Geology for Ground Engineering Projects provides a comprehensive presentation of, and insight into, the critical geological phenomena that may be encountered in many engineering projects, for example rock contact relationships, weathering and karst phenomena in tropical areas, composition of fault zones and variability of rock discontinuities.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Author
• 1 Introduction
• Framework of the book
• The geological model
• Geological modelling procedures
• Site investigation samples
• 2 Geological fundamentals
• Engineering considerations
• Geological time
• Unconformities
• Plate tectonics
• Sea level changes
• Geological histories
• Stratigraphic nomenclature
• 3 Geological maps
• Engineering considerations
• Types of geological map
• Solid geological maps
• Solid and superficial (drift) maps
• Derivative maps
• Making a geological map
• Basic principles
• Satellite images
• Aerial photographs
• Geological map interpretation
• Geological linework
• Map legends
• Cross-sections
• 4 Sedimentary rocks
• Engineering considerations
• Sedimentary environments
• Continental environment
• Nearshore environment
• Oceanic environment
• Diagenesis
• Sedimentary rock characteristics
• Bedding
• Syn-sedimentary structures
• Clastic sedimentary rocks
• Conglomerate
• Sedimentary breccia
• Sandstone
• Mudstone
• Volcaniclastic rocks
• Biological sedimentary rocks
• Carbonate-rich rocks
• Carbonaceous rocks
• Chemical sedimentary rocks
• 5 Intrusive igneous rocks
• Engineering considerations
• Composition of intrusive igneous rocks
• Texture and fabric of intrusive igneous rocks
• Plutonic rocks
• Form
• Contacts
• Dyke rocks
• Form
• Contacts
• 6 Extrusive igneous rocks
• Engineering considerations
• Geometry of volcanic deposits
• Volcano shapes
• Calderas
• Composition of volcanic rocks
• Crystal and crystal fragments
• Volcanic glass
• Fiamme (flame structures)
• Rock fragments
• Lavas
• Lava surfaces
• Pillow basalts
• Vesicles
• Pyroclastic deposits
• Volcanic breccias
• Ash-flow tuffs
• Air-fall tuffs
• Structures within hot volcanic rocks
• Bedding features
• Cooling joints
• Volcanic foliation
• Lahars
• Fumaroles
• 7 Metamorphic and hydrothermal rocks
• Engineering considerations
• Contact metamorphism
• Dynamic metamorphism
• Hydrothermal alteration
• Chloritization
• Silicification
• Greisenization
• Kaolinitization
• Skarn
• Veins
• Vein form
• 8 Faults
• Engineering considerations
• Fault geometry
• Normal faults
• Thrust faults
• Strike-slip faults
• Fault systems, arrays and zones
• Fault composition
• Brittle faults
• Ductile faults
• Multiphase faults
• 9 Discontinuities
• Engineering considerations
• Compositional layering
• Joints
• Primary joints
• Tectonic joints
• Sheeting joints
• Joint characteristics
• Joint sets
• Joint spacing
• Joint surfaces
• Joint openings and infill material
• Foliation
• Cleavage
• Schistosity
• Gneissic foliation
• Mylonitic foliation
• 10 Folds
• Engineering considerations
• Fold nomenclature
• Fold classification
• Concentric folds
• Similar folds
• Flow folds
• Fold geometry
• Fold shape
• Fold attitude
• Fold form
• Transposition structures
• 11 Weathered rocks
• Engineering considerations
• Saprolite
• Duricrust
• Weathering profiles
• Weathering grades
• Corestones
• Rockhead
• Mass weathering grades
• Weathering characteristics
• Plutonic rocks
• Volcanic rocks
• Sedimentary rocks
• Metamorphic rocks
• Fault rocks
• Clays in the weathering profile
• Swelling clays
• 12 Karst
• Engineering considerations
• Karst morphology
• Micro-karst features
• Karst deposits
• Supra-karst deposits
• Cavity-fill deposits
• 13 Superficial deposits
• Engineering considerations
• Alluvium
• Colluvium
• Shallow-water marine deposits
• Windblown deposits
• Coastal and inland dunes
• Desert sands
• Loess
• Lake deposits
• Evaporite deposits
• Glacial deposits
• Moraines
• Meltwater deposits
• Glacial lake deposits
• Drumlins and eskers
• Erratic boulders
• Peat
• References