Basic Guide to Dental Radiography provides an essential introduction to radiography in the dental practice. Illustrated throughout, this guide outlines and explains each topic in a clear and accessible style.

Table of Contents

• Acknowledgements
• Chapter 1: General physics
• ATOMS AND MOLECULES
• ENERGY
• ELECTRICAL ENERGY
• ELECTRIC CURRENT
• Chapter 2: X‐ray production
• X‐RAY TUBE FILAMENT
• TRANSFORMERS
• X‐RAY TUBE ANODE
• VOLTAGE RECTIFICATION
• HALF‐WAVE AND FULL‐WAVE RECTIFICATION
• THE PROCESS OF X‐RAY PRODUCTION
• BREMSSTRAHLUNG (CONTINUOUS) SPECTRA
• PRODUCTION OF LINE SPECTRA
• FACTORS AFFECTING THE NUMBER OF X‐RAY QUANTA PRODUCED
• THE PROPERTIES OF X‐RAYS
• Chapter 3: X‐ray interaction with matter
• FACTORS AFFECTING ATTENUATION
• Chapter 4: Principles of image formation
• IMAGING GEOMETRY
• THE IDEAL IMAGING SYSTEM
• EFFECT OF NONPARALLEL RELATIONSHIP
• DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION
• Chapter 5: Imaging with dental X‐ray film
• DENTAL X‐RAY FILM
• THE CONSTRUCTION OF DENTAL FILM
• FILM EMULSION
• FILM CHARACTERISTICS
• FILM SPEED
• FILM CONTRAST
• FILM LATITUDE
• CONTRAST AND SPEED
• FILM PROCESSING
• DEVELOPER
• FIXER
• WASHING
• DRYING THE FILM
• Chapter 6: Digital imaging recording
• TYPES OF DIGITAL IMAGE RECORDER
• DIGITAL IMAGE RECORDING ADVANTAGES
• DIGITAL ANALOGUE DETAIL COMPARISON
• DIGITAL IMAGE DENSITY MANIPULATION
• CONTRAST MANIPULATION
• Chapter 7: X‐ray equipment
• INTRA‐ORAL
• DENTAL INTRA‐ORAL TUBE HEAD
• ORTHOPANTOMOGRAPHY
• Chapter 8: Radiation doses and dose measurement
• UK POPULATION RADIATION DOSE
• DOSE MEASUREMENT
• TYPES OF DOSE METERS
• THIMBLE IONISATION DOSE METER PICTURE
• READING A TLD RECORD
• DOSE QUANTITIES
• Chapter 9: Biological effects of X-rays
• INDIRECT EFFECTS OF RADIATION DOSES
• DIRECT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION DOSES
• STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE
• DETERMINISTIC OR NON‐STOCHASTIC EFFECTS
• WHO WILL BE AFFECTED
• DETRIMENT WITH AGE AT EXPOSURE
• DOSE REDUCTION FOR PATIENTS
• DOSE REDUCTION FOR STAFF
• Chapter 10: Legislation: Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR 1999)
• IONISING RADIATIONS REGULATIONS 1999 (STATUTORY INSTRUMENT 3232)
• Chapter 11: Legislation: Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000 (IR(ME)R 2000), Statutory Instrument 1059
• DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYER
• DUTIES OF THE PRACTITIONER, OPERATOR AND REFERRER
• JUSTIFICATION OF MEDICAL EXPOSURES
• EXPERT ADVICE
• TRAINING
• Chapter 12: Quality assurance
• STAFF TRAINING
• FILM STORAGE
• FILM HOLDERS
• CASSETTES
• FILM PROCESSORS
• CHEMICAL LEVELS
• DARKROOM TESTING
• X‐RAY EQUIPMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE
• Chapter 13: Dental intra‐oral paralleling techniques
• PERFORMING THE EXAMINATION
• INTRA‐ORAL PARALLELING TECHNIQUES
• THE FILM HOLDERS
• EXAMPLES OF FILM HOLDERS
• ASSEMBLING THE FILM HOLDERS
• THE FILM
• THE CENTRAL RAY
• PLACING THE HOLDERS INTO THE PATIENT'S MOUTH
• UPPER ANTERIOR FILM HOLDER PLACEMENT
• APPEARANCE OF AN IMAGE OF THE UPPER CENTRAL INCISORS
• LOWER ANTERIOR FILM HOLDER PLACEMENT
• UPPER POSTERIOR HOLDER PLACEMENT
• LOWER POSTERIOR HOLDER PLACEMENT
• ASSESSMENT OF THE IMAGE
• RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT
• ASSESSMENT OF THE VERTICAL ANGLE
• THE IMAGE
• ASSESSING THE MESIODISTAL (LATERAL) ANGLE
• DENSITY ASSESSMENT
• CONTRAST ASSESSMENT
• SHARPNESS ASSESSMENT
• ARTEFACTS
• BITEWING RADIOGRAPHS
• BITEWING RADIOGRAPHS: PLACING THE HOLDER INTO THE MOUTH
• CENTAL LONG‐AXIS POSITION FOR BITEWING RADIOGRAPHS
• ASSESSING THE BITEWING IMAGE
• Chapter 14: Orthopantomography
• PERFORMING THE EXAMINATION
• OPG IMAGE ASSESSMENT
• FRANKFORT PLANE ASSESSMENT
• MEDIAN SAGITTAL PLANE ASSESSMENT
• FOCAL TROUGH ASSESSMENT
• Chapter 15: Other dental radiographic techniques
• BISECTING ANGLE PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPHS
• OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHS
• CEPHALOMETRIC IMAGING
• RARELY USED TECHNIQUES
• Appendix A: Adequate training
• FURTHER READING
• Appendix B: Image quality troubleshooting