in Forensic Casework
- Potential Contamination Issues
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 9: Laboratory Accreditation
- Introduction and Background
- Accreditation
- Accreditation Schemes
- ISO17025
- Accreditation in the Forensic Context
- Defense Expert Accreditation
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 10: Validation
- Introduction
- Validation Defined
- Types of Validations
- Governing Bodies and Guidelines
- Internal Validations Process
- Sample Selection
- Sample Size
- Setting Thresholds
- Performance Checks and Material Modifications
- Challenges of Validation Process
- Testimony and Training
- References
- Further Reading
- Part B: Analysis & Interpretation
- Chapter 11: Extraction
- Introduction
- Differential Extraction
- Solid-Phase Extraction Technologies
- Solutions for Specific Sample Types
- Contamination
- Automated Extraction
- References
- Chapter 12: Quantitation
- Introduction
- Background
- Principles of Real-Time PCR
- Quantitation of Low-Level DNA Analysis
- References
- Chapter 13: Amplification
- References
- Chapter 14: Interpretation of Mixtures; Graphical
- Identifying and Interpreting Mixtures
- Mixed Samples; Analysis of Mixtures
- Major/Minor Mixtures
- Complex Mixtures
- Stutter
- Low-Template Mixtures
- Partial Profiles
- Degraded Samples
- References
- Chapter 15: DNA Mixture Interpretation
- Introduction
- Conventional Mixture Deconvolution
- Probabilistic Approaches
- Semi-Continuous Probabilistic Genotyping Approaches
- Fully Continuous Probabilistic Genotyping Approaches
- Black Boxes and Due Process: Transparency in Expert Software Systems
- References
- Chapter 16: Degraded Samples
- Introduction
- Characteristics of Degraded DNA Samples
- Objectively Identifying Potential Degradation/Inhibition
- Mini-STRs
- Y-STR Testing
- Low Copy Number Testing
- Addressing Inhibition
- The Coroner's Inquest into the Death of Jaidyn Leskie
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 17: Ceiling Principle: DNA
- Introduction
- References
- Chapter 18: Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats
- Introduction
- Commonly Used Y-STR Markers
- Interpretation of a Y-STR Match
- Casework Applications
- References
- Chapter 19: Expert Systems in DNA Interpretation
- Introduction
- Challenges in DNA Interpretation
- The Likelihood Ratio Framework
- The Need for Expert Systems
- Currently Available Expert Systems
- Further Evaluation of the Evidence
- Comparative Studies
- Validation
- Remaining Challenges
- References
- Chapter 20: Paternity Testing
- History of Markers Used for Paternity Testing
- Legal Aspects of Paternity Testing
- Practical Process
- Data Analysis
- Testing with or without a Sample of the Mother
- Mutation Events
- Gonosomal Marker and Paternity Testing
- Statistical Evaluation
- Kinship Cases
- Paternity Tests in Case of Immigration
- Quality Management in Paternity Testing Laboratories
- References
- Chapter 21: Observer Effects
- Introduction
- Underlying Psychological Phenomenon
- Minimizing Observer Effects
- Empirical Studies of Observer Effects in Forensic Science
- Case Managers and Sequential Unmasking
- References
- Part C: Applications
- Chapter 22: Databases
- Introduction
- A Brief Summary of National DNA Database Programs
- Operational Impact of Forensic DNA Databases
- Investigative and Intelligence Use of Forensic DNA Databases
- Familial Searching
- Cold Case Review and Postconviction Testing
- Socio-Legal Issues Associated with Forensic DNA Databases
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 23: Missing Persons and Paternity: DNA
- Introduction
- Measures of Inbreeding and Relatedness
- Frequencies of Sets of Alleles
- Parentage Testing
- Missing Person Calculations
- Discussion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 24: Familial Searching
- Familial Searching: Definition
- Kinship Indices
- Strategies for Autosomal Familial Searches
- Further Statistical Issues
- Ethical Aspects
- References
- Chapter 25: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
- Introduction
- Challenges in Forensic Genetics
- SNP Typing Methods
- SNPs as Investigative Leads
- References
- Chapter 26: Mini-STRs
- Emergence of Mini-STRs as a Forensic Tool
- Challenges to Mini-STR Development
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 27: Phenotype
- Introduction
- Indirect Method of Phenotype Inference
- Direct Method
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 28: Mitochondrial DNA: Profiling
- Introduction
- mtDNA Biology
- Nonforensic Uses
- Laboratory Practices
- References
- Chapter 29: Geographical Identification by Viral Genotyping
- Introduction
- Relations between Parasitic Genotype and Geographic Area
- Detection of Parasitic Genotypes from Forensic Samples
- Estimation of Geographic Origin
- Potential New Approaches toward Geographical Identification Using Human Parasites
- References
- Further Reading
- Chapter 30: Microbial Forensics
- Introduction
- Detection and Identification Capabilities
- Interpretation of Microbial Forensic Results
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- Chapter 31: Wildlife Crime
- Introduction
- Species Identification
- DNA Profiling
- Limits of Detection
- Emerging Techniques
- Standards
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Part D: Court
- Chapter 32: DNA Databases – The Significance of Unique Hits and the Database Controversy
- Introduction and the Controversy
- Posterior Odds
- How Do Courts Deal with the Issue?
- Some Final Remarks and Conclusion
- Appendix
- References
- Chapter 33: DNA Databases and Evidentiary Issues
- Introduction
- Adventitious Matches
- Estimation of DNA Match Statistics after a Database Search
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 34: Communicating Probabilistic Forensic Evidence in Court
- Characterizations of a Match
- How Do Jurors Think About and Use Match Statistics?
- How Should a Forensic Scientist Communicate Match Statistics?
- References
- Chapter 35: Report Writing for Courts
- Introduction
- Legal Requirements of an Expert Report
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 36: Discovery of Expert Findings
- Introduction
- Discovery in Common and Civil Law Systems
- Criminal and Civil Law Procedures
- Discovery in Criminal Matters
- Discovery in Civil Matters
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 37: Ethical Rules of Expert Behavior
- Introduction
- Defining Ethics
- Fact Settings Presenting Potential Ethical Problems
- Sanctions against Experts for Unethical Conduct
- Conclusion
- Chapter 38: Verbal Scales: A Legal Perspective
- Helpfulness
- The Davie principle
- “Sufficiently Reliable to be Admitted”
- The “range of opinion” rule
- References
- Chapter 39: Direct Examination of Experts
- Nature, Purpose, and Scope
- Expert Witnesses and Opinion Evidence
- Eliciting the Testimony of the Expert on Direct Examination
- Chapter 40: Cross-Examination of Experts
- Nature, Purpose, and Scope
- Cross-Examination—Some Additional Concepts
- Cross-Examining the Qualifications of the Witness
- Cross-Examining with Contrary Opinions Expressed in the Expert's Professional Literature
- Redirect and Re-Cross-Examination
- Chapter 41: DNA in the UK Courts
- Introduction
- Admissibility
- Statistics and DNA Profiles
- Statistics, Experience, and Expertise
- Low Template DNA (LTDNA) Evidence
- Transfer and Persistence of DNA
- Recent Jurisprudence
- Scotland—Different Jurisdiction, Different Standard?
- Overall
- References
- Chapter 42: Legal Issues with Forensic DNA in the USA
- Building the Database Empire
- Opting Out—Private Databases
- Focusing on Sensitivity over Accuracy
- An Example: The NYOCME and US v Johnny Morganbe
- US v. Johnny Morgan
- Shifting Standards
- Legal Controversy and Implications
- Closing Off DNA from Defense Scrutiny
- Conclusion
- Chapter 43: Issues in Forensic DNA
- Introduction
- Issues
- Experience
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 44: Future Technologies and Challenges
- Crime Scene
- Laboratory Analysis
- Interpretation
- Evaluation
- “Blue Sky” Thinking
- References