This encyclopedia looks at issues of gender, identity, and psychological processes at the individual as well as the societal level, exploring topics such as how gender intersects with developmental processes both in infancy and childhood and throughout later life stages; the evolution of feminism and the men's movement; the ways in which gender can affect psychological outcomes and influence behavior; and more.

Table of Contents

• Reader's Guide
• About the Editors
• Contributors
• Introduction
• Volume 1
• A
• Ability Status and Gender
• Ability Status and Sexual Orientation
• Abortion
• Abstinence
• Abstinence in Adolescence
• Abstinence-Only Education
• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
• Acquaintance Rape
• Adlerian Theories of Gender Development
• Adolescence and Gender: Overview
• Affirmative Action
• Ageism
• Agender
• Aging and Gender: Overview
• Aging and Mental Health
• Agoraphobia and Gender
• Alcoholism and Gender
• Alexithymia
• Allies
• Ambivalent Sexism
• Androcentrism
• Androgyny
• Anorexia and Gender
• Anti-Feminist Backlash
• Antisocial Personality Disorder and Gender
• Anti-Trans Bias in the DSM
• Anxiety Disorders and Gender
• Arab Americans and Gender
• Arab Americans and Sexual Orientation
• Arab Americans and Transgender Identity
• Asexuality
• Asian Americans and Gender
• Asian Americans and Sexual Orientation
• Asian Americans and Transgender Identity
• Assisted Reproduction and Alternative Families
• Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia, and Gender
• Attraction
• Avoidant Personality Disorder and Gender
• B
• Behavioral Approaches and Gender
• Behavioral Disorders and Gender
• Behavioral Theories of Gender Development
• Bem Sex Role Inventory
• Benevolent Sexism
• Biculturalism and Gender
• Biculturalism and Sexual Orientation
• Biculturalism and Transgender Identity
• Bi-Gender
• Biological Sex and Cognitive Development
• Biological Sex and Health Outcomes
• Biological Sex and Language and Communication
• Biological Sex and Mental Health Outcomes
• Biological Sex and Social Development
• Biological Sex and the Brain
• Biological Sex Differences: Overview
• Biological Theories of Gender Development
• Biopsychology
• Biphobia
• Bipolar Disorder and Gender
• Bisexual Identity Development
• Bisexuality
• Black Americans and Gender
• Black Americans and Sexual Orientation
• Black Americans and Transgender Identity
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Gender
• Body Image
• Body Image and Adolescence
• Body Image and Aging
• Body Image Issues and Men
• Body Image Issues and Women
• Body Modification
• Body Objectification
• Borderline Personality Disorder and Gender
• Brain Lateralization
• Breastfeeding
• Buddhism and Gender
• Buddhism and Sexual Orientation
• Bulimia and Gender
• Bullying, Gender-Based
• Bullying in Adolescence
• Bullying in Childhood
• Butch
• Bystanders
• C
• Campus Rape
• Career Choice and Gender
• Career Choice and Sexual Orientation
• Caretakers, Experiences of
• Child Adoption and Gender
• Child Neglect
• Child Play
• Childhood and Gender: Overview
• Children With LGBTQ Parents
• Children With Transgender Parents
• Children's Cognitive Development
• Children's Moral Development
• Children's Social-Emotional Development
• Christianity and Gender
• Christianity and Sexual Orientation
• Cisgender
• Cissexism
• Cognitive Approaches and Gender
• Cognitive Disorders in Men
• Cognitive Disorders in Women
• Cognitive Theories of Gender Development
• Colonialism and Gender
• Coming Out Processes for LGBTQ Youth
• Coming Out Processes for Transgender People
• Community and Aging
• Competition and Gender
• Comprehensive Sexuality Education
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
• Consciousness-Raising Groups
• Contraception
• Conversion Therapy
• Couples Therapy With Heterosexual Couples
• Couples Therapy With Same-Sex Couples
• Criminal Justice System and Gender
• Criminal Justice System and Sexual Orientation
• Criminal Justice System and Transgender People
• Criminalization of Gender Nonconformity
• Criminalization of Men of Color
• Criminalization of Transgender People
• Critical Race Feminism
• Cross-Cultural Differences in Gender
• Cross-Cultural Models or Approaches to Gender
• Cultural Competence
• Cultural Gender Role Norms
• Cyberbullying
• Cycles of Abuse
• D
• Date Rape
• Delusional Disorder and Gender
• Demasculation
• Dependent Personality Disorder and Gender
• Depression and Gender
• Depression and Men
• Depression and Women
• Developmental and Biological Processes: Overview
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Gender
• Disability and Adolescence
• Disability and Aging
• Disability and Childhood
• Discursive Approaches
• Dissociative Disorders and Gender
• Division of Domestic Labor
• Doing Gender
• Domestic Care Industry and Women
• Dual Diagnosis and Gender
• Dual Minority Status
• Volume 2
• E
• Eating Disorders and Gender
• Ecofeminism
• Education and Gender: Overview
• Egg Donation
• Emasculation
• Emotional Abuse
• Emotions in Adolescence and Gender
• End-of-Life and Existential Issues
• Equal Employment Opportunity
• Equal Pay for Equal Work
• Equality Feminism
• Estrogen
• Ethics in Gender Research
• Ethics in Psychotherapy and Gender
• Ethics of Self-Care for Psychologists
• Evolutionary Sex Differences
• Exhibitionism and Gender
• Existential Approaches and Gender
• Existential Theories of Gender Development
• Exoticization of LGBTQ People of Color
• Exoticization of Women of Color
• F
• Family Relationships in Adolescence
• Fat Shaming
• Fatherhood
• Female Sex Offenders
• Femininity
• Feminism: Overview
• Feminism and Men
• Feminist Identity Development Model
• Feminist Psychology
• Feminist Therapy
• Femme
• Fetal Programming of Gender
• Fetal Sex Selection
• Fetishism and Gender
• First-Wave Feminism
• Fraternities
• Friendships in Adolescence
• Frotteurism and Gender
• G
• Gambling and Gender
• Gay Male Identity Development
• Gay Men
• Gay Men and Dating
• Gay Men and Feminism
• Gay Men and Gender Roles
• Gay Men and Health
• Gay Men and Romantic Relationships
• Gender Affirming Medical Treatments
• Gender Balance in Education
• Gender Bias in Education
• Gender Bias in Hiring Practices
• Gender Bias in Research
• Gender Bias in the DSM
• Gender Conformity
• Gender Development, Theories of
• Gender Discrimination
• Gender Dynamics in Clinical Supervision
• Gender Dynamics in Clinical Training
• Gender Dynamics in Group Therapy
• Gender Dynamics in Psychotherapy
• Gender Dysphoria
• Gender Equality
• Gender Expression
• Gender Fluidity
• Gender Identity
• Gender Identity and Adolescence
• Gender Identity and Childhood
• Gender Identity Disorder, History of
• Gender Marginality in Adolescence
• Gender Microinequities
• Gender Nonconforming Behaviors
• Gender Nonconforming People
• Gender Nonconformity and Transgender Issues: Overview
• Gender Norms and Adolescence
• Gender Presentation and Childhood
• Gender Pronouns
• Gender Reaffirming Surgeries
• Gender Role Behavior
• Gender Role Conflict
• Gender Role Socialization
• Gender Role Strain Paradigm
• Gender Role Stress
• Gender Roles: Overview
• Gender Segregation
• Gender Self-Socialization
• Gender Self-Socialization Model
• Gender Socialization in Adolescence
• Gender Socialization in Aging
• Gender Socialization in Childhood
• Gender Socialization in Men
• Gender Socialization in Women
• Gender Stereotypes
• Gender Studies in Higher Education
• Gender Studies in K–12 Education
• Gender Tracking in Education
• Gender Variant Role Expression in Childhood
• Gender Versus Sex
• Gender and Society: Overview
• Gender-Based Violence
• Gender-Based Violence in Athletics
• Gender-Based Violence in the Media
• Gender-Biased Language in Research
• Gendered Behavior
• Gendered Behaviors in Adolescence
• Gendered Organizations
• Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Childhood
• Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Men
• Gendered Stereotyped Behaviors in Women
• Genderqueer
• Gilligan's Moral Development Theory
• Glass Ceiling
• Government and Gender
• Grieving and Gender
• H
• Hate Crimes Toward LGBTQ People
• Health at Every Size
• Health Issues and Gender: Overview
• Hegemonic Masculinity
• Help-Seeking Behaviors and Men
• Help-Seeking Behaviors and Women
• Heteronormative Bias in Research
• Heteronormativity
• Heterosexism
• Heterosexist Bias in the DSM
• Heterosexual Male Identity Development
• Heterosexual Male Relationships
• Heterosexual Men and Dating
• Heterosexual Men and Feminism
• Heterosexual Privilege
• Heterosexual Romantic Relationships
• Heterosexual Women and Dating
• Heterosexuality
• Histrionic Personality Disorder and Gender
• HIV/AIDS
• Homophobia
• Homosexuality
• Hormone Therapy for Cisgender Men and Women
• Hormone Therapy for Transgender People
• Hostile Sexism
• Hostile Work Environment
• Human Rights
• Humanistic Approaches and Gender
• Humanistic Theories of Gender Development
• Hypochondriasis and Gender
• Hysterectomy
• I
• Identity Construction
• Identity Development and Aging
• Identity Formation in Adolescence
• Identity Formation in Childhood
• Immigration and Gender
• Immigration and Sexualities
• Immigration and Transgender Identity
• Impostor Syndrome
• In Vitro Fertilization
• Inferiority Complex
• Infertility
• Institutional Sexism
• Intermittent Explosive Disorder and Gender
• Internalized Heterosexism
• Internalized Sexism
• Internalized Transphobia
• International Perspectives on Women's Mental Health
• Interpersonal Therapies and Gender
• Intersectional Identities
• Intersectional Theories
• Intersex
• Intimacy
• Intimate Partner Violence
• Intimate Partner Violence in Same-Sex Couples
• Islam and Gender
• Islam and Sexual Orientation
• Isolation and Aging
• Volume 3
• J
• Judaism and Gender
• Judaism and Sexual Orientation
• Juvenile Justice System and Gender
• K
• Kinsey Reports
• Kinsey Scale, The
• Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
• L
• Labor Movement and Women
• Late Adulthood and Gender
• Latina/o Americans and Gender
• Latina/o Americans and Sexual Orientation
• Latina/o Americans and Transgender Identity
• Legal System and Gender
• Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Children
• Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences of Aging
• Lesbian Identity Development
• Lesbians
• Lesbians and Dating
• Lesbians and Gender Roles
• Lesbians and Health
• Lesbians and Romantic Relationships
• LGBQ Older Adults and Health
• LGBTQ Athletes, Experiences of
• LGBTQ Community, Experiences of Transgender People in
• LGBTQ Community, Gender Dynamics in
• LGBTQ People of Color and Discrimination
• LGBTQQ-Affirmative Psychotherapy
• Long-Term Care
• Low Testosterone
• M
• Machismo
• Male Privilege
• Mania and Gender
• Marianismo
• Marriage
• Marriage Equality
• Masculinities
• Masculinity Gender Norms
• Masculinity Ideology and Norms
• Masculinity in Adolescence
• Masculinity Threats
• Masturbation
• Matriarchy
• Measuring Gender
• Measuring Gender Identity
• Measuring Gender Roles
• Measuring Sexual Orientation
• Media and Gender
• Men and Aging
• Menopause
• Men's Friendships
• Men's Group Therapy
• Men's Health
• Men's Issues: Overview
• Men's Studies
• Menstruation
• Mental Health and Gender: Overview
• Mental Health Stigma and Gender
• Microaggressions
• Middle Adulthood and Gender
• Military and Gender
• Military Sexual Trauma
• Minority Stress
• Misogyny
• Motherhood
• Multiculturalism and Gender: Overview
• Multiracial People and Gender
• Multiracial People and Sexual Orientation
• Multiracial People and Transgender Identity
• N
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Gender
• Native Americans and Gender
• Native Americans and Sexual Orientation
• Native Americans and Transgender Identity
• Nature Versus Nurture
• Neofeminism
• Neurofeminism
• Neurosexism
• Nonbinary Gender
• O
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Gender
• Orgasm, Psychological Issues Relating to
• P
• Pacific Islanders and Gender
• Pacific Islanders and Sexual Orientation
• Panic Disorder and Gender
• Pansexuality
• Parental Expectations
• Parental Messages About Gender
• Parental Stressors
• Parenting Styles, Gender Differences in
• Passing
• Pathologizing Gender Identity
• Patriarchy
• Pedophilia and Gender
• Peer Pressure in Adolescence
• Perimenopause
• Perpetrators of Violence
• Personality Disorders and Gender Bias
• Physical Abuse
• Physical Assault, Female Survivors of
• Physical Assault, Male Survivors of
• Physical Assault, Transgender Survivors of
• Pornography and Gender
• Postpartum Depression
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Gender
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Gender Differences in Children
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Gender Violence
• Power-Control and Gender
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Discrimination
• Pretend Play
• Psychoanalytic Approaches and Gender
• Psychoanalytic Feminism
• Psychoanalytic Theories of Gender Development
• Psychodynamic Approaches and Gender
• Psychodynamic Feminism
• Psychodynamic Theories of Gender Development
• Psychological Abuse
• Psychological Measurements, Gender Bias in
• Psychological Measurements, Sexual Orientation Bias in
• Psychopathy and Gender
• Psychosexual Development
• Psychosis and Gender
• Puberty
• Puberty Suppression
• Q
• Queer
• Queerness
• Quid Pro Quo
• R
• Race and Gender
• Racial Discrimination, Gender-Based
• Racial Discrimination, Sexual Orientation–Based
• Rape
• Rape Culture
• Reliability and Gender
• Reparative Therapy
• Reproductive Cancer and Mental Health in Men
• Reproductive Cancer and Mental Health in Women
• Reproductive Rights Movement
• Research: Overview
• Research Methodology and Gender
• Revictimization
• Role Models and Gender
• Romantic Relationships in Adolescence
• Romantic Relationships in Adulthood
• Volume 4
• S
• Safe Sex
• Safe Sex and Adolescence
• Sampling Bias and Gender
• Schizoid Personality Disorder and Gender
• Schizophrenia and Gender
• Second-Wave Feminism
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Gender
• Self-Injury and Gender
• Sex Culture
• Sex Education
• Sex Education in Schools
• Sex Work
• Sexism
• Sexism, Psychological Consequences for Men
• Sexism, Psychological Consequences for Women
• Sexual Abuse
• Sexual Assault
• Sexual Assault, Adolescent Survivors of
• Sexual Assault, Child Survivors of
• Sexual Assault, Female Survivors of
• Sexual Assault, Male Survivors of
• Sexual Assault, Survivors of
• Sexual Coercion
• Sexual Desire
• Sexual Disorders and Gender
• Sexual Dysfunction
• Sexual Harassment
• Sexual Identity
• Sexual Offenders
• Sexual Orientation: Overview
• Sexual Orientation as Research Variable
• Sexual Orientation Change Efforts
• Sexual Orientation Disturbance, History of
• Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Clinical Supervision
• Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Clinical Training
• Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Group Therapy
• Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Psychotherapy
• Sexual Orientation Identity
• Sexual Orientation Identity Development
• Sexuality and Adolescence
• Sexuality and Aging
• Sexuality and Men
• Sexuality and Social Media
• Sexuality and Women
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Sleep Disorders and Gender
• Sleep Disorders and LGBTQ People
• Slut Shaming
• Social Anxiety Disorder and Gender
• Social Class and Gender
• Social Class and Sexual Orientation
• Social Media and Gender
• Social Role Theory
• Sociodramatic Play/Role-Play
• Socioeconomic Status and Gender
• Sodomy Laws
• Somatization Disorder and Gender
• Sororities
• Sperm Donor
• Spirituality and Gender
• Spirituality and Sexual Orientation
• Sports and Gender
• Spousal Rape
• Stalking
• STEM Fields and Gender
• Stereotype Threat and Gender
• Stereotype Threat in Education
• Stigma of Aging
• Stranger Rape
• Street Harassment
• Substance Use and Gender
• Substance Use Disorders and Gender
• Subtle Sexism
• Suicide and Gender
• Suicide and Sexual Orientation
• Superwoman Complex
• Superwoman Squeeze
• Surrogacy
• T
• Take Back the Night
• Teacher Bias
• Teaching Feminism
• Teaching Human Sexuality
• Teen Fathers
• Teen Mothers
• Testosterone
• Theories and Therapeutic Approaches: Overview
• Third Gender
• Third-Wave Feminism
• Title IX
• Trans*
• Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Adolescents
• Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Identity Development
• Transgender Children
• Transgender Day of Action
• Transgender Day of Remembrance
• Transgender Experiences of Aging
• Transgender People
• Transgender People and Dating
• Transgender People and Health Disparities
• Transgender People and Resilience
• Transgender People and Romantic Relationships
• Transgender People and Violence
• Transgender Research, Bias in
• Transgender Studies
• Transmisogyny
• Transphobia
• Transphobia Bias in the DSM
• Transsexual
• Transvestic Fetishism
• Turner Syndrome
• Two-Spirited People
• V
• Validity and Gender
• Vicarious Sexism
• Vicarious Trauma
• Victim Blaming
• Violence Against Women Act
• Violence and Gender: Overview
• Voting and Gender
• Voyeurism and Gender
• W
• White/European Americans and Gender
• White/European Americans and Sexual Orientation
• White/European Americans and Transgender Identity
• Womanism
• Women and Aging
• Women and Leadership
• Women and War
• Women Athletes, Experiences of
• Women in Academia, Experiences of
• Women in Corporate Positions, Experiences of
• Women in Government, Experiences of
• Women in Public Safety, Experiences of
• Women in Religious Leadership, Experiences of
• Women in STEM Fields, Experiences of
• Women in the Military, Experiences of
• Women Leaders in Political Movements, Experiences of
• Women of Color and Discrimination
• Women's Friendships
• Women's Group Therapy
• Women's Groups
• Women's Health
• Women's Issues: Overview
• Women's Studies
• Womyn
• Workplace and Gender: Overview
• Workplace Sexual Harassment
• Worldviews and Gender Research
• Appendix A: Chronology
• Appendix B: Resource Guide