The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the History of Science is a single volume companion that discusses the history of science as it is done today, providing a survey of the debates and issues that dominate current scholarly discussion, with contributions from leading international scholars.

Table of Contents

• About the Editor
• About the Contributors
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References
• Chapter One: Historiography of the History of Science
• Constructing Scientific Knowledge, Socially
• Doing Scientific Things with Scientific Things: Practice and Materiality
• Moving Knowledge Around: Communication and Circulation
• Scaling History of Science
• References
• Part I: Roles
• Chapter Two: Learned Man and Woman in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
• Greek Mathematicians in the Hellenic Cities
• Families of Scholars in Persian and Hellenistic Uruk
• Scholars as Clients in Warring States to Early Han China
• A Roman Physician and a Roman Mathematician
• Contexts of Scholarship in Sanskrit Sciences
• Translators and Other Scholars in Abbasid Baghdad
• Mandarins and Calendar Reform
• Salaried Scholars in Damascus
• Scholarly Women in the Ancient and Medieval Periods
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter Three: Go-Betweens, Travelers, and Cultural Translators
• Connecting Cultures in Recent Historiography
• Travel and Translation
• Brokering in the Cultural and Social Sciences
• Go-Betweens Enter Science Studies
• An Example
• Whither Go-Betweens Today?
• References
• Chapter Four: The Alchemist
• References
• Chapter Five: The Natural Philosopher
• The Natural Philosopher in the University; Mathematics and Physics
• Experimenters
• Ideal Types and Natural Philosophers
• Role: Public or Private?
• Societies and Experiment
• Natural Philosophy and Natural History
• References
• Chapter Six: The Natural Historian
• The Early Modern Naturalist
• The Enlightenment Naturalist
• The Nineteenth-Century Naturalist
• The Modern Naturalist
• References
• Chapter Seven: Invisible Technicians, Instrument-makers and Artisans
• Instrumental Knowledge
• Behind the Scenes
• Assembly-line Knowledge
• Conclusions
• References
• Chapter Eight: Scientific Illustrators
• Debates between Darwin and Illustrators of his Books
• Early Stages
• The Illustrator as an Interpreter of Nature
• The System of Conventions in the Illustrator's Profession
• The Illustrator and the Economy of Scientific Books
• The Industry of Illustrated Scientific Books
• Women Illustrators
• Construction of a Visual Scientific Culture
• The Photography Revolution
• References
• Chapter Nine: The Human Experimental Subject
• Prisoners
• Slaves
• Patients
• Children
• Self-experiment
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter Ten: Amateurs
• Defining Modern Science: The Amateur as Foil
• Defining Modern Science: The Amateur as Proto-Professional
• Defining Modern Science: The Amateur as the Professional's Inverse
• Re-mapping the Amateur Sphere: Historiographic Challenges to the Standard Narrative
• Appropriating Scientific Authority from within Amateur Realms: Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Ecologies of Knowledge
• History of Science's Amateurs: The Question of Where the Center Lies
• References
• Chapter Eleven: The Man of Science
• References
• Chapter Twelve: The Professional Scientist
• A Middling Sort of Science
• Supporting and Subverting their Sponsors
• Professionals Unbound
• End of an Epoch?
• References
• Part II: Places and Spaces
• Chapter Thirteen: The Medieval University1
• Pre-university Education
• Universities and Scholastic Culture
• New Directions
• References
• Chapter Fourteen: The Observatory
• Early Observatories
• China
• The Islamic World
• Tycho Brahe
• The Seventeenth Century
• The Eighteenth Century
• Giant Reflectors
• The First Half of the Nineteenth Century
• Magnetism
• The Observatory as Laboratory
• The Rise of American Observatories
• Space Observatories
• References
• Chapter Fifteen: The Court
• Engineering, Instruments, and Practical Mathematics
• Cosmology and Philosophical Speculation
• “New Things” and the Medici
• Collections, Wonder, and the Order of Nature
• Curiosities and Visual Knowledge
• Gender, “Human Empire,” and Global Knowledge
• Medicine, Pharmacy, and Society
• References
• Chapter Sixteen: Academies and Societies
• New Philosophies and New Forums
• Enlightened Sociability and the Growth of Civil Society
• High and Low Science
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter Seventeen: Museums and Botanical Gardens
• Renaissance and Early Modern Collections
• Museums, Gardens, and the Modern State
• Science, Education, and Popular Culture
• Conclusion: the hybrid spaces of popular science
• References
• Chapter Eighteen: Domestic Space
• Situating the Domestic Production of Scientific Knowledge
• Gender and Domestic Productions
• Domesticity, Social Class, and Professionalization
• Domesticity by Design
• Domestication through Popularization
• Future Research
• References
• Chapter Nineteen: Commercial Science
• Science in Twentieth-Century Corporate Laboratories
• Science in Nineteenth-Century Capitalist Enterprises
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter Twenty: The Field
• The Field as Category and Place
• Many Fields
• Places and Practices
• Practitioners
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter Twenty-One: The Laboratory
• A Brief History of the Laboratory
• Lab Studies as a Field: Past, Present, and Future
• The Laboratory at the Intersection: Practice, Pedagogy, and Material Culture
• References
• Chapter Twenty-Two: Modern School and University
• Early Modern Universities and Schools
• The Enlightenment and Compulsory School Education
• The Research University Revolution
• University Expansion and Technoscientific Innovation
• References
• Part III: Communication
• Chapter Twenty-Three: Manuscripts
• Transmission of Texts
• Textual Criticism
• Visual Images
• Tradition and Innovation
• References
• Chapter Twenty-Four: The Printing Press
• De-centering Gutenberg from the Print Revolution
• From Book to Text and Back Again
• Locating the Scientific Book
• Facsimiles and Digitization
• The World of Print
• References
• Chapter Twenty-Five: Correspondence Networks
• The Republic of Letters, Sixteenth–Eighteenth Centuries
• Exchanging Information, Opinions, and Objects
• Scientific Correspondence in the Nineteenth Century
• Europe and the Wider World
• The Universal Postal Union and Beyond
• Corpora of Correspondence, Archival and Published
• Digital Humanities and the Future of Research on Correspondence Networks
• References
• Chapter Twenty-Six: Translations
• The First Turn: Modern Histories of “Arabic Science” in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
• The Second Turn: Antique to Early Modern Encounters with Translation in East Asia and Beyond
• Concluding Remarks
• References
• Chapter Twenty-Seven: Journals and Periodicals
• The Seventeenth Century
• The Eighteenth Century
• The Nineteenth Century
• The Twentieth Century
• Scientific Authorship
• Editors and Reviewing Processes
• Distribution and Readership
• Conclusions
• References
• Chapter Twenty-Eight: Textbooks
• Expectations
• Past Tenses
• Demarcation
• Disciplines
• Futures
• References
• Chapter Twenty-Nine: Lectures
• Visualizing Science
• Voicing Science
• Body Language
• Auditors and Auditoriums
• Legacies
• References
• Chapter Thirty: Film, Radio, and Television
• Film: Science on the Silver Screen
• Radio: Broadcasting Science over the Airwaves
• Television: Science in Every Living Room
• References
• Part IV: Tools of Science
• Chapter Thirty-One: Timing Devices
• References
• Chapter Thirty-Two: Weights and Measures
• Historiography on Weights and Measures
• Measurement: Politics and Economy
• Decimal Metric System
• Globalization of the Metric System
• Social Forces of Metrication
• The Metric System and Its Adversaries
• Moral Economy of Measurement and Opposition to Metrological Reform
• Concluding Remark
• References
• Chapter Thirty-Three: Calculating Devices and Computers
• Calculation “By Hand”
• Analog Computing
• Electronic Computing, Numerical Analysis, and Simulation
• Beyond Artillery, Bombs, and Particles
• Big Data Avant Big Data
• Data Infrastructures
• The Social Organization of Expertise
• Hubris and Materiality
• References
• Chapter Thirty-Four: Specimens and Collections
• Defending Collections
• Making Collections Scientific
• Modernizing Collections in the Twentieth Century
• Conclusions
• Guide to Further Readings
• References
• Chapter Thirty-Five: Recording Devices
• Spontaneous Reproduction
• Expanding and Replacing
• In Philosophy of Science
• The Disappearing Device
• From Media Studies to Poststructuralism
• Desires
• Recording and Quantification
• Servant instruments
• The Personal Equation
• The Modern Subject and the Discipline of Psychology
• Art and Hand-drawings
• Altered Distances
• Recorded History
• References
• Chapter Thirty-Six: Microscopes
• Origins
• Hooke and After
• The Development of the Instrument Trade
• The Microscope in the Nineteenth Century
• Modern Microscopy
• References
• Chapter Thirty-Seven: Telescopes
• The Early Refractor
• The Beginning of the Reflector
• Telescopes in Observatories
• New Telescopes and Audiences in the Eighteenth Century
• The Large Reflector: William Herschel and His Successors
• The Essential Tool of Modern Astronomy
• References
• Chapter Thirty-Eight: Prisms, Spectroscopes, Spectrographs, and Gratings
• The Prism—From a Toy to a Tool
• Dark Lines in the Solar Spectrum: Wollaston and Fraunhofer
• The Emergence of Spectrum Analysis: Swan, Bunsen, and Kirchhoff
• Multifacetted Applications of Spectroscopy
• Solar Physics and Chemistry: The Origins of Astrophysics
• Diffraction Gratings and Precision Spectroscopy
• References
• Chapter Thirty-Nine: Diagrams
• Theoretical Approaches
• Diagrams in the History of Science
• Paper Tools
• Maps
• Tables
• Graphs
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter Forty: Three-Dimensional Models
• Introduction
• Models in Research
• Models as Representations
• Models and their Audiences
• Models Mass-produced for Teaching
• Modeling Nature
• Guide to Further Reading and Further Viewing
• References