Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Second Edition comprehensively reviews biology and abnormalities, also covering the most common diseases in humans, such as prostate and breast cancer, as well as normal developmental biology, including embryogenesis, gestation, birth and puberty.

Table of Contents

• Biographies
• Preface
• Part 1: Male Reproduction
• Content and Part Overview
• Historic Considerations in Male Reproduction
• Structure/Cells Overview
• Endocrinology Overview RSS
• Sertoli Cell
• Molecular Biology of Sertoli Cells
• Leydig Cells
• Leydig Cells: Fetal to Aged Testes
• Peritubular Myoid Cells in Testis
• Vascular Cells
• Spermatogenic Cells—Structure
• Energetics of Spermatogenic Cells
• Spermatozoa and Sperm Structure
• Cell–Cell Interactions—Structural
• Cell–Cell Interactions—Molecular
• Formation of the Testis Primordium
• Male Sex Determination—Phenotypic
• The Molecular Control of Testis Determination
• Pubertal Development
• Testis Physiology—Overview and Histology
• Spermatogonial Stem Cell and Niche
• Spermatogenic Cell Syncytium
• Seminiferous Cycle
• Spermiation
• Blood-Testis Barrier
• Testis Cell and Organ Culture
• Castration
• Germ Cell Transplantation
• Hypothalamic Pituitary Testis Axis
• Pituitary Cell and Molecular
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Male Reproduction in Mammals
• LH and the Male
• Inhibin and Male
• Activins in Male Reproduction
• Leydig Cell Androgen Synthesis
• Androgen Receptor
• Nongenomic Androgen Actions in Male Reproductive Tissues
• Androgen Receptor Ligands: Agonists and Antagonists
• Aggressive Behavior
• Male Reproductive Tract: Development Overview
• Wolffian Duct Development
• Rete Testis: Structure, Cell Biology and Site for Stem Cell Transplantation
• Efferent Ductules: Structure and Function
• Endocrinology and Pathology of Rete Testis and Efferent Ductules
• Cell Biology of the Epididymis
• Epididymis: Sperm Maturation and Motility
• Gene Regulation in the Epididymis
• Vas Deferens
• Prostate—Overview
• Prostate Structure
• Prostate—Cell Biology and Secretion
• Prostate Disease Overview
• Seminal Vesicle Gland—Overview
• Seminal Vesicle—Structure
• Seminal Vesicle—Secretion
• The Seminal Vesicles: Endocrinological Aspects
• Penis Structure
• Penis Structure—Erection
• Penis Endocrinology
• Erection Abnormality
• Ejaculation/Semen
• Neuroendocrine Disruption of Reproduction
• Male Fertility Overview
• Fertility, Sperm Number and Motility
• Male Reproductive Senescence
• Autonomic Nervous System and Male Reproduction
• Circadian Rhythms—Male
• Circannual Rhythms
• Energetics of the Male Reproduction
• Nutritional Factors and Male Reproduction
• Pineal Gland and Melatonin Biosynthesis
• Pineal Gland and Regulatory Function
• Male contraception
• Mammalian Reproduction Overview
• Cattle Overview
• Pig Overview
• Horse Overview
• Sheep Overview
• Rodent Overview
• Male Dog Overview
• The Male Cat
• Human and Primate Overview
• Male ART in Animal Species
• Male Contraception in Animal Species
• Testis Toxicants
• Toxicant Actions: Mode of Action of Endocrine Disruptors
• Temperature and Testis
• Metals
• Anogenital Distance: A Marker of Steroidal Endocrine Disruption
• Antiandrogens
• Antiestrogens
• Estrogen Agonists
• Plastics
• Pesticides
• Endocrine Disruptors and Male Reproductive Function
• Transgenerational and Epigenetic Impacts of Environmental Exposures in Male Reproduction
• Preconception Generational Impacts Male
• Pharmaceutical Drugs
• Part 2: Female Reproduction
• Content and Part Overview
• Ovary, Overview
• Granulosa Cells
• Theca Cells
• The Oocyte
• The Ovarian Interstitium
• Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Ovarian Follicle
• Cumulus Cells
• Fetal/Gonadogenesis
• Cellular and Structural Aspects of Fetal Ovarian Differentiation
• Female Sex Determination: Molecular
• Primordial Follicle
• Folliculogenesis
• Antral Follicles: Recruitment and Selection of Ovulatory Follicles
• Follicle Atresia
• Ovulation
• Corpus Luteum
• Luteolysis
• Estrous and Menstrual Cycles
• Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Ovary Axis
• Gonadotropins
• Gonadotropin Receptors
• Steroid Receptors Classical
• Nonclassical Steroid Receptors and Their Role in Regulating Female Reproduction
• Ovarian Production of Estradiol: The Two-Cell, Two-Gonadotropin Model
• Hormone Effects on Follicular Growth and Differentiation
• Estrogens
• Progesterone Signaling in the Endometrium
• Androgens
• Aromatization
• Activins and Inhibins in Female Reproduction
• Follistatin and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) Family
• Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
• Female Puberty Overview
• Female Puberty: Nutrition and Endocrinology
• Menarche/Menopause
• Reproductive Senescence in the Female
• Female Contraception
• Fetal and Postnatal Female Tract Development
• Sperm Transport and Selection in Mammals
• Fallopian Tube/Oviduct
• Fallopian Tube/Oviduct: Structure and Cell Biology
• Aspects of Rodent Implantation
• Cell Biology of the Uterus
• Uterus-Hormonal Regulation
• The Primate Uterus: Cyclic Changes
• Menstruation and Endometrial Repair
• Uterus—Endometrium
• Uterus: Growth Factors and Cytokines
• Cervix
• Cervix: Cell Biology
• Vagina
• Vagina: Cell Biology
• Fertilization and the Signaling of Egg Activation
• Mammalian Gestational Strategies: Embryonic Diapause and Pseudopregnancy
• Pregnancy Recognition Signals With an Emphasis on Ruminants
• Chorionic Gonadotropin
• Uterine Receptivity: The Status of Uterus for Implantation
• Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling in Embryo-Uterine Interactions During Implantation
• Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
• Interferons
• Trophoblast
• Decidua
• Human Placentation
• Placentation in the Mouse
• Domestic Animal Placentation
• Comparative Placentation-Mammals
• Uterine Natural Killer (NK) Cells
• Endocrinology of Pregnancy
• Fetal Maternal Unit
• Fetal Endocrinology
• Placental Endocrinology
• Placental Lactogen (CSH)
• Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins
• Adrenomedullin in Female Reproduction and Pregnancy
• Placental Angiogenesis
• Placental Transfer
• Placental Nutrient Transport
• Immunology of Pregnancy
• Yolk Sac
• Allantois
• The Amnion and Amniotic Fluid
• Nutrition and Pregnancy Outcomes
• Adaptations to Pregnancy
• Relaxin
• Oxytocin
• Pregnancy Complications (FGR, Preeclampsia)
• Parturition, Labor, Delivery
• The Intrauterine Position Phenomenon
• Metatheria: Marsupials
• Pig
• Beef Cattle
• Sheep
• Horse
• Rodents
• Selected Comparative Aspects of Canine Female Reproductive Physiology
• Female Cat Reproduction
• Reproductive Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants in the Female
• Plastic Compounds
• Metals in Female Reproduction
• Pesticides
• Ovarian Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Female Antiestrogens
• Female Antiandrogens
• Estrogenic Agonist
• Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
• Environmentally Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Female Reproductive Pathology
• The Mammary Gland: An Overview
• The Cell Biology of the Lactating Mammary Epithelium
• Mammary Gland Development
• The Marvels of Milk and Lactation
• Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Mammary Gland (HPM) Axis
• Mammary Gland-Endocrinology
• Lactocrine Programming
• Part 3: Gametogenesis, Fertilization and Early Development
• Content and Part Overview
• Gametogenesis Overview
• Meiosis Overview
• Spermatogenesis: Overview
• Prospermatogonia
• Spermatogonia
• Spermatocytes
• Spermatids
• The First Wave of Spermatogenesis
• Spermatogonial Response to Somatic Cell Interactions
• Differential Expression of Golgi Proteins During Spermatogenesis
• Inherent Sperm Maturation: A Role for the Hermes Body (Cytoplasmic Droplet) of Sperm
• Chromatin Structure, Composition, and Function During Spermatogenesis
• Regulation of Spermatogenesis by Noncoding RNAs
• Epigenetic Programming of Paternally Imprinted Genes During Spermatogenesis
• Specification of Spermatogonial Stem Cells
• Regulation of Spermatogonial Stem Cell Function
• Spermatogonial Transplantation and Spermatogonial Stem Cell Competence
• Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes in Spermatogenesis
• The Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium
• Structure of the Spermatozoon
• Chromatin Structure in Sperm: Composition and Function
• In Vitro Spermatogenesis
• Growth and Meiotic Maturation of Mammalian Oocytes: An Overview
• Oocyte Meiotic Arrest
• Germ Cell Nests and Germline Cysts
• Oocyte Meiotic Resumption Upon Puberty
• Oocyte Maturation During Folliculogenesis
• Structural Aspects of Oocyte Maturation
• Chromatin Modifications During Mammalian Oocyte Growth and Meiotic Maturation
• Regulation of Oogenesis by Noncoding RNAs
• Polar Body Extrusion and Ovulation
• Maternal Programming in Oocytes
• Polar Body Formation After Ovulation and Fertilization
• The Reprogramming Power of the Oocyte
• Regulation of the Oocyte Epigenome During Prophase I Arrest
• Oogenesis In Vitro
• Orgasm
• Sex Chromosomes
• Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination
• Psychological Effects of Sex Differentiation
• Sex Ratio at Birth
• Sexual Attractants
• Sexual Imprinting
• Sperm Capacitation
• Mechanisms Involved in Mammalian Gamete Interaction
• Sperm Acrosome Reaction
• The Zona Pellucida
• The Zona Pellucida Facilitates Fertilization, Blocks Polyspermy and Protects Pre-Implantation Embryos
• Fertilization in the Oviduct
• Decondensation of Sperm Chromatin
• Polyspermy
• Cleavage and Cleavage Patterns in Embryogenesis
• Zygotic Genome Activation: The Dawn of Independence
• Trophectoderm Development
• Inner Cell Mass Development
• Epiblast Development
• Chromatin Structure: Composition and Function During Spermiogenesis
• X-Chromosome Inactivation
• Embryo Transport
• Origin and Development of Primordial Germ Cells
• Formation and Growth of the Fetus
• Amniotic Fluid
• Characteristics, Properties, and Functionality of Fetal Membranes: An Overlooked Area in the Field of Parturition
• The Human Fetal Adrenal Gland—A Review of Its Function and Development
• Fetal Endocrinology/Hormones
• Fetal Lung Development and Function
• Fetal Gastrointestinal Tract Development and Function
• Germ Cell Sex Differentiation
• Genetic Vs. Epigenetic Inheritance Overview
• Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance
• Mechanisms of Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance
• Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance Across Species
• Environmental Impact on Gametogenesis and Embryogenesis: An Overview
• Environmental Effects on Developing Germ Cells
• Environmental Effects Impacting Preimplantation Development
• Part 4: Reproductive Medicine
• Content and Part Overview
• Clinical Evaluation of the Subfertile Female
• Imaging in Female Reproductive Medicine
• Chromosomal Abnormalities and Their Reproductive Impact
• Tuboperitoneal Diagnosis
• Microbiota and Pathogen Screening in the Female Reproductive Tract
• Coagulation Screening
• Surgical Endoscopic Diagnosis of Infertility
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
• Hyperandrogenemia
• Thyroid Function and Reproduction
• Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
• Obesity and Reproduction
• Menstrual Disorders: The Need for Agreement on Terminologies and Classification of Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)
• Leiomyomas
• Adenomyosis
• Congenital Uterine Abnormalities
• Cervical Cancer
• Vulvar Cancer
• Current Techniques and Tools in the Surgical Treatment in Reproductive Medicine
• Surgical Treatment of Asherman's Syndrome
• Surgical Sex Reassignment
• Psychological Aspects of Female Reproductive Medicine
• Legal and Ethical Aspects of Female Reproduction
• Overview: Evaluation and Male Reproductive Medicine
• Clinical Evaluation of the Subfertile Male
• Male Reproductive Endocrinopathy: Evaluation
• Ejaculatory Dysfunction: Evaluation and Pathophysiology
• Erectile Dysfunction: Evaluation and Pathophysiology
• Orgasmic Dysfunction
• Comorbidities Associated With Male Infertility
• Comorbidities, Modifiable Risk Factors, and Erectile Dysfunction
• Effects of Exogenous Androgenic Agents on Male Reproduction
• Medications With Male Reproductive Side Effects
• Imaging in Male Reproductive Medicine
• Overview: Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine
• Male Reproductive Toxicants: Electromagnetic Radiation and Heat
• Overview Genetics and Male Reproductive Medicine
• Numerical Chromosome Abnormalities
• Y Chromosome Microdeletions
• Translocations and Male Infertility
• Identified Epigenetic Effects
• Endocrine Genetic Defects
• Disorders of Sex Determination and Development
• Congenital Bilateral Absence of the vas Deferens
• Non-CBAVD Extratesticular Ductal Disorders
• Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
• Sperm Defects
• Medical Conditions and Male Reproductive Medicine: An Overview
• Immunologic Male Subfertility
• Infectious and Inflammatory Male Infertility
• Varicocele: Evaluation and Pathophysiology
• Paternal Age and Fertility Concerns
• Overview Treatment and Male Reproductive Medicine
• General Endocrine Therapy
• Endocrine Stimulatory Therapy for Testis Sperm Extraction
• Medical Non-Endocrine-Targeted Therapies: Ejaculatory Dysfunction and Immunotherapy
• Empiric Infertility Treatment
• Nutraceutical Therapy in Male Infertility
• Alternative Reproductive Medicine
• Medical Male Contraception
• Direct Application Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction
• Medical Therapy of Peyronie's Disease
• Overview: Surgical Treatment and Male Reproductive Medicine
• Treatment: Surgical—Current Tools
• Surgical Treatment of Varicocele
• Vasovasostomy
• Vasoepididymostomy
• Non-Microsurgical Testis Sperm Extraction
• Microsurgical Testis Sperm Extraction
• Sperm Retrieval From the Scrotal Extratesticular Ductal System
• Penile Vibratory Stimulation
• Sperm Retrieval From the Bladder
• Male Oncofertility and Sperm Cryopreservation
• Vasectomy
• Penile Prosthesis for Erectile Dysfunction
• Vascular Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction
• Surgical Correction for Peyronie's Disease and Anatomic Abnormalities of the Penis
• Reconstructive Therapy for Disorders of Sex Development
• Surgical Reassignment From Female to Male
• Psychological Aspects of Male Reproductive Medicine
• Legal and Ethical Aspects of Male Reproduction
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
• Prostate Cancer: Overview, Detection, Treatment
• Testicular Cancer
• Part 5: Assisted Reproduction
• Content and Part Overview
• Mild IVF Stimulation
• Drugs Used for Controlled Ovarian Stimulation
• Role of Agonists and Antagonists in COS
• Monitoring COS and HRT Cycles
• Oocyte Retrieval
• Luteal Phase Support in IVF/ICSI- and Frozen Embryo Transfer-Cycles
• Ultrasonography in IVF
• Egg and Embryo Donation
• Understanding Bulk Seminal Parameters
• Laboratory Evaluation of Bulk Seminal Parameters
• CASA—Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis
• Home Tests for Semen
• Laboratory Evaluation of Azoospermia
• Seminal Hypo- and Hypervolemia
• Laboratory Evaluation of Leukocytospermia
• Laboratory Evaluation of Antisperm Antibodies
• Laboratory Evaluation of Reactive Oxygen Species
• Sperm Morphology
• Laboratory Evaluation of Sperm in Cervical Mucus
• Laboratory Evaluation of Sperm–Ovum Interaction
• Laboratory Evaluation of Sperm Chromatin Structure
• Sperm Chromatin Structure Analysis and Clinical Correlations
• Semen Analysis: Assaying Sperm Epigenetics
• Raman Microspectroscopy
• Setting Up the IVF Laboratory
• Quality Management: Maintaining a Stable IVF Laboratory
• The Preparation of Sperm
• Oocyte Treatment From Retrieval to Insemination
• Preparation and Evaluation of Oocytes for ICSI
• ICSI Versus IMSI
• In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes
• Analysis of Fertilization
• Culture Systems for the Human Embryo
• Human Embryo Development and Assessment of Viability
• Morphokinetic of Embryo Development
• Embryo Biopsy: Polar Body, Cleavage Stage and Trophectoderm
• Assisted Hatching: The Physiology of Blastocyst Hatching, the Use of Assisted Hatching in Assisted Reproduction, and a Survey of the Current Evidence Supporting its Use
• Chromosomal Analysis of the Sperm
• Chromosomal Analysis of the Embryo: Preimplantation Genetic Screening
• Genetic Analysis of the Embryo: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
• Mitochondria and Embryo Viability
• Analysis of Human Endometrial Receptivity
• Developmental Epigenetic Analysis of Sperm
• Epigenetics and Sperm Abnormalities
• Cryopreservation of Sperm
• Fertility Preservation for Oncological Reasons
• Fertility Preservation in Women for Social Reasons
• The Ovulation: Triggering Ovulation with hCG Versus GnRH-Agonist
• Ovulation: Dual Trigger
• The Endometrium: Scratching
• The Embryo Day 3 Versus Day 5 ET
• ART in Endometriosis
• Infertility Treatment in PCOS
• ART and Obesity
• Evaluation and ART of the Low Ovarian Responder Patient
• Evaluation and Assisted Reproductive Technology of the High Responder Patient
• Hemoperitoneum After Oocyte Retrieval and Severe Pelvic Infection
• Ectopic and Heterotopic Pregnancies
• Miscarriage: Biochemical and Clinical
• Monitoring Art Outcomes: The Registries
• Multiple Versus Singleton Births: Consequences and Preventions
• Long-Term Pediatric Follow-Up of Babies Born After ART
• Ovarian Stimulation and the Long-Term Risk of Cancer
• Cost-Effectiveness of High Versus Low Complexity ART Treatments
• Cost Effectiveness of Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A)
• Cost-Effectiveness of Low-Cost IVF
• Patient Support in the ART Program
• The Role of the Mental Health Professional in the ART Clinic Setting
• Acupuncture in the ART Clinic
• Global Changes in the Regulation of Reproductive Medicine
• Cross-Border Reproductive Care
• Modern Ethical Dilemmas in ART
• Creation of Bioengineered Reproductive Organs: The End of Organ Transplantation?
• Regenerative Medicine in Patients With Asherman's Syndrome and Endometrial Atrophy
• Gene Editing Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA
• Part 6: Comparative Reproduction
• Content and Part Overview
• Sexual, Unisexual and Asexual Reproduction in Animals – Causes and Consequences
• Sexual Reproduction vs Unisexual; Asexual Reproduction, Plants
• Modes of Reproduction Verts: Hermaphroditism, Viviparity, Oviparity, Ovoviviparity: (General Definition With Examples)
• Modes of Reproduction in Fishes
• Mode of Reproduction: Invertebrate Animals
• Alternative Reproductive Phenotypes Within Species
• Altricial and Precocial Development in Birds
• Drosophila Sexual Behavior
• Behavior: Mate Choice and Sexual Selection
• Courtship and Mating
• Songbirds and Singing
• Communication, Insects
• Migration and Navigation in Fish
• Migration and Navigation in Birds
• Behaviour: Migration and Navigation (Sea Turtles)
• Behaviour: Nesting, Brooding, Parental Care, Birds
• Parental Behavior in Fish
• Parental Behavior in Mammals
• Comparative Sex Organs: Plants
• Comparative Placentation
• Insect Male Reproductive Glands and Their Products
• Primordial Germ Cells of Drosophila melanogaster
• Epigenetic Programming of Germline, Nonmammalian Vertebrates
• Sex Determination in Vertebrates
• Evolution of Sex Determining Genes in Fish
• Genetic & Environmental Sex Determination in Cold-blooded Vertebrates: Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles
• Sex Determination and Gonadal Development in Birds
• Sex Change in Fish
• Sex Determination, Insects
• Gamete Structure: Egg, Comparative Vertebrate
• Sperm: Comparative Vertebrate
• Egg, Comparative Invertebrate
• Oogenesis, Fish Amphibians
• Oogenesis & Ovulation: Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation, Comparative
• Oogenesis, Final Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation, Insects
• Oogenesis, Final Oocyte Maturation & Ovulation, Echinoderms
• Maternal RNAs, Fish & Amphibians
• Maternal RNAs, Drosophila
• Vitellogenesis and Yolk Proteins, Fish
• Vitellogenesis and Yolk Proteins, Birds
• Vitellogenesis and Yolk Proteins in Insects
• Vitellogenesis & Yolk Proteins, Crustaceans and Molluscs
• Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis, Fish
• Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis in Elasmobranchs, a Short Overview
• Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis, Birds
• The Insect Spermatozoon
• Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis in Crustaceans
• Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis in the Mollusca
• Fertilization, Comparative
• Sperm Storage and Delayed Fertilization
• Pituitary Gland, Comparative Cellular Organization in Vertebrates
• Endocrine Control of Reproduction, Fish
• Endocrine Control of Reproduction, Birds
• Hormones and Reproduction in Amphibians and Reptiles
• Endocrine Control of Reproduction, Insects
• Endocrine Control of Reproduction, Crustaceans and Molluscs
• Photoperiodism in Fish
• Seasonal Reproduction: Photoperiodism, Birds
• Photoperiodism in Mammalian Reproduction
• Photoperiodism, Insects
• Puberty in Fish
• Puberty & Metamorphosis Related to Reproduction: Metamorphosis, Insects
• Pregnancy and Parturition: Teleost Fishes and Elasmobranchs
• Viviparity in Reptiles and Amphibians
• Pregnancy and Parturition, Mammals
• Pheromones, Fish
• Pheromones, Insects
• Mammalian Pheromones
• Olfaction and Reproduction: Olfactory Imprinting and Homing in Salmon
• Sponge Reproduction
• Cnidaria
• Reproduction in the Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
• Comparative Reproductive Biology in Nematodes
• Reproduction, Overview by Phylogeny: Rotifera
• Mollusca
• Reproduction in the Annelida
• Echinodermata
• Reproduction in Tunicates
• Chondrichthyes (Sharks, Rays, Skates and Chimaeras)
• Reproduction in Osteichthyes
• Overview of Amphibian Reproduction
• Reproduction in Reptiles
• Bird Reproduction Overview
• Chicken: Female Reproduction
• Avian Reproduction – Overview (Wild Birds)
• Reproduction in Monotremes
• Comparative Mammalian Female Reproduction: Overview
• Eutherians: Placental Mammals
• Reproduction, Overview by Phylogeny: Plant
• Penguins
• Hyenas
• Reproductive Biology of Crocodilians
• Elephants
• Snakes
• Reproduction in Nonhuman Primates
• Deer Reproduction
• Caenorhabditis elegans Reproduction
• Reproduction General, Laboratory Animals: Drosophila, Tobacco Hornworm, Cockroaches
• Sea Urchins as Lab Animals for Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• Zebrafish
• Overview of the Reproduction of Laboratory Mice and Rats
• Honey Bees, Royal Jelly, Epigenetics
• The Genetics and Epigenetics of Life History and Reproduction: Fish
• Genetics & Epigenetics in Life History and Reproduction: Oysters
• Nutrition and Reproduction in Fish
• Nutrition and Reproduction, Birds
• Torpor During Reproduction in Mammals and Birds: Balancing Energy Expenditure for Survival
• Germ Cell Transplantation in Fish
• Gamete Preservation
• Reproductive Cloning
• Captive Wildlife Breeding: Mammals & Birds
• Captive Breeding Wildlife: Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles
• Reproductive Technology (Non-human/Non-primate): Sex Control and Sterilization in Fish
• Methods of Sterilization and Contraception in Mammals