This unique handbook brings together a team of leading scholars and practitioners in order to map, synthesize and assess key perspectives on cooperation and rivalry between regional and global organizations in world politics. For the first time, a variety of inter-disciplinary theoretical and conceptual perspectives are combined in order to assess the nature, processes and outcomes of inter-organizational partnerships and rivalries across major policy areas, such as peace and security, human rights and democratisation as well as finance, development and climate change.

Table of Contents

• Acknowledgments
• Abbreviations
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Contributors
• 1 Studying Relations Among International Organizations in World Politics: Core Concepts and Challenges - Rafael Biermann and Joachim A. Koops
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Conceptualizing Inter-Organizational Relations: Definitions, Demarcations, and Core Dimensions
• 2.1 Defining Inter-Organizational Relations
• 2.2 Inter-Organizationalism and Regime Interaction
• 2.3 Features, Forms, and Attributes of Inter-Organizational Relations
• 3 The Growth of the Partnering Paradigm and the Formation of Partnerships
• 3.1 Actor Proliferation, Task Expansion, and Issue-Linkage
• 3.2 Issue Duration, Issue Density, and Political Shocks
• 3.3 Domain Similarity and Organizational Overlap
• 3.4 Rationalist and Constructivist Accounts of Partnership Formation
• 3.5 Multilevel Analysis of Inter-Organizational Formation
• 4 Cooperation, Competition, and the Management of Relations
• 4.1 Inter-Organizational Cooperation
• 4.2 Inter-Organizational Rivalry and Conflict
• 4.3 Managing Inter-Organizational Relations
• 5 The Effectiveness of Inter-Organizational Cooperation
• 6 Major Theoretical and Methodological Challenges
• 6.1 Fragmentation, Eclecticism, and the Lack of an IR-Focused Lead Theory
• 6.2 Transferability, Induction, and Deduction: Matching Theoretical Insights with Empirical Evidence
• 6.3 Generalizability: From Dyad Case Studies to Large-N Studies
• 6.4 Accuracy: From Desk Research Through Interviews to ‘Participant Observation’
• 7 Approach and Structure of the Handbook
• Bibliography
• Part I Theoretical and Conceptual Approaches
• 2 IR Paradigms and Inter-Organizational Theory: Situating the Research Program Within the Discipline - Christer Jönsson
• 1 Network Theory
• 2 Regime Theory and the ‘Institutionalist Turn’
• 2.1 Organizations versus Institutions
• 3 Theoretical Refinements
• 3.1 Resource-Dependency Theory
• 3.2 Agency Theory
• 4 The ‘Transnational Turn’
• 5 Prospects of New ‘Bisociation’?
• Bibliography
• 3 Organization Theory and Cooperation and Conflict Among International Organizations - Michael Lipson
• 1 Introduction: Inter-Organizationalism in IR Theory and Organization Theory
• 2 International Relations Theories and Inter- Organizational Relations
• 2.1 Inter-Organizational Relations and International Regimes
• 2.2 Constructivist Perspectives on Inter-Organizational Relations
• 3 Organizational Theories of Inter-Organizational Relations
• 3.1 New Institutional Economics
• 3.2 Organizational Environments and Inter-Organizational Relations
• 4 Conclusion: Further Opportunities for Cross-Fertilization
• Bibliography
• 4 The Rational Design of Relations Between Intergovernmental Organizations - Hylke Dijkstra
• 1 The Design of International Institutions
• 2 The Design of Relations Between Organizations
• 2.1 Formalization
• 2.2 Intensity
• 2.3 Symmetry
• 2.4 Standardization
• 3 Conclusion: Future Research
• Bibliography
• 5 Social Network Analysis - Matthias Schulze and Florian Ries
• 1 Networks as Actors: Heuristic and Governance Approaches
• 2 Social Network Analysis: Core Concepts
• 2.1 Network Position: Centrality
• 2.2 Network Position: Subgroups
• 3 Social Network Theorizing: Relational Mechanisms
• 3.1 Rationalist Mechanisms
• 3.2 Constructivist and Cognitive Mechanisms
• 3.3 Advantages and Shortcomings
• 4 Social Network Analysis and Its Transferability to Inter-Organizational Relations
• 4.1 Social Network Analysis in Inter-Organizational Relations Research Designs
• 4.2 Challenges
• 5 Future Directions for Research
• Bibliography
• 6 Resource Dependence Theory - Rafael Biermann and Michael Harsch
• 1 Resource Dependence Within Organization Theory
• 1.1 A Brief History of RDT
• 1.2 Core Assumptions
• 1.3 Key Findings
• 1.4 Shortcomings of RDT
• 2 Resource Dependence Among International Organizations
• 2.1 Transferability of RDT to IGOs
• 2.2 RDT and IGOs: An Emerging Research Program
• 3 Conclusions: Future Directions of Research
• Bibliography
• 7 Population Ecology: How the Environment Influences the Evolution of Organizations - Florian Ries
• 1 Theory and Empirical Application
• 2 Transferability and Empirical Limits
• 3 Population Ecology as Conceptual Metaphor?
• 4 Conclusions
• Bibliography
• 8 Sociological Approaches - Ulrich Franke and Martin Koch
• 1 Organization Studies in International Relations
• 2 Sociological Approaches to Inter-organizational Relations
• 2.1 Resource Dependence
• 2.2 Sociological Neo-Institutionalism
• 2.3 Organizational Fields
• 3 Critical Appraisal of Sociological Approaches
• 4 Alternative Approaches to Inter-organizational Relations
• 4.1 Luhmann's Systems Theory
• 4.2 American Pragmatism
• 5 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• 9 Inter-Organizationalism in International Relations: A Multilevel Framework of Analysis - Joachim A. Koops
• 1 Introduction
• 2 A Multilevel Framework for Inter-Organizational Analysis: General Overview
• 3 Understanding and Applying the Five Levels of Inter-Organizational Relations
• 3.1 The International and Systemic Level: Opportunities and Constraints
• 3.2 The Member State/National Level: Key Decision-Making Powers
• 3.3 The Role of the Individual: Initiators, Facilitators and Boundary Spanners
• 3.4 The Role of the Bureaucracy
• 3.5 The Inter-Institutional and Inter-Secretariat Level
• 4 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research
• Bibliography
• 10 The Evolvement of International Secretariats, Executive Heads and Leadership in Inter- Organizational Relations - Bob Reinalda and Kent J. Kille
• 1 Why International Secretariats and Executive Heads?
• 2 Emergence and Relevance of IGO Secretariats and Early Inter-Organizational Relations
• 3 Inter-Organizational Relations During the League of Nations (1919–45)
• 4 Inter-Organizational Relations in and Beyond the UN System 1945–70
• 5 Inter-Organizational Relations in and Beyond the UN System After 1970
• 5.1 Personal Ambitions in Health and Food
• 5.2 Who Provides Leadership? The Joint Creation of UNAIDS
• 5.3 Inter-Organizational Relations in the North–South Divide of the 1970s
• 5.4 IGO Survival Under Change in Inter-Organizational Relations in International Trade
• 6 The Emergence of Country Clubs and Their Effects on Inter-Organizational Relations
• 7 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• 11 The Role of International Bureaucracies - Rafael Biermann
• 1 Conceptualizing International Bureaucracies
• 2 The Relevance of International Bureaucracies for Inter-Organizational Relations
• 3 Theories and Approaches
• 3.1 Principal–Agent Theory
• 3.2 Sociological Institutionalism
• 3.3 Bureaucratic Politics
• 3.4 Organization Theory
• 4 Recommendations for Future Research
• Bibliography
• 12 The Principal–Agent Model and Inter- Organizational Relations - Edith Drieskens and Yf Reykers
• 1 Parameters
• 2 Literature
• 3 Shortcomings and Critiques
• 4 Transferability to Inter-Organizational Relations
• 4.1 The UN Security Council as Agent
• 4.2 The UN Security Council as Principal
• 5 Case Study
• 6 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• 13 Configurations in Inter-Organizational Cooperation: From Dyads to Organizational Fields - Melissa E. Wooten and Timothy Sacco
• 1 An Open Systems Perspective on Organizations
• 2 Organizational Fields
• 3 Using Organizational Fields as an Analytical Method
• 4 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• 14 Nested Institutions - Spyros Blavoukos and Dimitris Bourantonis
• 1 Nested Institutions: Conceptual Clarification and Basic Features
• 1.1 Nested Institutions: What Is It About?
• 1.2 Issues of Order and Organizational Hierarchy
• 1.3 Encompassing and Encompassed Institutions in a Nested Environment
• 2 Nested Institutions: Summary and Further Research
• Bibliography
• 15 NGO–NGO Relations - Andrea Schneiker
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Different Ways of Conceptualizing NGO–NGO Relations
• 2.1 Network Approaches to Analyzing NGO–NGO Interaction
• 3 Theoretical Approaches to Explaining NGO–NGO Relations
• 4 Intra- and Inter-Network Relations and the Evolution of Networks
• 5 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research
• Bibliography
• 16 Legitimizing Inter-Organizational Relations - Rafael Biermann
• 1 Conceptualizing Legitimacy and Legitimation
• 2 The Legitimation of International Organizations
• 3 Legitimation Among Organizations
• 3.1 Subjects and Objects of Legitimation Among Organizations
• 3.2 Legitimation Criteria and Strategies
• 3.3 Legitimacy Assessments and the Willingness to Cooperate
• 4 Recommendations for Future Research
• Bibliography
• 17 Power in Inter-Organizational Relations - Hanna Ojanen
• 1 The Centrality and Evasiveness of Power Analyses
• 2 Different Forms and ‘Faces’ of Power
• 3 Explaining the Neglect of Power in Inter-Organizational Relations
• 4 Inter-Organizational Relations Among Security Institutions
• 5 Injecting Power into the Analysis of Inter- Organizational Relations
• 6 New Avenues for Research
• Bibliography
• 18 Assessing Influence Between International Organizations - Oriol Costa
• 1 Introduction
• 2 What Is Inter-Organizational Influence?
• 3 How Much Influence?
• 4 What Can Be Influenced?
• 4.1 Politics
• 4.2 Institutional Development
• 4.3 Cognitive and Normative Structures
• 4.4 Policies and Spheres of Activity
• 5 Final Remarks
• Bibliography
• 19 Trust Among International Organizations - Philipp Brugger, Andreas Hasenclever and Lukas Kasten
• 1 Conceptualizing Trust
• 1.1 Ontological Key Features of Trust
• 1.2 Rationalist Understandings of Trust as Calculation
• 1.3 Extra-Rationalist Accounts of Trust as Risk-Suspension
• 1.4 Integrative Approaches
• 2 Trust and Its Relation to Mistrust
• 3 Inter-Organizational Trust Across Levels of Analysis
• 4 Trust-Building Between Organizations
• 5 Consequences of Trust
• 6 Measuring Trust Between Organizations
• 7 Shortcomings and Avenues for Future Research
• Bibliography
• Part II Policy Areas
• 20 Inter-Organizational Coordination in Peacebuilding - Joanne McEvoy
• 1 Literature On Inter-Organizational Coordination In Peacebuilding
• 1.1 Different Approaches in Peacebuilding
• 1.2 Autonomy Concerns
• 1.3 Divergent Organizational Cultures
• 2 IO Cooperation in Peacebuilding Missions
• 2.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina
• 2.2 Kosovo
• 3 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• 21 Regime Complexity and Resource Dependence Theory in International Peacekeeping - Malte Brosig
• 1 Regime Complexity and Resource Dependence
• 1.1 Regime Complexity
• 1.2 Resource Dependence Theory and Resource Exchange
• 2 The African Peacekeeping Regime Complex
• 3 Empirical Case Studies: Somalia and the Central African Republic
• 3.1 Somalia
• 3.2 The Central African Republic
• 4 Conclusion
• Bibliography
• 22 Dark Networks: The Terror–Crime Nexus - Marie Wu and David Knoke
• 1 Review of Research and Theories
• 1.1 Organizational Design and Structure
• 1.2 Dynamic Processes
• 1.3 Theories and Methods
• 2 Directions for Future Research
• Bibliography
• 23 The Theory and Practice of International Humanitarian Relief Coordination - Max O. Stephenson Jr.
• 1 The Structure of International Humanitarian Relief
• 2 The United Nations and Humanitarian Relief
• 3 Theorizing the Humanitarian Relief System
• 4 Conclusions
• Bibliography
• 24 The Global Governance of Food Security - Matias E. Margulis
• 1 Mapping the Organizational Dimensions of the Global Governance of Food Security
• 1.1 Nutrition
• 1.2 Agricultural Production
• 1.3 Agricultural Trade
• 1.4 Food Safety
• 1.5 Human Right to Food
• 1.6 Agriculture and Development
• 1.7 Agriculture and Climate Change
• 2 Institutional Characteristics of the Global Governance of Food Security
• 3 Inter-Organizational Relationships of Global Governance of Food Security
• 3.1 Cooperation
• 3.2 Rivalry
• 4 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research
• Bibliography
• 25 Inter-Organizational Relations in the Field of Democratisation: Cooperation or Delegation? The European Union, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe - Andrea Gawrich
• 1 State of the Art
• 2 Categorizing the Cooperation Between the EU, the OSCE, and the CoE
• 3 Empirical Steps of Formalization Between the EU, the OSCE, and the CoE: The Post-Cold War Convergence
• 3.1 The EU and the OSCE: Late Formal Acknowledgement at the Level of Rules of Procedure
• 3.2 The EU and the CoE: Intense Practical Cooperation and Late Joint Statements
• 3.3 The CoE and the OSCE: Close Working Connections and Late IO–IO Formalization
• 4 Cooperation or Delegation? Empirical Findings on Inter-Organizational Cooperation Between the EU, the CoE, and the OSCE in the Area of Democracy Promotion
• 4.1 Triadic Cooperation in the Area of Election Observation
• 4.2 Capacity Building in the Areas of Good Governance and Rule of Law: Asymmetric Relations Between the CoE and the EU
• 4.3 Capacity Building in Constitutional and Legal Matters: Division of Labour at Working Level Between CoE and OSCE
• 4.4 Lack of Cooperation in the Area of Media Assistance
• 5 Theory-Guided Refl ection and Concluding Remarks
• Bibliography
• 26 The Council of Europe and Cooperation with Civil Society - André Härtel
• 1 State of Research on IGO–CSO Cooperation
• 2 The Multilateral Traditionalism of the Council of Europe
• 3 The Council of Europe and Civil Society Cooperation
• 4 Major Obstacles for Effi cient Cooperation
• 4.1 Critique of the Council of Europe's Work with CSO's
• 4.2 The INGO Conference: Pitfalls of Over-Institutionalization
• 4.3 The Politics of IGO–CSO Cooperation
• 4.4 A Hardly Conducive Organizational Culture
• 5 Conclusions
• Bibliography
• 27 Pushed Toward Partnership: Increasing Cooperation Between the Bretton Woods Bodies - Andreas Freytag and John J. Kirton
• 1 Open Questions and Main Thesis
• 2 The Division of Labor in Theory and Practice
• 3 Competing Schools of Thought
• 4 Strengthening Collaboration, 2000–07
• 5 Equal Partnership, 2008–14
• 6 G20 Summit Governance of IMF–WBG Partnership
• 7 Conclusion: The Incomplete Partnership
• 8 Recommendations for Further Research
• Bibliography
• Appendixes
• 28 Organizational Interactions in Global Energy Governance - Thijs van de Graaf
• 1 General Overview of the Policy Field and Literature
• 2 The Global Energy Architecture and the IEA
• 3 An Organization-Set of the IEA
• 3.1 The IEA and OPEC
• 3.2 The IEA and ECT
• 3.3 The IEA and G8/G20
• 3.4 The IEA and IRENA
• 4 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research
• Bibliography
• 29 The Cooperation of the European Union with Employer and Labor Associations - Frank Wendler
• 1 Empirical Overview
• 2 Research Questions and Findings
• 3 Perspectives for Future Research
• 4 Conclusions
• Bibliography
• 30 IGO Relations in the Anti-corruption Realm and in Promoting Integrity in Public Procurement - Alexandru Grigorescu
• 1 Anti-corruption and the Study of Inter- organizational Relations
• 2 IGOs Involved in the Anti-corruption Realm
• 2.1 IGOs Spearheading the Adoption of Anti-corruption Conventions
• 2.2 IGOs Raising Awareness and Increasing Knowledge About Corruption
• 2.3 IGOs Using Conditionality to Fight Corruption
• 2.4 IGOs’ Investigative Approach to Anti-corruption
• 2.5 Transparency and Integrity in Public Procurement
• 3 IGO Collaboration in the Anti-corruption Realm
• 4 Possible Future Research Directions
• Bibliography
• 31 Relations Between International Organisations in Combating Climate Change - Katja Biedenkopf
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Climate Change as a Global Governance Issue
• 3 Inter-organisational Interaction
• 4 The Climate Organisational Complex and Its Inter-organisational Interactions
• 4.1 The Organisational Complex and Its Fragmentation
• 4.2 Organisational Interaction
• 4.3 Interplay Management
• 5 Conclusions
• Bibliography
• 32 Conclusions - Rafael Biermann and Joachim A. Koops
• 1 The Balance of Review and Exploration
• 2 Major Theoretical and Empirical Findings
• 3 Future Research Directions
• Bibliography