Paediatrics at a Glance provides an introduction to paediatrics and the problems encountered in child health as they present in primary, community and secondary care, from birth through to adolescence.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Abbreviations
• Part 1: Evaluation of the child
• Chapter 1: Paediatrics and child health
• The changing face of paediatrics and child health
• The determinants of health
• Types of paediatric problems
• Chapter 2: The paediatric consultation
• Communication skills in paediatrics
• Approaching the consultation
• History taking
• Beginning the examination—observation
• Chapter 3: Systems examination
• Chapter 4: Development and developmental assessment
• Milestones
• Developmental warning signs
• Chapter 5: Growth and puberty
• Chapter 6: Understanding investigations
• Chest radiography
• Magnetic resonance imaging scans
• Computed tomography scans
• Ultrasound
• Blood culture
• Serological evidence of infection
• Direct detection methods
• Lumbar puncture and CSF analysis
• Urinalysis
• Immunology
• Part 2: Moving through childhood
• Chapter 7: Screening
• Screening
• Screening in pregnancy
• Screening for Down's syndrome
• Newborn blood spot screening
• Newborn hearing screening
• Newborn infant physical examination (NIPE)
• Screening in later childhood
• Chapter 8: Genetics and inherited disorders
• Unusual patterns of inheritance
• Chromosomal disorders
• Testing for genetic disorders
• Chapter 9: The newborn baby
• The normal newborn
• Asphyxia and resuscitation
• Intrauterine growth retardation
• Vitamin K
• Chapter 10: Congenital abnormalities
• Patterns of congenital abnormality
• Cleft lip and palate
• Neural tube defects (spina bifida)
• Developmental dysplasia of the hip
• Chapter 11: Common neonatal problems
• Respiratory disorders presenting from birth
• Early onset neonatal sepsis
• Group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis
• Late onset sepsis
• Weight loss and feeding problems
• Jaundice
• Chapter 12: The premature baby
• Respiratory distress syndrome
• Necrotizing enterocolitis
• Retinopathy of prematurity
• Brain injury
• Chapter 13: Nutrition in childhood
• Infant nutrition
• Technique of breast-feeding
• Weaning
• Nutrition in the preschool years
• Nutrition in the school-age child
• Chapter 14: Common behaviour concerns
• Common emotional and behavioural problems
• Crying babies and colic
• Feeding problems
• Sleeping problems
• Temper tantrums
• Unwanted or aggressive behaviour
• Chapter 15: Child care and school
• Common problems at school age
• Severe educational difficulties
• Dyslexia
• Dyspraxia
• Chapter 16: Child health promotion
• Parenting support
• Parental mental health
• Baby care
• Child development and behavioural problems
• Nutrition
• Dental health
• Passive smoking
• Injury prevention
• Identifying risks and safeguarding children
• Health promotion in school
• Screening and immunization
• Chapter 17: The immunization schedule
• Diseases protected against by immunizations in childhood
• Diphtheria
• Tetanus
• Pertussis (whooping cough)
• Polio
• Haemophilus influenzae B
• Pneumococcal disease
• Meningococcal C
• Rotavirus
• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella
• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Hepatitis B
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Chicken pox
• Part 3: Growth, endocrine and metabolic
• Chapter 18: Weight faltering and failure to thrive
• ‘Catch down’ growth and ‘constitutional’ causes
• Weight faltering due to environmental or psychosocial causes
• Failure to thrive
• Malabsorption
• Chronic illness
• Genetic and intrauterine causes
• Chapter 19: Short stature and poor growth
• Constitutional or familial short stature
• Maturational delay
• Hypothyroidism
• Rarer hormonal problems
• Chronic illness
• Turner's syndrome
• Late effects of cancer treatment
• Chapter 20: Obesity
• Nutritional obesity
• Infant obesity
• Public health issues
• Chapter 21: Diabetes
• Diabetes mellitus
• Initial presentation of type 1 diabetes
• Growing up with diabetes
• Insulin therapy (type 1 diabetes)
• Monitoring
• Part 4: Cardiovascular disorders
• Chapter 22: Congenital heart disease
• Congenital heart disease presenting in the newborn period
• Chapter 23: Heart problems in older children
• Left-to-right shunts
• Obstructive lesions
• Cardiac arrhythmias in childhood
• Myocarditis
• Inherited cardiac disorders
• Part 5: Fever
• Chapter 24: Acute fever
• Treatment of fever
• Fever in young infants
• Viral upper respiratory tract infections
• Tonsillitis
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Acute otitis media
• Chapter 25: Persistent fever and serious recurrent infections
• Persistent fever and pyrexia of unknown origin
• Kawasaki's disease
• Infective endocarditis
• Osteomyelitis
• Serious recurrent infection and immunodeficiency
• Splenectomy and hyposplenism
• Congenital immunodeficiency
• Acquired immunodeficiency
• Part 6: Respiratory disorders
• Chapter 26: Cough and wheeze
• The ‘chesty’ child
• Pneumonia
• Bronchiolitis
• Whooping cough
• Croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis)
• Acute epiglottitis
• Chapter 27: Stridor
• Chapter 28: Swellings in the neck
• Chapter 29: Asthma
• Presentation
• Management of chronic asthma
• Medical management of asthma in children
• Inhaler devices
• Treatment of severe exacerbation
• Chapter 30: Cystic fibrosis
• Genetics
• Presentation
• Common problems and their management
• Diagnosis
• Prognosis
• Part 7: Abdominal disorders
• Chapter 31: Acute abdominal pain
• Acute appendicitis
• Intussusception
• Other surgical causes of acute abdominal pain
• Non-surgical causes of acute abdominal pain
• Chapter 32: Vomiting
• Gastro-oesophageal reflux
• Pyloric stenosis
• Vomiting due to gastroenteritis
• Bowel obstruction
• Sepsis presenting with vomiting
• Vomiting due to raised intracranial pressure
• Chapter 33: Acute diarrhoea and dehydration
• Dehydration
• Acute diarrhoea
• Management of dehydration
• Chapter 34: Chronic diarrhoea
• Toddler diarrhoea
• Lactose intolerance
• Coeliac disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Parasites
• Cow's milk protein intolerance
• Chapter 35: Recurrent abdominal pain
• Idiopathic recurrent abdominal pain
• Other causes
• Other causes of recurrent abdominal pain
• Chapter 36: Constipation
• Constipation
• Idiopathic constipation
• Hirschsprung's disease
• Risk factors for constipation
• Part 8: Urogenital disorders
• Chapter 37: Urinary tract infections
• Investigating urinary tract infections
• Renal anomalies
• Urological abnormalities
• Vesicoureteric reflux
• Chapter 38: Haematuria and proteinuria
• Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Other renal conditions
• Chapter 39: Bedwetting and daytime wetting
• Chapter 40: Swellings in the groin and scrotum
• Part 9: Neurological disorders
• Chapter 41: Developmental delay
• Severe learning/intellectual disabilities (mental retardation)
• Intrauterine infections
• Foetal alcohol syndrome
• Congenital hypothyroidism
• Inborn errors of metabolism
• Neurodegenerative disorders
• Neurocutaneous syndromes
• Abuse and neglect
• Chapter 42: Headache
• Migraine
• Tension headache
• Cluster headache
• Raised intracranial pressure
• Other causes of headache
• Chapter 43: Fits, faints and funny turns
• Breath-holding spells
• Reflex anoxic seizures
• Infantile spasms
• Syncope (fainting)
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Hyperventilation
• Hypoglycaemia and other metabolic conditions
• Chapter 44: Epilepsy
• Medical management of epilepsy
• Management of a tonic–clonic seizure
• Monitoring a child with epilepsy
• Living with epilepsy
• Chapter 45: Cerebral palsy
• Management of cerebral palsy
• Therapy
• Orthopaedic problems
• Nutrition
• Growing up with cerebral palsy
• Part 10: Musculoskeletal disorders
• Chapter 46: Swollen joints
• Chapter 47: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• Chapter 48: Leg pain and limp
• Chapter 49: Common childhood skeletal problems
• Part 11: Blood disorders
• Chapter 50: Anaemia and thrombocytopenia
• Iron deficiency anaemia
• Thalassaemia
• Sickle-cell anaemia
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
• Chapter 51: Jaundice
• Jaundice and liver disease in the newborn
• Liver disease in older children
• Chapter 52: Leukaemia and childhood cancer
• Acute leukaemia
• Short-term side effects of treatment
• Late sequelae of treatment
• Part 12: Skin disorders
• Chapter 53: Rashes—types of skin lesions
• Chapter 54: Rashes—infancy and congenital
• Chapter 55: Rashes—infections and infestations
• Chapter 56: Rashes—common inflammatory disorders
• Chapter 57: Allergy
• Atopic disease
• Eczema
• Asthma
• Allergic rhinitis
• Allergic conjunctivitis
• Food allergy
• Urticaria, angioedema and anaphylaxis
• Part 13: Emergency paediatrics
• Chapter 58: Assessing the acutely ill child
• Respiratory failure
• Acute upper airway obstruction
• Septic shock
• Neurological warning signs
• Chapter 59: The collapsed child
• Collapse and cardiorespiratory arrest
• Establishing an airway and artificial ventilation
• Choking
• External cardiac massage
• Focal points for the assessment of the collapsed child
• Chapter 60: The unconscious child
• Coma
• Meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Metabolic causes of coma
• Reye's syndrome
• Unexplained coma
• Chapter 61: The fitting child
• Generalized convulsions
• Febrile convulsions
• Management of the fitting child
• Status epilepticus
• Chapter 62: Injuries and burns
• Chapter 63: Poisoning
• Part 14: Child health in the community
• Chapter 64: Living with a chronic illness
• The effect of chronic illness on the child
• The effect of chronic illness on the family
• The paediatric care of children with long-term medical conditions
• Involvement with school
• Chapter 65: Living with a disability
• How disability presents?
• Assessment and diagnosis of a child with a disability
• Paediatric care
• Provision of services
• The child with special educational needs
• Chapter 66: Learning disability and autism
• Paediatric management
• Growing up with learning disability
• Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)
• Fragile X
• Autistic spectrum disorders
• Chapter 67: Visual and hearing impairment
• Visual impairment
• Hearing impairment
• Chapter 68: Neglect and abuse
• Overview
• How does child abuse present?
• Physical abuse
• Neglect
• Neglect and failure to thrive
• Emotional abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Child sexual exploitation
• Factitious or fabricated illness
• Medical investigation
• The safeguarding process
• Chapter 69: Adolescent issues
• Adolescent harmful health behaviours
• Sexual health issues
• Chapter 70: Sudden infant death
• Acute life-threatening events and SIDS
• Acute life-threatening events
• Chapter 71: Ethics, research and consent
• Research and evidence-based medicine
• Chapter 72: Palliative and end-of-life care
• Referral to palliative care services
• Hospices
• Symptom management
• Pain
• Feeding
• Psychological and spiritual aspects of care
• End-of-life care and bereavement
• After death