Comprehensively describes all aspects of petroleum technology, including exploration, transportation and refining of petroleum and natural gas. Provides an extensive and comprehensive review of state-of-the-art techniques and technologies used in the industry. Offers a reference resource for the oil-refining and petrochemical-production businesses

Table of Contents

• Foreword
• Preface
• List of Abbreviations
• About the Editors
• List of Contributors
• 1 Introduction to Petroleum Technology - Paul R. Robinson and Chang Samuel Hsu
• 1.1 Petroleum and Its Uses
• 1.2 People and Petroleum
• 1.3 The Oil Business
• 1.4 Macroeconomics
• 1.5 Origin of Fossil Hydrocarbons
• 1.6 Natural Gas, Coal, and Kerogen
• 1.7 Petroleum (Crude Oil)
• 1.8 Oil and Gas Exploration
• 1.9 Drilling and Production (Recovery)
• 1.10 Transportation and Storage
• 1.11 Refining
• 1.12 Petroleum Products
• 1.13 Characterization of Petroleum
• 1.14 Modeling
• 1.15 Petrochemicals
• 1.16 Alternatives to Petroleum
• 1.17 Protecting the Environment
• 1.18 Conclusion
• References
• 2 Safety and the Environment - Paul R. Robinson
• 2.1 Introduction and History
• 2.2 Pollution from Petroleum Production and Processing
• 2.3 Significant Accidents and Near-Misses
• 2.4 Agencies Protecting Safety and the Environment
• 2.5 Key Regulations
• 2.6 Pollution Control and Abatement Technology
• 2.7 Summary
• References
• Petroleum Characterization
• 3 Molecular Science, Engineering and Management - Chang Samuel Hsu
• 3.1 Analytical Endeavors in the Petroleum Industry
• 3.2 Analytical Tools
• 3.3 Analytical Strategy
• 3.4 Chromatographic Systems
• 3.5 Mass Spectrometry
• 3.6 Petroleum Biomarker Analysis
• 3.7 Online LC-MS
• 3.8 Ionization for Molecules
• 3.9 Mass Analyzers
• 3.10 Data Interpretation and Management
• 3.11 Molecular Engineering and Management Through Science and Modeling
• 3.12 Conclusion
• References
• 4 Petroinformatics - Manhoi Hur, Sunghwan Kim and Chang Samuel Hsu
• 4.1 Petroleum Analysis and Statistical Approaches
• 4.2 Emerging Technologies for Storing, Visualizing, and Processing Crude Oil Data
• 4.3 Summary
• References
• 5 Separations in the Sample Preparation for Sulfur Compound Analysis - Jan T. Andersson
• 5.1 The Necessicity of Sample Preparation
• 5.2 Separation
• 5.3 Chromatographic Methods
• 5.4 Conclusion
• References
• 6 Asphaltenes - Oliver C. Mullins, Andrew E. Pomerantz, A. Ballard Andrews, Rudraksha Dutta Majumdar, Paul Hazendonk, Yosadara Ruiz-Morales, Lamia Goual and Richard N. Zare
• 6.1 Overview of Asphaltenes
• 6.2 Reservoir Crude Oils
• 6.3 Asphaltenes and the Yen-Mullins Model
• 6.4 Asphaltene Molecules
• 6.5 Asphaltene Nanoaggregates
• 6.6 Clusters
• 6.7 Intermolecular Interaction of Asphaltenes
• 6.8 The Flory–Huggins–Zuo Equation of State
• 6.9 Conclusions
• References
• 7 Reservoir Evaluation by DFA Measurements and Thermodynamic Analysis - Go Fujisawa and Oliver C. Mullins
• 7.1 The Borehole Environment
• 7.2 VIS/NIR Spectroscopy of Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids
• 7.3 Implementation of DFA Hardware
• 7.4 Basic DFA Operations and Applications
• 7.5 Reservoir Evaluation via DFA and Thermodynamics
• 7.6 Reservoir Case Studies
• 7.7 Conclusions
• References
• 8 Phase Behavior and Properties of Heavy Oils - John M. Shaw, Marco A. Satyro and Harvey W. Yarranton
• 8.1 Background
• 8.2 Phase Behavior and Phase Composition Measurement
• 8.3 ThermophysicalProperty Measurement
• 8.4 Heavy Oil Characterization
• 8.5 Phase Behavior Correlation and Prediction
• 8.6 Thermophysical Property Simulation and Prediction
• 8.7 Perspectives and Conclusions
• References
• Exploration and Production
• 9 Fundamentals of Petroleum Geology - Hendratta N. Ali
• 9.1 The Petroleum Cycle
• 9.2 Historical Perspective
• 9.3 Geological Overview
• 9.4 How Petroleum Accumulates and Concentrates
• 9.5 Finding and Locating Petroleum
• 9.6 Future for Petroleum
• References
• 10 Origin of Petroleum - Clifford C. Walters
• 10.1 Historic Overview
• 10.2 The Petroleum System
• 10.3 Deposition of Organic-Rich Sedimentary Rocks
• 10.4 Kerogen Formation and the Generative Potential of Source Rocks
• 10.5 Generation and Expulsion of Oil and Gas
• 10.6 Composition of Produced Petroleum
• 10.7 Unconventional Resources
• 10.8 Summary
• References
• 11 Basin and Petroleum System Modeling - Kenneth E. Peters, Oliver Schenk, Allegra Hosford Scheirer, Björn Wygrala and Thomas Hantschel
• 11.1 Overview
• 11.2 Discussion
• 11.3 Conclusions
• References
• 12 Seismic Explorations - Graham Ganssle
• 12.1 Seismic Data Acquisition
• 12.2 Seismic Data Processing
• 12.3 Seismic Data Interpretation
• 12.4 Summary
• References
• 13 Formation Evaluation - Donald G. Hill
• 13.1 What Is Formation Evaluation?
• 13.2 The Need and Purpose of Formation Evaluation
• 13.3 Well Logs
• 13.4 Who Are Petrophysicists and How Do They Work?
• 13.5 How Wireline and MWD/LWD Logs Are Acquired
• 13.6 Uses of Well Logs
• 13.7 Petrophysics and Well Logging: Historical Development
• 13.8 The Schlumberger Legacy
• 13.9 Laboratory Measurements
• 13.10 Well Logging Environment
• 13.11 Well Logging Tools
• 13.12 Putting It All Together
• 13.13 Summary
• References
• 14 Petroleum Production Engineering - Shengnan Chen
• 14.1 Flowing Wells and Gas Lift
• 14.2 Artificial Lift
• 14.3 Well Stimulation
• References
• 15 Offshore Production - Ekaterina V. Maksimova and Cortis K. Cooper
• 15.1 Historical Overview
• 15.2 Ownership
• 15.3 Major Offshore Fields
• 15.4 Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms
• 15.5 Metocean Impacts on the Offshore Industry
• 15.6 Future Offshore Production and Drilling
• References
• Refining Technologies
• 16 Petroleum Distillation - Chang Samuel Hsu and Paul R. Robinson
• 16.1 Overview
• 16.2 Distillation Theory
• 16.3 Crude Oil Distillation
• 16.4 Summary
• References
• 17 Gasoline Production and Blending - Chang Samuel Hsu and Paul R. Robinson
• 17.1 Gasoline Engines
• 17.2 Otto Engine Thermodynamic Cycle
• 17.3 Key Gasoline Properties
• 17.4 Gasoline Specifications
• 17.5 Gasoline Production
• 17.6 Production of Gasoline Blendstocks
• 17.7 Synthetic Gasoline
• 17.8 Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) in the United States
• 17.9 Gasoline Additives
• 17.10 Blending Optimiation
• References
• 18 Catalytic Reforming - Pierre-Yves le Goff, William Kostka and Joseph Ross
• 18.1 Objective of Catalytic Reforming
• 18.2 Feedstock Characteristics and Treatment
• 18.3 Main Reforming Reactions
• 18.4 Reforming Catalyst Overview
• 18.5 Contaminants and Unit Troubleshooting
• 18.6 Reforming Evolution
• 18.7 Catalyst Regeneration
• 18.8 Conclusions
• References
• 19 Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking - James G. Speight
• 19.1 Catalytic Cracking Chemistry
• 19.2 Feedstocks and Products
• 19.3 Reactor Design
• 19.4 Catalysts
• 19.5 Process Options
• 19.6 Options for Heavy Oil and Residua
• 19.7 Environmental Aspects and the Future
• References
• 20 Sulfur Removal and Recovery - Paul R. Robinson
• 20.1 About Sulfur
• 20.2 Sulfur Sources
• 20.3 Sulfur from Petroleum and Natural Gas
• 20.4 Conversion of H2S to Elemental Sulfur
• 20.5 Sulfur Uses
• 20.6 Pollution from Sulfur
• 20.7 Conclusion
• References
• 21 Modern Approaches to Hydrotreating Catalysis - Joo-Il Park, Isao Mochida, Abdulazeem M. J. Marafi and Adel Al-Mutairi
• 21.1 Overview
• 21.2 Hydrotreating Process
• 21.3 Bases for Hydrotreating
• 21.4 Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel
• 21.5 Development Base of AR Hydrotreatment
• 21.6 Current Aims in Development of Residue Hydrotreatment
• 21.7 Role and Design of Catalyst Support for Residual HDM
• 21.8 Novel Hydrotreatment Processes for Residue Upgrading
• 21.9 Challenges in Hydrotreatment
• References
• 22 Hydrocracking - Paul R. Robinson and Geoffrey E. Dolbear
• 22.1 Role of Hydroprocessing in Petroleum Refining
• 22.2 Feedstock Molecules
• 22.3 Process Variables
• 22.4 Hydrotreating Chemical Reactions
• 22.5 Hydrocracking Chemical Reactions
• 22.6 Hydroprocessing Catalysts
• 22.7 Catalyst Cycles
• 22.8 Hydroprocessing Thermochemistry
• 22.9 Hydroprocessing Kinetics
• 22.10 Hydroprocessing Process Descriptions
• 22.11 Economics
• 22.12 Safety, Reliability, and Protection of the Environment
• 22.13 Conclusion
• 22.14 Additional Reading
• References
• 23 Hydroprocessing Reactor Internals - F. Emmett Bingham, Douglas E. Nelson and Daniel Morton
• 23.1 Elements of Hydroprocessing Reactor Design
• 23.2 Liquid Distribution Tray Design
• 23.3 Quench Mixing Chamber Design
• 23.4 Manway Access and Faster Access Options
• 23.5 Example of Reactor Internals Revamp
• 23.6 Conclusion
• References
• 24 Hydrogen Production - M. Andrew Crews and B. Gregory Shumake
• 24.1 Thermodynamics of Hydrogen
• 24.2 Technologies for Producing Hydrogen
• 24.3 Design Parameters for SMRs
• 24.4 Environmental Issues
• 24.5 Monitoring Plant Performance
• 24.6 Plant Performance Improvements
• 24.7 Economics of Hydrogen Production
• 24.8 Conclusion
• 24.9 Further Reading
• References
• 25 Hydrogen Network Optimization - Nick Hallale, Ian Moore, Dennis Vauk and Paul R. Robinson
• 25.1 Background
• 25.2 Assets and Liabilities
• 25.3 It's All About Balance
• 25.4 Put Needs Ahead of Wants
• 25.5 Beyond Pinch
• 25.6 Investing versus Saving
• 25.7 Conclusion
• References
• 26 Model-Predictive Control Fundamentals - Paul R. Robinson and Dennis Cima
• 26.1 Useful Definitions
• 26.2 Overview of Economics
• 26.3 Sources of Benefits
• 26.4 Implementation
• 26.5 Costs versus Benefits
• References
• 27 Modeling Refining Processes - Teh C. Ho
• 27.1 Partition-Based Lumping
• 27.2 Composition-Based Modeling
• 27.3 Mathematical Reduction of System Dimension
• 27.4 Kinetics–Hydrodynamics Tradeoff
• 27.5 Total Lumping: Continuum Approximation
• 27.6 Conclusions
• References
• 28 Refinery-Wide Optimization - Dale R. Mudt, Clifford C. Pedersen, Maurice D. Jett, Sriganesh Karur, Blaine McIntyre and Paul R. Robinson
• 28.1 Overview of Suncor
• 28.2 Refinery-Wide Optimization (RWO)
• 28.3 Rigorous Models for Clean Fuels
• 28.4 Conclusion
• References
• 29 Rigorous Kinetics Modeling of Hydrogen Synthesis - Milo D. Meixell
• 29.1 Steam Reforming Kinetics
• 29.2 Heat Transfer Rates and Heat Balances
• 29.3 Pressure Drop
• 29.A Appendix: Simulation Results
• 29.B Appendix: Case Study of Effects of Catalyst Activity in a Primary Reformer
• References
• 30 Delayed Coking - Keith Wisecarver
• 30.1 History of Thermal Processing
• 30.2 Delayed Coking Process
• 30.3 Other Thermal Processes
• 30.4 Future Challenges
• References
• 31 Transitioning Refineries from Sweet to Extra Heavy Oil - Martin R. Gonzalez
• 31.1 The Evolving Refinery
• 31.2 Characterization of Extra-Heavy Crudes
• 31.3 Crude Desalting
• 31.4 Aromatics Content Affecting Diesel and Jet Fuel Production
• 31.5 High Aromatics Content Affecting Gas Oil Conversion
• 31.6 Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Gas Oil
• 31.7 Asphaltene and Clay Precipitation
• 31.8 Fouling in Gas-Oil Hydrotreaters
• 31.9 Sulfur and Nitrogen in Bitumen-Derived Crudes
• 31.10 Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation of Gas Oils
• 31.11 Production of ULSD and Jet Fuel
• 31.12 Fouling in Naphtha Hydrotreaters
• 31.13 Sulfur and Nitrogen Removal from Naphtha
• 31.14 Choice of Resid Conversion Technology
• 31.15 Other Investment
• 31.16 Conclusion
• References
• 32 Carbon Dioxide Mitigation - Sultan M. Al-Salem, Xiaoliang Ma and Mubarak M. Al-Mujaibel
• 32.1 Main Sources of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission in Petroleum Refineries
• 32.2 Case Study: CO2 Emission Estimation from a Refinery in the State of Kuwait
• 32.3 Challenges in Carbon Capture and Mitigation for Petroleum Refineries
• 32.4 Concluding Remarks
• References
• Petrochemicals
• 33 Conventional Lube Base Stock - Brent E. Beasley
• 33.1 Lube Base Stock Manufacturing
• 33.2 Key Base Stock Properties
• 33.3 Lube Oil Chemistry
• 33.4 Typical Lube Processes
• 33.5 Key Points in Typical Lube Plants
• 33.6 Base Stock End Uses
• 33.7 Lube Business Outlook
• 33.8 Feedstock Selection
• 33.9 Lube-Crude Assays
• 33.10 Vacuum Distillation
• 33.11 Pipestill Troubleshooting
• 33.12 Solvent Extraction
• 33.13 Corrosion in NMP Plants
• 33.14 Analytical Tests for Extraction
• 33.15 Dewaxing
• 33.16 The Role of Solvent in Dewaxing
• 33.17 Ketone Dewaxing Processes
• 33.18 Process Variable Effects
• 33.19 Solvent Composition
• 33.20 Scraped Surface Equipment
• 33.21 Filters
• 33.22 Cold Wash Distribution
• 33.23 Wash Acceptance
• 33.24 Wash Efficiency
• 33.25 Filter Hot Washing
• 33.26 Dewaxed Oil/Wax-Solvent Recovery
• 33.27 Solvent Dehydration
• 33.28 Solvent Splitter
• 33.29 Two-Stage Dewaxing
• 33.30 Deoiling
• 33.31 Propane Dewaxing
• 33.32 Two-Stage Propane Dewaxing
• 33.33 Analytical Tests in Dewaxing
• 33.34 Dewaxing Aids
• 33.35 DWA Mechanism
• 33.36 Asphaltene Contamination
• 33.37 Regulatory Requirements
• 33.38 Glossary
• References
• 34 Premium Lubricant Base Stocks by Hydroprocessing - Stephen K. Lee, John M. Rosenbaum, Yalin Hao and Guan-Dao Lei
• 34.1 Key Base Stock Properties
• 34.2 Base Stock Categories
• 34.3 Why the Need for Premium Base Stocks?
• 34.4 Lube Base Stock Manufacturing Technologies
• 34.5 All-Hydroprocessing Route for Lubricant Base Stocks
• 34.6 Hydrotreating/Hydrocracking
• 34.7 Dewaxing
• 34.8 Hydrofinishing
• 34.9 Integrating Hydroprocessing with Solvent Plants – Hybrid Plants
• 34.10 GTL Base Oils
• References
• 35 Synthetic Lubricant Base Stock - Margaret M. Wu, Suzzy C. Ho and Shuji Luo
• 35.1 Background
• 35.2 Overview of Synthetic Base Stocks
• 35.3 Synthetic Base Stock – Chemistry, Production Process, Properties, and Use
• 35.4 Conclusion
• References
• 36 Catalytic Processes for Light Olefin Production - Genquan Zhu, Chaogang Xie, Zaiting Li and Xieqing Wang
• 36.1 Fundamentals of the Cracking Mechanism for Light Olefin Production
• 36.2 Catalysts
• 36.3 New Technology
• 36.4 Prospects
• References
• 37 Polyolefins - David Fiscus, Antonios Doufas and Sudhin Datta
• 37.1 Olefin Feedstocks and Derived Polymers
• 37.2 Polymerization Mechanism
• 37.3 Polymerization Processes
• 37.4 Postpolymerization Process
• 37.5 The Structure of Polymers
• 37.6 Synthesis and Processing of Polyethylene
• 37.7 Polyethylene Process and Catalysts
• 37.8 Structure of Polyethylene
• 37.9 Polyethylene Processing
• 37.10 Synthesis and Processing of Polypropylene
• 37.11 Polypropylene Process and Catalysts
• 37.12 Polypropylene Fabrication
• 37.13 Synthesis and Processing of Elastomers
• 37.14 Polybutadiene (BR)
• 37.15 Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
• 37.16 Ethylene–Propylene Rubber (EPR/EPDM)
• 37.17 Butyl (IIR) and Halobutyl Rubber
• 37.18 Conclusion
• References
• 38 Biomass to Liquid (BTL) Fuels - Gary Brodeur, Subramanian Ramakrishnan and Chang Samuel Hsu
• 38.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass
• 38.2 Biomass Processing Routes
• 38.3 Biomass Oil and Petroleum Oil Co-processing
• 38.4 Conclusion
• References
• 39 Renewable Diesel and Jet Fuels - Henrik Rasmussen
• 39.1 Processing Renewable Feeds: Consequences for Hydrotreating
• 39.2 Renewable Diesel: Feeds, Products and Reaction Pathways
• 39.3 Development of Catalysts for Conversion of Renewable Feeds
• 39.4 Choosing the Right Main Bed Catalyst when Coprocessing
• 39.5 Simplified Process Diagram
• 39.6 Catalysts for Dewaxing of Renewable Diesel
• 39.7 Conclusion
• References
• 40 Small Scale Catalytic Syngas Production with Plasma - Adam A. Gentile, Leslie Bromberg and Michael Carpenter
• 40.1 Plasma
• 40.2 Partial Oxidation Reformation Using Cold Plasma
• 40.3 Cold-Plasma-Assisted Experimentation
• 40.4 Analysis and Discussion
• 40.5 Synergistic Benefits of Plasma
• 40.6 Conclusion
• References
• 41 Hydrocarbon Processing by Plasma - Robert J. Wandell and Bruce R. Locke
• 41.1 Historical Aspects
• 41.2 Properties of Plasma – Thermal versus Nonthermal
• 41.3 Commercial Viability of Plasma Processes
• 41.4 Challenges in Performing Selective Organic Reactions with Plasma
• 41.5 Strategies to Induce Selectivity
• 41.6 Radical Chemistry in Various Plasma Discharges
• 41.7 Pure Organic Compounds in Direct Contact with Plasma Discharge
• 41.8 Functionalization of Hydrocarbons with Plasma-Generated Radical Species
• 41.9 Functionalization of Liquid Hydrocarbons with Oxygen Plasma
• 41.10 Functionalization of Liquid Hydrocarbons with Water Plasmas
• 41.11 Conclusions and Future Trends
• References
• Important Conversion Factors in Petroleum Technology
• Glossary