A fully illustrated, concise and accessible introduction to the study of dentistry.

Table of Contents

• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Part 1: Introduction
• Chapter 1: Principles of dental practice
• The key principles
• The purpose of dental practice in more detail
• The key points
• Chapter 2: Patient confidentiality
• Secondary information
• Permission
• Exceptions
• Privacy and security
• Responsibility and accountability
• Chapter 3: Record keeping
• Why keep records?
• Think record, not record card
• Communication
• Authenticity
• Chapter 4: Consent
• Three dimensions
• Preliminary considerations
• The consent process
• Summary
• Chapter 5: Communication with patients
• Providing structure
• Building the relationship
• The consultation
• Summary
• Chapter 6: History taking
• Greeting the patient
• Communication skills
• Presenting complaint
• History of presenting complaint
• Chapter 7: Past medical history
• The importance of the medical history
• Cardiovascular problems
• Diabetes
• Bleeding disorders
• Fainting, blackouts and epilepsy
• Allergies
• Hospitalisation and operations
• Current medication
• Respiratory disorders
• Pregnancy
• Other infectious diseases – HIV and hepatitis
• Chapter 8: Equipment and operating positions
• Surgery equipment
• Operating positions
• Chapter 9: Cross-infection control
• Personal protection
• Decontamination, sterilisation and disinfection
• Clinical waste
• Chapter 10: Examination of the mouth
• Collecting the patient
• Introductions
• Dentist and nurse positioning
• Instrument positioning
• Posture
• Lighting
• Chapter 11: Special tests
• Vitality testing
• Visual examination
• Percussive testing
• Cold testing
• Electrical pulp testing
• Tooth Sleuth™
• Heat testing
• Other sensitivity tests
• Summary
• Chapter 12: Reading and reporting radiographs
• Reading radiographs
• Reporting radiographs
• Quality assurance
• Chapter 13: Diagnostic ‘surgical sieve’
• Special investigations
• Chapter 14: Charting the oral cavity
• Oral mucosa
• Charting the teeth
• Chapter 15: Charting the oral cavity
• Periodontal screening
• Plaque and bleeding indices
• Full periodontal assessment
• Chapter 16: Treatment planning
• Defining the patient's problem
• Gather information
• Diagnose disease
• Enumerate the options
• Evaluate the options
• Select and implement the best option
• Rational decision making
• Part 2: Clinical presentations
• Medical emergencies
• Chapter 17: Sudden loss of consciousness
• A Airway
• B Breathing
• C Circulation
• D Neurological disability
• E Exposure (everything else)
• R Repeat
• Chapter 18: Acute chest pain and cardiac arrest
• Procedure for adults in cardiac arrest
• Procedure for children and infants in cardiac arrest
• Chapter 19: Difficulty breathing
• Asthma
• Anaphylaxis
• Hyperventilation
• Chapter 20: Convulsions and choking
• Epilepsy
• Choking
• Chapter 21: Other emergencies
• Fainting
• Hypoglycaemia
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Prevention of dental diseases
• Chapter 22: Caries prevention
• Caries control
• The dental team
• The public health approach
• Chapter 23: Plaque reduction
• Mechanical
• Chemical plaque reduction
• Chapter 24: Prevention of periodontal disease
• Microbial complexes
• Primary prevention
• Secondary prevention
• Smoking
• Local factors
• Other measures
• Challenges
• Chapter 25: Prevention of dental trauma
• Aetiology of dental trauma
• Categorising preventive strategies
• The role of the dental team in the prevention of dental trauma
• Teeth and disease of tooth hard tissue
• Chapter 26: The ‘normal’ dentitions
• The deciduous dentition
• Eruption of permanent teeth
• Chapter 27: Variations in the number of teeth
• Decreased number of teeth – hypodontia
• Increased number of teeth – hyperdontia
• Chapter 28: Variations in tooth morphology
• Morphological anomalies
• Double tooth
• Dilaceration
• Dens evaginatus
• Talon cusp
• Chapter 29: Enamel and dentine defects
• Dentine defects
• Developmental defects of enamel
• Chapter 30: Fluorosis
• Chapter 31: Tooth eruption and exfoliation
• Tooth eruption
• Exfoliation of primary teeth
• Chapter 32: Caries
• What happens?
• Dentine reactions to enamel lesions
• Lesion progression
• Pulp reaction
• Microbiology of caries
• Summary
• Chapter 33: Tooth wear
• Prevention is paramount
• Epidemiology
• Aetiology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Prevention
• Restorative treatment
• The structures supporting teeth and disease
• Chapter 34: The normal gingivae
• Chapter 35: The periodontal ligament
• Chapter 36: Dental plaque and calculus
• Plaque formation
• Specific bacterial species and periodontitis
• Chapter 37: Diseases of the gingivae and periodontium
• Intracoronal restorations of teeth
• Chapter 38: Properties of tooth tissue
• Enamel
• Dentine
• Pulp
• Cementum
• Chapter 39: Local anaesthesia for tooth restoration
• Armamentarium
• Choice of local anaesthetic solution
• Clinical techniques for anaesthetising teeth for restorative treatment
• Chapter 40: Tooth isolation
• Aspiration
• Cotton wool rolls and cellulose pads
• Rubber dam
• Chapter 41: Cavity preparation
• General principles
• Preparation techniques
• Material-specific cavity features
• Chapter 42: Cavity liners and conditioners
• Pulp protection
• Pulp protection materials
• Cavity conditioners
• Chapter 43: Cavity preparation for plastic tooth restorations
• Accessing caries
• Unsupported enamel
• Chapter 44: Choice of plastic restorative materials
• Location of the tooth and extent of the cavity
• Quantity and quality of remaining tooth tissue
• Caries risk
• Moisture control
• Physical (mechanical) retention
• Chapter 45: Plastic restorations
• Bonding amalgam
• Bonding composite resins
• Bonding glass ionomer cement
• Matrix techniques
• Chapter 46: Amalgam restorations
• Chapter 47: Composite resin restorations
• Chapter 48: Building composite resin restorations
• Larger restorations
• Chapter 49: Non-plastic intracoronal restorations
• Gold inlays
• Tooth-coloured inlays
• Computer-aided design and manufacture techniques
• Chapter 50: Crowns
• Introduction
• Types and materials
• Chapter 51: Glass ionomer cements and provisional restorations
• Provisional restoration
• Cavity preparation
• Other considerations
• Material placement
• Replacement of missing teeth
• Chapter 52: Resin-retained bridges
• Case selection
• Design considerations
• The clinical technique
• Procedures
• Dealing with failure
• Chapter 53: Bridges
• Introduction
• Conventional bridges
• Hybrid bridge
• Pontic design for bridges
• Chapter 54: Implant-retained options
• Indications for implant-retained prostheses
• Planning procedures
• Surgical phase
• Restorative phase
• Chapter 55: Partial dentures
• Introduction
• Planning partial dentures
• Sources of support
• Retention of dentures
• Joining the saddles
• Completing the design
• Chapter 56: Implant overdentures
• Implant overdentures and retention considerations
• Implant overdentures and support considerations
• Implant overdentures – planning considerations
• Implant overdentures – prosthetic phase of treatment
• Implant overdenture maintenance
• Chapter 57: Precision attachments
• Precision attachments and complete dentures
• Precision attachments and removable partial dentures
• Chapter 58: Immediate insertion dentures
• Introduction
• Clinical stages involved in immediate insertion dentures
• Chapter 59: Complete dentures
• Edentulousness
• Assessing the patient
• Prosthodontic factors
• Treatments for pulpal damage
• Chapter 60: Pulp therapy (deciduous teeth)
• Introduction
• Indirect pulp capping
• Vital pulpotomy
• Devitalising pulpotomy
• Pulpectomy
• Chapter 61: Pulp protection procedures for traumatised teeth
• Treatment (Table 61.1)
• Chapter 62: Pulp removal (permanent teeth)
• Partial pulp removal (pulpotomy)
• Complete pulp removal
• Procedure for pulp removal
• Chapter 63: Pulp canal obturation (permanent teeth)
• Aims of pulp obturation
• Obturating materials
• Obturating techniques
• Paediatric dentistry
• Chapter 64: Patient management
• Office procedures
• The dentist–child relationship
• Behaviour management techniques
• Chapter 65: Local anaesthesia
• Local anaesthesia
• Local anaesthetic agents
• Vasoconstrictors
• Techniques
• Chapter 66: Sedation and general anaesthesia
• Conscious sedation
• General anaesthesia
• Chapter 67: Caries in deciduous teeth
• Dental caries
• Consequences of leaving untreated carious primary teeth
• Management of carious primary teeth
• Chapter 68: Paediatric dental materials
• Stainless steel crowns
• Resin-based composites
• Resin infiltration
• Glass ionomer cement
• Compomer
• Chapter 69: Fissure sealants
• Types of sealant
• Steps in fissure sealing
• Sealant application
• Evaluation
• Chapter 70: Dietary control
• Sugar consumption in the UK
• Sugar and caries
• Changing people's eating habits
• Identifying patients requiring dietary counselling
• Taking a dietary history
• Setting goals
• Action points
• Monitoring
• Summary
• Chapter 71: Fluoride supplements
• Forms of fluoride delivery
• Traumatic injuries
• Chapter 72: Classification of trauma
• Periodontal injuries
• Tooth injuries (enamel, dentine or pulp fractures)
• Injuries to gingiva or oral mucosa
• Injuries to bone
• Chapter 73: Accidental injury to primary teeth
• General information
• Periodontal injuries
• Tooth injuries (enamel, dentine or pulp fractures)
• Alveolar fracture
• Sequelae
• Chapter 74: Non-accidental injury
• The role of the dental team
• How abuse presents
• Types of injuries of potential concern
• Responding to concerns of abuse
• Chapter 75: Treatment of tooth fractures
• Enamel and enamel–dentine fracture
• Enamel–dentine–pulp fracture
• Procedure for pulpotomy
• Crown–root fracture and crown–root–pulp fracture
• Root fracture
• Chapter 76: Tooth displacement injuries
• General information
• Concussion
• Subluxation
• Extrusion
• Lateral luxation
• Intrusion
• Avulsion
• Alveolar fracture
• Prognosis
• Follow up
• Oral and maxillofacial surgery
• Chapter 77: Instruments
• Introduction
• Instruments for surgical flaps (incision, reflection and retraction)
• Instruments for bone removal
• Instruments for suturing
• Miscellaneous instruments
• Instruments for tooth extraction
• Layout of instruments
• Chapter 78: The patient in pain
• Introduction
• Teeth
• Temporomandibular joint
• Jaw disease
• Sinus disease
• Salivary glands
• Nerves
• Blood vessels
• Psychogenic pain
• Key points in orofacial pain management
• Chapter 79: Extraction of teeth
• Introduction
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Preoperative assessment
• Technique
• Forceps extractions
• Postextraction management
• Chapter 80: Surgical extractions
• Introduction
• Preoperative assessment
• Preoperative preparation
• Surgical technique
• Postoperative phase
• Chapter 81: Impacted third molars
• Introduction
• Assessment
• Preoperative phase
• Surgical technique
• Postoperative phase
• Coronectomy
• Chapter 82: Biopsy
• Introduction
• Types of biopsy
• Biopsy form
• Storage and transport of specimen
• Adjuncts to biopsy – cytology
• Chapter 83: Suturing
• Introduction
• Suture gauge
• Suture needles
• Suture materials
• Correct use and handling of instruments for suturing
• Guidelines for suturing
• Common intraoral sutures
• Suture removal
• Chapter 84: Complications of exodontia
• Introduction
• Perioperative complications
• Postoperative
• Chapter 85: Surgical endodontics
• Introduction
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Assessment
• Preoperative phase
• Surgical technique
• Postoperative phase
• Follow-up
• Oral medicine and pathology
• Chapter 86: Benign swellings in the oral cavity
• Epithelial origin
• Connective tissue origin
• Vascular origin
• Neural ‘lumps’
• Chapter 87: Odontogenic tumours and tumour-like lesions
• Introduction
• Tumours of odontogenic epithelium
• Mixed odontogenic tumours
• Tumours of odontogenic mesenchyme
• Chapter 88: Odontogenic cysts
• Introduction
• Developmental odontogenic cysts
• Inflammatory odontogenic cysts
• Chapter 89: Other bone diseases
• Fibro-osseous lesions
• Giant cell lesions
• Benign lesions and tumours
• Malignant tumours
• Chapter 90: Temporomandibular joint disorders
• Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
• Osteoarthritis
• Ankylosis
• Dislocation of TMJ
• Chapter 91: Mucosal diseases
• Recurrent aphthous ulcers
• Behçet syndrome
• Vesiculobullous disorders
• Orofacial granulomatosis
• Chapter 92: Oral cancer and precancer
• Introduction
• Leukoplakia
• Erythroplakia
• Actinic cheilosis
• Oral submucous fibrosis
• Oral squamous cell carcinoma
• Chapter 93: Salivary gland disorders
• Non-neoplastic disorders
• Neoplastic disorders
• Chapter 94: Pigmented lesions
• Introduction
• Exogenous pigmentation
• Endogenous pigmentation
• Part 3: The Medically Compromised Patient
• Chapter 95: Haematological disorders
• Anaemia
• Haemolytic anaemia
• Bleeding disorders
• Anticoagulant therapy
• Haematological malignancy
• Chapter 96: Immune disorders
• Introduction
• Allergy
• Immunodeficiency and disorders
• Autoimmune disease
• Chapter 97: Cardiovascular disorders
• Hypertension
• Angina
• Myocardial infarction
• Valvular disease
• Chapter 98: Respiratory disorders
• Sinusitis
• Asthma
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
• Sarcoidosis
• Tuberculosis
• Lung cancer
• Chapter 99: Gastroenterology and nutritional disorders
• Crohn's disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Coeliac disease
• Carcinoma
• Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
• Peptic ulceration
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Vitamin C deficiency
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Other deficiencies
• Chapter 100: Endocrine disorders
• Pregnancy
• Puberty
• Diabetes mellitus
• Thyroid disease
• Parathyroid disease
• Pituitary disease
• Adrenal disease
• Chapter 101: Renal disease
• Renal failure
• Dental aspects of renal disease
• Prescribing in renal failure
• Chapter 102: Intellectual impairment
• Down syndrome
• Autism
• Asperger syndrome
• Cerebral palsy
• Stroke
• Parkinson disease
• Chapter 103: Neurological disorders
• Cranial nerve disorders/palsies
• Trigeminal neuralgia
• Multiple sclerosis
• Epilepsy
• Giant cell arteritis
• Motor neuron disease
• Bell's palsy
• Chapter 104: Drugs and dental care
• Impact on delivery of dental treatment
• Potential drug interactions
• Adverse effects of drug therapy that produce oral lesions
• Part 4: Orthodontics
• Chapter 105: The developing dentitions
• Development of the dentitions
• The primary dentition
• The mixed dentition
• Maturation of the permanent dentition
• Chapter 106: Orthodontic assessment
• Clinical assessment in orthodontics
• Extraoral examination
• Soft tissue assessment
• Intraoral examination
• Orthodontic records
• Chapter 107: Fixed orthodontic appliances
• Fixed appliances
• Stages of treatment with fixed appliances
• Chapter 108: Removable orthodontic appliances
• Removable appliances
• Fitting a removable appliance
• Chapter 109: Major malocclusions
• Orthodontic treatment planning
• Class I malocclusion
• Class II malocclusion
• Class III malocclusion
• Part 5: Population sciences and oral health
• Chapter 110: Epidemiology
• What is epidemiology?
• Interpreting oral epidemiological data
• Oral health status of the population
• Chapter 111: Social variations in oral health
• The social gradient of health and disease
• Social determinants of health
• Social variations in oral health
• Oral cancer
• Social variations in dental attendance and demand for care
• Chapter 112: Psychology and dental care
• Assessment of dental anxiety
• Interventions for individuals with low levels of anxiety
• Interventions for individuals with moderate levels of anxiety
• Interventions for individuals with high levels of anxiety
• Chapter 113: Health, illness and behaviour change
• Motivation: the theory of planned behaviour
• Volition: implementation intentions
• Overall conclusions
• Chapter 114: Special care dentistry
• Scope of special care dentistry
• Access and barriers to oral health for people with disabilities
• Communication skills for people requiring SCD
• Impact of impairments and systemic conditions on oral health and functions
• Clinical management of patients requiring SCD
• Chapter 115: Ethical care of patients
• Autonomy
• Non-maleficence
• Beneficence
• Justice
• Professional ethics
• Ethics in action
• Chapter 116: Dentistry and the law
• Dentistry – the profession
• Agreeing to treatment
• Providing treatment
• Chapter 117: Risk management
• Introduction
• Areas of potential risk in dental practice
• Part 6: Running a dental practice
• Chapter 118: Infection control
• Introduction
• Infection control in dentistry
• Prevention of transmission of infection
• Chapter 119: Regulatory bodies and best practice
• Regulation in dentistry
• General Dental Council
• Care Quality Commission
• National Health Service (NHS) regulations
• Health and Safety Executive
• Employment law
• Radiation regulation
• Disability and Discrimination Act
• Best practice
• Chapter 120: Clinical record keeping
• Introduction
• Clinical records
• Storage of clinical records
• Confidentiality
• Patient access to records
• Disclosure of clinical records
• Chapter 121: Team management
• Introduction
• Teamwork
• Benefits of teamwork
• Developing a team philosophy
• Team training
• Communication and appraisal
• Awards
• Chapter 122: Intrateam communication
• Business plan and objectives
• Written communication
• Verbal communication
• Non-verbal communication (body language)
• Chapter 123: External communication
• Who is external?
• What form of communication is appropriate?
• Advertising
• Prescription writing
• Referral letters
• Chapter 124: Being part of the profession