The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development explores all individual and situational factors related to human development across the lifespan.

Table of Contents

• Reader's Guide
• About the Editor
• About the Associate Editors
• Contributors
• Introduction
• A
• Ability
• Academic Achievement
• Accidents
• Accommodation and Assimilation
• Acculturation
• Achievement
• Action
• Activities
• Activity Theory
• Adaptation
• Adaptive Functioning
• Addiction
• Adolescence
• Adolescent–Parent Relationships
• Adoption
• Adoption Design
• Adult Attachment
• Adult Capacity and Legal Guardianship
• Adult Children
• Adult Day Services
• Adult Development
• Advance Directive
• Adversity
• Advertising
• Aesthetics
• Affective Forecasting
• Age Discrimination
• Age-Irrelevant Society
• Ageism
• Agency
• Ages and Stages
• Aggression
• Aging
• Alcohol Use
• Alcohol Use Disorders
• Alcoholism
• Allergy
• Allostatic Load
• Altruism
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Analogical Reasoning
• Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
• Anemia
• Anger and Aggression
• Animism
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Antisocial/Conduct Disorder: Externalizing Behaviors
• Anxiety
• Appetite
• Aptitude
• Architecture
• Argument
• Art
• Asceticism
• Assessment and Testing
• Assisted Imitation
• Assisted Living
• Assisted Reproductive Technologies
• Asthma
• Athletics
• Attachment
• Attention
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• Attitudes
• Attraction, Interpersonal
• Attractiveness
• Attributions
• Authority
• Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Autobiographical Memory
• Autoimmune Disease
• Automaticity
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Autonomy-Supportive Parenting
• Awareness
• Awe
• B
• Beanpole Families
• Beauty
• Behavior Genetics
• Behavior Therapy
• Behavioral Inhibition (Shyness)
• Beliefs
• Bereavement
• Big Data
• Big Five Personality Traits
• Bilingual Education
• Bilingualism
• Binge Drinking
• Binge Eating Disorder
• Bioecological Model
• Biomedical Research
• Biometric Data
• Birth Order
• Birth, Biological Perspective
• Birth, Evolutionary Perspective
• Blindness
• Body Image
• Body Mass Index
• Brain
• Brain Development
• Bridge Employment
• Bulimia
• Bullying
• C
• Caloric Restriction
• Cancer
• Capacity Building
• Cardiac Psychology
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Career Choice
• Caregiver Stress
• Caregivers of Older Adults
• Case Study
• Categorization
• Causality
• Causation
• Census
• Centenarian
• Central Nervous System
• Character Strengths and Virtues
• Child Abuse and Neglect
• Child Care
• Child Maltreatment
• Chronic Illnesses
• Chronic Stressors
• Circadian Rhythms
• Civic Engagement
• Civic Socialization
• Classrooms
• Climate and Environment
• Cliques and Social Groups
• Close Relationships
• Closure and Grief
• Coaching
• Cognition
• Cognitive Atypicality
• Cognitive Development
• Cognitive Health
• Cognitive Schemas
• Cognitive Training and Cognitive Intervention
• Cohabitation
• Cohort
• College Education, Long-Term Benefits of
• College Education, Obtaining a
• Community
• Community Violence
• Comorbidity
• Compassion
• Competence Versus Performance
• Compression of Morbidity
• Computer Science
• Computers and the Internet
• Conflict-Affected Countries, Children and Adolescents in
• Conformity
• Connectome
• Conscience
• Consciousness
• Conservation
• Conservatism
• Consumption
• Contexts of Development
• Continuing Care Retirement Communities
• Continuity–Discontinuity Issue
• Convoy Model
• Cooperation
• Coparenting
• Coping
• Core Knowledge
• Corporal Punishment
• Correlational Study
• Cortisol
• Cosleeping
• Creativity
• Crime
• Crisis
• Critical Thinking
• Cross-Pollination in Cognitive Development
• Crowdsourcing
• Crying
• Cults
• Cultural Socialization
• Culture
• Cumulative Advantage and Risk
• Curriculum
• Cyberbullying
• D
• Dance
• Dating
• Deafness
• Death and Dying, Children's Understanding of
• Death Rates, Leading Causes by Developmental Period
• Death with Dignity Acts
• Debriefing (Methods)
• Deception
• Decision-Making
• Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Pensions
• Delinquency
• Dementia/Major Neurocognitive Disorder
• Demographic Transition
• Demography
• Depression
• Development
• Developmental Assets and Developmental Relationships
• Developmental Cascades
• Developmental Continuity and Stability
• Developmental Continuity, Perceptions of
• Developmental Discontinuity and Instability
• Developmental Disturbances
• Developmental Milestones
• Developmental Niche
• Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
• Developmental Plasticity
• Developmental Psychopathology
• Developmental Science
• Developmental Tasks
• Developmental Theory
• Developmental Timetables
• Developmental Trajectories
• Diabetes
• Diary Methods
• Diathesis–Stress Model
• Diet
• Differential Treatment
• Difficult Children
• Digital Divide
• Disability
• Disasters, Civil and Natural
• Discipline
• Discriminating Sociability
• Discrimination
• Disease
• Disgust
• Dismissive-Avoidant Individuals
• Dissent
• Diverse Families
• Divorce
• Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Order
• Domestic Violence/Partner Violence
• Doubt
• Down Syndrome
• Dreaming
• Driving and Mobility in Late Life
• Dual-Earner Family
• Dyadic Data
• Dyadic Regulation
• Dynamic Systems Theory
• Dyslexia
• E
• Early Childcare
• Early Childhood Development
• Early Deprivation
• Early Intervention
• Eating Disorders
• Ecological Validity
• Ecology
• Educational Attainment
• Effortful Control
• Ego Development
• Egocentrism
• Elder Abuse
• Embodiment
• Emerging Adulthood
• Emotional Expression
• Emotional Intelligence
• Emotion-Focused Coping
• Emotion Regulation
• Emotions
• Emotion Socialization
• Empathy
• Empirical Evidence
• Employment
• Empty Nest
• End-of-Life Care
• Entrepreneurship
• Epidemiology
• Epigenetics
• Equifinality Versus Multifinality
• Erectile Dysfunction
• Eriksonian Theory
• Ethics
• Ethics in Research
• Ethnic–Racial Socialization
• Ethnicity
• Ethnographic Study
• Ethnotheories
• Ethology
• Evolution
• Evolutionary Theories of Aging
• Evolutionary Theory
• Executive Control
• Executive Functioning
• Exercise
• Experience-Dependent, Experience-Expectant Processes
• Experimental Research Methods
• Expertise
• Exposome
• Extracurricular Activities
• Eyewitness Testimony
• F
• Facial Expressions, Perception of
• Fairness
• Familism
• Family Chaos
• Family Contexts
• Family Life Cycle
• Family Rituals
• Family Synchrony
• Family Systems
• Fantasy–Reality Distinction
• Fathering
• Fear
• Fearful-Avoidant Individuals
• Feeding Disorders
• Fertility
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Fetal Origins Hypothesis
• Field Experiments
• Filial Anxiety
• Filial Piety
• Film
• Finances
• Flow
• Focus Groups
• Food Insecurity
• Forgiveness
• Foster Care
• Fragile X Syndrome
• Frailty
• Fraternal Twins
• Free Will
• Friendships
• Future Orientation (Time)
• G
• Gang Involvement
• Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Issues
• Gender
• Gender Development
• Gender Identity Development
• Gender Socialization
• Gene–Environment Correlations
• Gene–Environment Interplay
• Generativity
• Generosity
• Genetic Anomalies
• Genetics
• Genocide
• Genomics
• Geography
• Gerontology
• Gestures
• Giftedness
• Glass Ceiling
• Global Child and Maternal Health
• Global Developmental Science
• Goals
• God
• Good Death
• Goodness of Fit
• Government
• Grandchildren
• Grandparents
• Gratitude
• Grief
• Grit
• Growth Curve Modeling and Longitudinal Factor Analysis
• Guided Participation
• Guilt
• H
• Habit
• Habituation and Novelty Responsiveness
• Handedness
• Happiness
• Head Start
• Health (Attitude, Disparities, Promotion)
• Health and Development in the Context of Family Relationships/Family Stress
• Health Care
• Health Literacy
• Hearing
• Hemispheric Lateralization
• Heredity
• Heritability
• History
• HIV/AIDS
• Homelessness
• Homophily
• Honesty and Lying
• Hope
• Hormone Replacement Therapy
• Hormone Therapy
• Hormones
• Hospice Care
• Hostility
• Household Chaos
• Household Economics
• HPA Axis
• Human Rights
• Human Trafficking
• Humility
• Humor
• Hypertension
• Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis
• Hypothesis Testing
• I
• Identical Twins
• Identity Development
• Ideology
• Illness
• Imagination
• Imitation
• Immigration
• Immune System
• Immunization
• Impulsivity
• Incarceration
• Indirect Aggression
• Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness
• Individual Differences in Life-Span Development
• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
• Inequality
• Infancy
• Infectious Diseases
• Informal Labor Market
• Information Processing
• Informed Consent
• Inheritance
• Inhibition
• Initiative Versus Guilt
• Injury
• Insight
• Institutions/Orphanages
• Insurance
• Integrity and Despair
• Intellectual Disabilities
• Intelligence
• Intensive Longitudinal Methods
• Intentionality
• Interactions, Interpersonal
• Intergenerational Programs
• Intergenerational Relationships
• Intergenerational Transmission
• Internal Working Model
• International Child Welfare
• Internet
• Interpersonal Relationships
• Intersensory Perception
• Intersubjectivity
• Interventions
• Interviewing Children
• Intraindividual Variability Across the Life Span
• Intuition
• J
• Jealousy and Envy
• Joint Attention
• Joviality
• Justice
• K
• Kindness
• Kinship
• Knowledge
• L
• Language
• Late Versus Early Parenthood
• Law
• Leadership
• Learning
• Learning Disabilities
• Leisure
• Liberalism
• Life Events
• Life Expectancy
• Life Goals
• Life History Theory
• Life Narrative
• Life Review
• Life Satisfaction
• Life-Span Research Projects
• Lifestyles
• Literacy
• Living Will
• Logical Thinking
• Loneliness
• Longevity
• Longitudinal Versus Cross-Sectional Design, Analysis
• Love
• Low- and Middle-Income Countries
• M
• Magic
• Maltreatment
• Mandatory Retirement
• Marital Conflict
• Marital Relationships
• Marriage
• Mastery Across Adulthood
• Materialism
• Mathematical Thinking
• Mattering
• Maturation
• Maturing Out
• Measurement
• Media
• Medicaid
• Medical Decision-Making
• Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment
• Medical Settings
• Medicare
• Meditation
• Memory
• Menopausal Hormone Therapy
• Menopause
• Mental Health
• Mental Illness
• Mentoring
• Meta-Analysis
• Metacognition
• Microbiome
• Microgenetic Analysis
• Middle Age/Midlife
• Migration
• Military Families
• Mindfulness
• Mind-Mindedness
• Mind-Set
• Minor Neurocognitive Disorder/Mild Cognitive Impairment
• Mirror Neurons
• Mixed-Method Study
• Molecular Genetics
• Money
• Mood Disorders
• Morality
• Mortality
• Motivation (Intrinsic, Extrinsic)
• Motivational Theory
• Motor Development
• Multigenerational Family
• Multilevel Modeling: Application for Life-Span Research
• Multimorbidity and Multiple Diseases
• Multiple Intelligences
• Multiple Partner Fertility
• Multiple Time Scale Design
• Museums
• Music
• Mysticism
• N
• Narcissism
• Naturalistic Methods
• Nature–Nurture
• Negotiation
• Neighborhoods
• Neural Connectivity
• Neurobiology of Affiliation
• Neurobiology of Mothering
• Neurocognitive Disorders
• Neuroendocrinology
• Neurogenesis
• Neuroimaging
• Newborn Assessment
• Nonverbal Communication
• Norms
• Nuclear Family
• Numeracy
• Nurse Home Visiting
• Nursing Homes and Skilled Nursing Facilities
• Nutrition
• O
• Obesity
• Observational Data
• Occupational Health
• Old Age
• Oldest Old
• Olfaction
• Online Communication
• Optimism
• Organization of Relationships: Messiness and Reparation
• Organizations
• Ostracism
• Ownership
• P
• Pain
• Palliative Care
• Panel Studies
• Paradox
• Parental Authority
• Parental Conditional Regard
• Parent–Child Conflict
• Parent–Child Interaction
• Parent–Child Synchrony
• Parenting
• Parenting by Lesbians and Gay Men: Outcomes for Children and Youth
• Parenting Style
• Participant Observation
• Passion
• Patienthood
• Peer Rejection
• Peers
• Peer Victimization
• Pension Plan
• Perception
• Perfectionism
• Personality
• Person-Oriented Psychology
• Perspective Taking
• Persuasion
• Pets
• Philanthropy
• Phobias
• Physical Activity
• Physical Appearance
• Physical Development and Growth
• Physical Disability
• Physical Environment
• Physical Health
• Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST)
• Piaget's Theory
• Pivot Generation
• Planning Skills
• Plasticity
• Play
• Playfulness
• Pleasure
• Political Violence
• Politics
• Popularity
• Population Aging
• Positive Adaptations in Development
• Positive Youth Development
• Positivity Effect
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Posture
• Poverty
• Poverty and Brain Development
• Praise
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Anxiety and Stress
• Prejudice and Discrimination
• Prenatal Development
• Presbyopia and Diseases of the Eye in Late Life
• Pretense
• Preterm Birth
• Prevention Programs
• Pride
• Prison
• Problem-Solving
• Professional Ethics
• Programmed Theories of Aging
• Property
• Prosocial Behavior
• Prosocial Reasoning
• Prosociality
• Psychoanalytic Theory
• Psychological Control
• Psychological Needs
• Psychosexual Stages of Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Psychosocial Moratorium
• Pubertal Timing
• Public Engagement
• Public Policy
• Public Programs for Children and Families
• Purpose
• Q
• Qualitative Methods
• Quasi-Experimental Methods
• Questionnaires
• R
• Racial and Ethnic Identity
• Randomized Controlled Trials
• Reading
• Reasoning
• Reciprocity
• Reflexes
• Refugees
• Regret
• Rejection Versus Acceptance
• Relational Developmental Systems
• Reliability
• Religion and Faith
• Remarriage
• Replication
• Representativeness
• Resilience
• Retirement
• Reward Sensitivity
• Risk and Protective Factors
• Risk-Taking
• Rites of Passage
• Ritual
• Role Taking
• Romantic Relationships
• S
• Sadness
• Sampling
• Sandwich Generation
• Scaffolding
• Schizophrenia
• School Dropout
• School Readiness
• School–Home Links
• Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
• Scientific Reasoning
• Scripts
• Secondary Data Analysis
• Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Second-Career Pattern
• Security
• Self
• Self-Actualization
• Self-Care
• Self-Deception
• Self-Efficacy
• Self-Esteem
• Self-Perceptions
• Self-Regulation
• Self-Report Assessments
• Self-Worth
• Senescence
• Sensation Seeking
• Sensitive Period
• Sensory Systems
• Sequential Designs
• Set Point
• Sex Differences
• Sexual Assault
• Sexual Attitudes
• Sexual Behavior
• Sexual Development
• Sexual Identity
• Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual Risk Behaviors
• Sexuality
• Sexuality Education
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Shame
• Shared and Nonshared Environment
• Siblings
• Sin
• Single Parenthood
• Skill Attainment and Loss
• Slavery
• Sleep
• Sleeper Effect
• Smell
• Smile
• Social Acceptance and Social Rejection
• Social and Emotional Behavior
• Social Anxiety
• Social Capital
• Social Categorization
• Social Cognition
• Social Cognitive Theory
• Social Competence
• Social Contagion
• Social Development
• Social Equity Theory
• Social Exclusion
• Social Groups
• Social Identity
• Social Inequality
• Social Information Processing
• Social Isolation
• Social Justice
• Social Learning Theory
• Social Networks
• Social Referencing
• Social Relationships
• Social Safety Net Programs
• Social Science
• Social Security
• Social Status
• Social Strife
• Social Support
• Social Understanding
• Social Withdrawal
• Socialization
• Socioeconomic Status
• Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
• Sociometric Techniques
• Solidarity Theory
• Specificity Principle
• Speech
• Spirituality
• Sports
• Standardized Tests
• Status Hierarchy
• Stepfamilies
• Stepfamilies and Blended Families
• Stereotype
• Stereotype Threat
• Stereotypes of Aging
• STIs
• Storytelling
• Stranger Wariness
• Street Life
• Stress
• Structural Equation Modeling
• Structured Observation
• Substance Use
• Successful Aging
• Suicidal Ideation and Behavior
• Suicide
• Supercentenarians
• Survey Research
• Survival Analysis
• Symbolic Representation
• Sympathy
• T
• Tanner Stages
• Taste
• Teachers
• Technology and Aging
• Technology Use
• Teen Parenthood
• Telehealth
• Television
• Telomere
• Temperament
• Temperament and Personality
• Teratogens
• Terminal Decline
• Terminal Drop
• Testosterone
• Theory of Mind
• Thinking
• Thriving
• Time
• Time Sampling
• Tolerance
• Touch
• Toys and Games
• Transactions
• Transition to Adulthood
• Transition to Parenthood
• Traumatic Stress
• Trust
• Trustworthiness
• Twin Studies
• Twins
• U
• Unions
• Universal Education
• Universals
• Urban and Rural Living
• V
• Validity
• Values
• Victimization
• Violence
• Vision
• Visual Disorders: Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Cataract
• Volunteerism
• Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
• W
• War
• Well-Being
• Widow, Widower
• Wisdom
• Wishes
• Work/Family Conflict