The second edition of this concise and practical guide describes infections in geographical areas and provides information on disease risk, concomitant infections (such as co-prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis) and emerging bacterial, viral and parasitic infections in a given geographical area of the world.

Table of Contents

• List of contributors
• Foreword to the first edition
• Foreword to the second edition
• Preface
• Envoi
• Chapter 1: Historical overview of global infectious diseases and geopolitics
• Introduction
• The Near East and North Africa
• Europe
• The Americas
• Australasia
• Sub‐Saharan Africa
• South Asia
• East Asia
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 2: Nontraditional infectious diseases surveillance systems
• Introduction: informal internet sources for the surveillance of emerging infectious diseases
• HealthMap
• Infectious disease surveillance in travelers and migrants
• One health
• Regional ProMED networks
• Effectiveness of informal‐source surveillance
• Mobile technologies
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 3: Air travel − which infectious disease control measures are worthwhile?
• Introduction
• Measles
• Rubella
• Enteric diseases
• Travel‐specific behaviors for preventing disease
• Universal disease control behaviors
• Role of healthcare providers and healthcare workers
• Health facility infection control measures
• Airline responsibilities
• Large‐scale infectious disease control measures
• Recommendations
• References
• Chapter 4: Infectious illnesses on cruise and cargo ships
• Introduction and background
• Influenza
• Acute gastroenteritis
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases
• Meningococcal disease
• Legionnaires’ disease
• Vectorborne diseases
• Ciguatera
• References
• Chapter 5: Microbes on the move
• Prevention of disease in travellers
• Protection of travelers and destination populations
• Yellow fever
• Imported disease
• Curtailment of disease
• New times, new requirements
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 6: Diagnostic tests and procedures
• Understanding diagnostic tests
• Is a result positive or not?
• Validation of diagnostic tests
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis
• Ear, nose, and throat
• Pulmonary infections
• Cardiac infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Hepatobiliary infections
• Upper and lower urinary tract infections
• Sexually transmitted diseases and other genital infections
• Joint, muscle, skin, and soft tissue infections
• Rash
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Zika virus infection
• Malaria
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Diagnostics in areas with limited resources
• References
• Chapter 7: Central Africa
• Dominating the picture: HIV and tuberculosis
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis
• Ear, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Infections of joints, muscle, and soft tissue
• Infections of skin and soft tissues
• Lymphadenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia
• Children
• Antibiotic resistance
• Demographic data
• References
• Chapter 8: East Africa
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• References
• Chapter 9: Eastern Africa
• Parasites
• Malaria transmission in Eastern Africa
• Virus
• Bacteria
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint and muscle infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Cause of death in children under five expressed as % of the total number of deaths
• Top ten causes of deaths all ages expressed as % of the total number of deaths
• References
• Chapter 10: North Africa
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children underfive. Regional average
• Most common causes of deaths all ages in three countries selected for a low (Sudan), middle (Morocco), and high (Libya) regional GNI per capita
• References
• Chapter 11: Southern Africa
• Acute infections within four weeks of exposure
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Adenopathy of more than four weeks duration and in the immunocompromised host
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Cause of death in children under five expressed as % of the total number of deaths
• Top ten causes of deaths all ages in 2002, expressed as % of the total
• References
• Chapter 12: West Africa
• Viral hemorrhagic fever
• Malaria
• Pregnancy‐associated malaria
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis
• Ear, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Infections of bone, joints, and muscles
• Infections of skin and soft tissues
• Lymphadenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia
• Antibiotic resistance
• Children
• References
• Chapter 13: East Asia
• Acute infections within four weeks of exposure
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children under five. Regional average
• Most common causes of deaths in all ages in Mongolia, China, and Japan
• References
• Chapter 14: South Central Asia
• Important regional infections within four weeks of exposure
• CNS infections: meningitis and encephalitis
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Most common causes of deaths in all ages in the countries of the region (%)
• References
• Chapter 15: South‐east Asia
• Important regional infections within four weeks of exposure
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and encephalopathy
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children underfive in SEA. Regional average
• Ten most common causes of deaths all ages in three countries of SEA
• References
• Chapter 16: Western Asia and the Middle East
• Vector‐borne diseases
• Hemorrhagic fever virus
• Soil‐ and water‐associated diseases
• Zoonotic infections
• Hajj – medical aspects
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children under five in Yemen, Armenia, and Saudi Arabia
• References
• Chapter 17: Eastern Europe
• Bacterial infections
• Virus infections
• Parasite infections (protozoans and helminths)
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children underfive. Regional average
• Ten most common causes of deaths all ages in Moldova, Russian Federation, and Czech Republic
• References
• Chapter 18: Northern Europe
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Hepatobiliary infections
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children underfive. Regional average
• Ten most common causes of deaths all ages in three countries selected for a regional low (Latvia), middle (Iceland), and high (Norway) gross national income per capita
• References
• Chapter 19: Southern Europe
• Infectious diseases with incubation periods shorter than four weeks
• Infectious diseases with incubation periods longer than four weeks
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases
• References
• Chapter 20: Western Europe
• Introduction
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of the liver
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children under‐five. Regional average
• Ten most common causes of deaths all ages in Western Europe
• References
• Chapter 21: The Caribbean
• Important regional infections
• CNS infections acquired in the Caribbean region
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Musculoskeletal infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia
• Economic and demographic data for Caribbean countries
• References
• Chapter 22: Central America
• Bacterial infections
• Viral infections
• Parasitic infections
• Fungal infections
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and neurological syndromes
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable infections in children
• Basic economic and demographic data, 2015 [16–18]
• Top 10 causes of deaths, all ages [16–18]
• References
• Chapter 23: South America
• South America travel and travelers
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, skin, and soft tissue infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Hemorrhagic and icterohemorrhagic fever
• Selected endemic tropical infections in South America
• Special considerations: malaria
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data, 2014 – II
• Causes of death in children under‐five
• All top ten causes of deaths all ages in three countries elected for a low (Guyana), middle (Bolivia) and high (Brazil) BNI per capita
• References
• Chapter 24: Northern America
• Acute infections within four weeks of exposure
• Diversity within the region: important regional infections with particular exposures
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever with nonspecific complaints
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children under five
• Top 10 causes of deaths all ages
• References
• Chapter 25: Australia, New Zealand
• Bacterial and mycobacterial infections
• Viral infections
• Parasite infections
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children under five in Australia
• Most common causes of deaths all ages in Australia
• References
• Chapter 26: Oceania
• Bacterial and mycobacterial infections
• Viral infections
• Parasite infections
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data
• Causes of death in children underfive in Papua New Guinea and Fiji
• Most common causes of deaths all ages in Papua New Guinea and Fiji
• References
• Chapter 27: Arctic and Antarctica
• The regions
• Risk for travelers
• Important infections in the Arctic [1]
• CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, and other infections with neurological symptoms
• Ear, nose, and throat infections
• Cardiopulmonary infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Infections of liver, spleen, and peritoneum
• Genitourinary infections
• Joint, muscle, and soft tissue infections
• Skin infections
• Adenopathy
• Fever without focal symptoms
• Eosinophilia and elevated IgE
• Antibiotic resistance
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases in children
• Basic economic and demographic data. No separate figures for Antarctica
• Most common causes of deaths all ages in Greenland, Canada, and Alaska
• References
• Chapter 28: The immunosuppressed patient
• Introduction
• Approach to the patient
• Geographic distribution of opportunistic infections
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Viral infections
• Conclusion
• Case study, adapted from Hart et al [204]
• References
• Chapter 29: Emerging infections
• Introduction
• Major global trends
• Travel, trade and migration
• SARS and MERS
• Monkeypox
• Chikungunya virus
• Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito)
• Zika virus
• Food‐borne infections
• Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 30: Migration and the geography of disease
• Migration and infectious diseases
• Vaccine‐preventable diseases
• Tuberculosis
• HIV infection
• Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis)
• References
• Chapter 31: Climate change and the geographical distribution of infectious diseases
• Introduction
• Mechanisms for climate‐induced change in infectious disease incidence
• The context: human actions and disease emergence
• Human‐induced climate change
• A framework for understanding the relation of climate and disease
• The present: climate–disease relations
• The future: projections for infectious disease incidence
• Conclusion
• References
• List of abbreviations