The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders is aimed at students interested in psychology, counseling, education, social work, psychiatry, health sciences, and more. This encyclopedia will provide an in-depth look at a wide range of disorders, alongside interventions, the latest research translated for an undergraduate audience, historical context, and assessment tools for higher-level students.

Table of Contents

• List of Entries
• Reader's Guide
• About the Editor
• Contributors
• Introduction
• Volume 1
• A
• Academic Achievement Tests
• Access to Treatment for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Accessible Design
• Accommodations
• Acquired Pediatric Brain Damage
• Activities of Daily Living
• Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
• Adaptive Behavior Assessment System
• Adaptive Functioning
• Adjustment Disorders
• Adolescence
• Adrenoleukodystrophy and Other Leukodystrophies
• Adult Literacy
• Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
• Aggression
• Alcohol Abuse in Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
• Allergies
• American Sign Language
• Americans with Disabilities Act
• Anchored Instruction
• Angelman Syndrome
• Anoxia
• Aphasia
• Applied Behavior Analysis
• Apraxia
• Arc of the United States, The
• Art Therapy
• Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
• Asperger Syndrome
• Assessment of the Very Young Child
• Assistive Technology
• Attachment Theory
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Assessment of Children With
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Potential Misuse of Stimulant Medications
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication
• Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders, History of
• Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised
• Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
• Autism Rating Scales
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Autism Spectrum Disorder, Biology of
• Autism Spectrum Disorder: Assessment in Schools
• Autism Spectrum Disorder: Assessment of Adults With
• Autism Spectrum Disorder: Assessment of Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions
• Autism Spectrum Disorder: Assessment of Social Behavior
• Autism Spectrum Disorder: Assessment of Speech, Language, and Communication Disorders in
• Autism Spectrum Disorder: School Consultation
• Autism Spectrum Rating Scales
• Autism, Rising Prevalence of: Epidemiology
• Autism, Rising Prevalence of: Theories
• B
• Basal Ganglia
• Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
• Behavior Checklists
• Behavior Modification
• Behavior Therapy
• Bilingualism
• Biofeedback
• Bipolar Disorder
• Birth Defects
• Blindness
• Braille, Use in Individuals With Visual Impairment
• Brain Plasticity
• Brain Tumors, Pediatric
• Brainstem
• Bullying
• C
• Camp Shriver
• Case Management and Care Coordination
• Central Nervous System
• Cerebellum
• Cerebral Cortex
• Cerebral Palsy
• Child Behavior Checklist
• Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
• Chromosomal Microarray
• Chromosome 15 Disorders
• Cingulate Cortex
• Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act
• Classroom Aides
• Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
• Cognitive Assessment System
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Cognitive Development
• Cognitive Neuroscience of Intelligence
• Cognitive Rehabilitation Training
• Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
• Community-Based Interventions
• Comprehensive Executive Function Inventory
• Concussion
• Conduct Disorder
• Consent in Research and Treatment
• Conservatorship
• Continuous Performance Tests
• Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
• Corpus Callosum
• Council for Exceptional Children
• Cri-du-Chat Syndrome
• Cross Disorder Genetic Risk
• Crystallized Intelligence
• Cultural Differences in Discipline
• Cultural Norms
• Culturally Sensitive Assessment
• D
• Dandy-Walker Syndrome
• Dating and Close Relationships
• Deafness and Hearing Loss
• Death Penalty and Intellectual Disability
• Decision-Making Capacity
• Deinstitutionalization
• Dementia
• Dementia and Aging in Down Syndrome
• Depression
• Depressogenic Conditions
• Developmental Coordination Disorder
• Developmental Dyscalculia
• Developmental Interview
• Developmental Milestones
• Developmental Psychopathology
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
• Diagnostic Overshadowing
• Diagnostic Reading Assessment
• Differential Ability Scales
• Disability Discrimination: U.S. Supreme Court Cases
• Disability Research Methodology
• Disability Rights Movement
• Discrete Trial Training
• Disorders of Elimination
• Dispute Resolution
• Disruptive Behavior Disorders
• Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
• Down Syndrome
• Down Syndrome: Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Presentation
• Down Syndrome: Medical Concerns and Comorbid Disorders
• Dual Diagnosis
• Dysgraphia
• Dyslexia
• Dyslexia: Assessment
• Dyslexia: Treatment
• Dysphagia, Pediatric
• Volume 2
• E
• Early Childhood Development
• Early Childhood Education for Students With Developmental Disabilities
• Early Intervention
• Early Start Denver Model
• Eating Disorders
• Echolalia
• Ecological Systems Theory
• Education for All Handicapped Children Act
• Educational Advocacy
• 18p Deletion Syndrome
• Elementary Education for Students With Developmental Disabilities
• Elementary School-Aged Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Emotional Abuse
• Emotional Development
• Empathy
• Employment for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Employment for Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities
• Encephalitis
• Encopresis
• End-of-Life Care
• Endophenotypes
• Enuresis
• Environmental Considerations in Social Participation of Children With Developmental Disabilities
• Environmental Risk Factors
• Epidemiology
• Epidemiology, Historical Changes in
• Epilepsy
• Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
• Estate Planning
• Ethical Issues in Education
• Ethical Issues in Research, Current Standards in
• Ethical Issues in Research, History of
• Ethical Issues in Treatment
• Eugenics Movement
• Executive Function Coaching
• Executive Function Tests
• Executive Functioning
• Expressive Language Tests
• Extinction
• Eye Tracking
• F
• Failure to Thrive
• Familial Aggregation Studies
• Families as Partners in Educational Decision Making
• Family Impact in Adulthood
• Family-Based Interventions
• Famous People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Federal Funding for Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Feeding Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
• Financial Abuse
• Fine Motor Delays
• Fine Motor Development
• 15q11-q13 Duplication Syndrome
• 504 Plan
• 5p Minus Syndrome
• Flooding
• Floortime
• Fluid Intelligence
• Flynn Effect
• Fragile X Syndrome
• Free Appropriate Public Education
• Friendship
• Frontal Lobe
• Functional Behavioral Analysis
• Functional Inclusion
• Funding Services for Adults With Developmental Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Future Research Directions in Developmental Disabilities
• G
• Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• Gender Differences
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Genetic Counseling
• Genetic Research
• Genetics of Intellectual Development
• Giftedness
• Global Developmental Delay
• Gross Motor Delay
• Gross Motor Development
• Guardianship
• H
• Head Start Programs
• Head Start, History of
• Health Promotion
• Health-Related Disorders
• Hemispheric Asymmetries
• Herpes Simplex
• Homeschooling
• Homework
• Hormones
• Human Genome Project
• Hydrocephalus
• Hyperkinesis
• Hypertonia and Hypotonia
• I
• Iatrogenic Effects
• Identity Development
• Inclusion
• Individualized Education Program
• Individualized Family Service Plan
• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
• Infancy
• Infant Stimulation Programs
• Infant Visual Attention and Response to Novelty
• Infantile Automatisms
• Intellectual Disability
• Intellectual Disability, Abuse and
• Intellectual Disability, Assessment of Adults With
• Intellectual Disability, Assessment of Children With
• Intellectual Disability, Biology of
• Intellectual Disability: Comorbidity
• Intellectual Disability: Development and Outcome
• Intellectual Disability, History of
• Intellectual Disability: Historical Changes in Terminology
• Intellectual Disability, Mild
• Intellectual Disability: Moderate
• Intellectual Disability: Prevention
• Intellectual Disabilities: Severe and Profound
• Intelligence, Historical Views of
• Intelligence, Theories of
• Intelligence Tests, Effect of Culture and Ethnicity on
• Intelligence: Environmental Factors
• Intelligence: IQ Scores
• Intelligence-Achievement Discrepancy
• International Classification of Diseases, History of
• International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision
• International Perspectives on Developmental Disabilities
• J
• Job Coaching
• Joint Attention
• K
• Klinefelter Syndrome
• Volume 3
• L
• Labeling, Impact of
• Labeling, Pros and Cons of
• Landau–Kleffner Syndrome
• Language Disorders
• Larry P. v. Riles
• Lead Poisoning
• Learned Helplessness
• Learning Disorders
• Learning Disorders, Biology of
• Learning Disorders: Relationship to Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• Least Restrictive Environment, Current Practices in
• Least Restrictive Environment, History of
• Life Skills
• Life Skills Coaching
• Lifespan Developmental Theories
• Limbic System
• Longitudinal Research
• Long-Term Supports and Services
• M
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Mainstreaming, Current Practices in
• Mainstreaming, History of
• Male Brain Theory of Autism
• Maltreatment of Persons With Intellectual Disabilities
• Mania
• Maternal Substance Abuse
• Media Portrayals of Individuals With Developmental Disabilities
• Media Portrayals of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities
• Media Use by Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Memory
• Meningitis
• Mental Status Examination
• Mentoring
• Metacognition
• Metacognitive Training
• Microcephaly
• Mindfulness-Based Treatments
• Mitochondrial Disorders
• Monogenic Disorders
• Mood Stabilizers
• Moral Development
• Mosaicism
• MRI
• Mullen Scales of Early Learning
• Multidisciplinary Approaches to Teaching Students with Developmental Disabilities
• Multiple Baseline Design
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Munchausen by Proxy
• Muscular Dystrophies
• Music Therapy
• Myelination and Connectivity
• N
• Naturalistic Observation
• Nature and Nurture
• Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
• Neural Plasticity
• Neurobiology of Developmental Disabilities
• Neurofibromatosis
• Neuroimaging Methods
• Neurological Examination
• Neuropsychological Assessment
• Neurotransmitters
• Newborn Screening
• Nonepileptic Stress Induced Seizures
• Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
• Nonverbal Assessment of Intelligence
• Nonverbal Learning Disability
• Noonan Syndrome
• Nutrition in Childhood and Adolescence
• Nutrition: Importance in First Years of Life
• Nutrition, Prenatal
• Nutrition Therapies for Children with Developmental Disabilities
• O
• Obesity
• Obsessions and Compulsions
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Occupational Therapy
• Online Learning
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder
• Otitis Media
• P
• PANDAS
• Panic Attacks
• Panic Disorder
• Parental Adaptation
• Parental Stress
• Parent–Child Interaction Therapy
• Parenting Style
• Partnering With Refugees With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Their Families
• Patau Syndrome
• Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections
• Peer Acceptance
• Peer Rejection
• Peer Tutoring
• People-First Language
• Perseveration
• Personalized Supports
• Phenotype
• Phobias
• Phonics-Based Interventions
• Physical Abuse
• Physical Activity and Children and Youth With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Physical Therapy
• Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
• Pica
• Picture Exchange Communication System
• Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome
• Pivotal Response Therapy
• Polygenic Risk
• Portage Project
• Positive Behavior Support and Developmental Disabilities
• Positive Parenting of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Postnatal Risk Factors
• Postsecondary Education for Students With Disabilities
• Posttraumatic and Acute Stress Disorders
• Prader–Willi Syndrome
• Pragmatics
• Prenatal Care
• Prenatal Risk Factors
• Preschool Intellectual and Developmental Disorders
• Preterm Birth
• Prevention of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Probiotics
• Processing Speed
• Program Evaluation
• Protective Factors
• Psychological Testing
• Psychopharmacologic Interventions
• Psychosis
• Q
• Quality of Life
• Volume 4
• R
• Race and Ethnicity
• Randomized Controlled Trials
• Readiness Skills
• Reading Programs: Teaching Students With Intellectual Disabilities and Moderate-to-Severe Reading Disabilities
• Receptive Language Tests
• Regression
• Regular Education Initiative
• Relationship Development Intervention
• Repetitive Behaviors and Interests
• Residential and Day Services
• Resilience, Characteristics of
• Resilience, Learning Disorders and
• Respite Care
• Rett Syndrome
• Rubella
• Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
• Rumination Syndrome
• S
• Schizophrenia, Adult Onset
• Schizophrenia, Early Onset
• School Refusal
• Secondary Education for Students With Developmental Disabilities
• Section 504 and the Education of Children with Disabilities
• Seizures
• Selective Mutism
• Self-Contained Classrooms
• Self-Esteem
• Self-Injury
• Self-Regulation
• Self-Stimulatory Behaviors
• Sensory Integration Issues
• Separation Anxiety Disorder
• Sexual Abuse
• Sexual Awareness and Knowledge
• Sexual Development, Physical
• Sexual Exploitation
• Sexual Exploitation of Children
• Sexuality in Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Sexuality in Children and Adolescents With Developmental Disorders
• Sexuality in Intellectual Disabilities
• Sexualized Behavior
• Shaken Baby Syndrome
• Siblings of Individuals With Developmental Disorders
• Single Case Research Design
• 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication Syndromes
• Sleep Disorders
• Smith-Magenis Syndrome
• Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
• Social Anxiety
• Social Cognition
• Social Inclusion
• Social Skills
• Social Skills Deficits
• Social Skills Groups for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Social Support
• Special Education
• Special Education, History of
• Special Education Law: U.S. Supreme Court Cases
• Special Olympics
• Specific Phobia
• Speech and Language Development
• Speech and Language Pathologists
• Speech Sound Disorder
• Spina Bifida
• Splinter Skills and Cognitive Strengths in Autism
• Sports
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
• Stereotypy
• Stigma
• Stimulant Medications
• Stress and Coping
• Stroke, Prenatal
• Strokes, Perinatal and Pediatric
• Structured Interviews
• Student–Teacher Relationships
• Sturge–Weber Syndrome
• Stuttering
• Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
• Substance Use
• Suicide
• Support Groups for Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Support Groups for Families of Children With Developmental Disabilities
• Supported Living
• Supportive Employment
• Swallowing Dysfunction
• Systematic Desensitization
• T
• TEACCH
• Technology for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
• Technology-Enhanced Learning
• Temperament
• Temporal Lobe
• Teratogens
• Testing for Prenatal Birth Defects
• Theory of Mind
• Tic Disorders
• Tourette's Disorder
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
• Transitional Age Youth
• Trauma
• Treatment Intervention
• Treatment Planning
• Triple X Syndrome
• Trisomy
• Trisomy 21
• Tuberous Sclerosis
• Turner Syndrome
• 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
• U
• UCLA Young Autism Project
• Universal Design for Learning
• V
• Vaccinations and Autism
• Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
• Visual Motor Coordination
• Visual Spatial Skills
• Vulnerability Stress Model
• Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
• W
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
• Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
• Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
• Whole Genome Sequencing
• Williams Syndrome
• Wilson's Disease
• Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement
• Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
• Written Expression, Tests of
• Resource Guide
• Tables