This book intends to encourage the reader to think beyond a series of treatment operations to a holistic understanding of water balance, demand and supply, and sustainability.

Table of Contents

• LIST OF FIGURES
• LIST OF TABLES
• PREFACE
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• 1. CHEMICAL CONCEPTS
• Preamble
• 1.1 Concentration
• 1.1.1 Molar Concentration
• 1.1.2 Equivalent Concentration
• 1.2 Chemical Equilibrium
• 1.2.1 Henry's Law
• 1.2.2 Acid and Base Dissociation Constant
• 1.2.3 Solubility Product
• 1.2.4 Alkalinity
• References
• 2. REACTION KINETICS
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Stoichiometry and Reaction Rate
• 2.3 Order of Reaction and Specific Rate Constant
• 2.4 Types of Reactions
• 2.4.1 Consecutive Reactions
• 2.4.2 Equilibrium Constant
• Reference
• 3. REACTORS
• 3.1 Sequencing Batch Reactor
• 3.2 Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor
• 3.2.1 CSTRs in Series (Cascade)
• 3.3 Plug Flow Reactor
• 3.4 Dispersion Model
• References
• 4. GROUNDWATER TREATMENT
• 4.1 Aeration
• 4.1.1 Kinetics
• 4.1.2 Cascade Aeration
• 4.2 Softening
• 4.2.1 Hardness
• 4.2.1.1 Total, Carbonate, and Non-carbonate Hardness
• 4.2.2 Lime Soda Softening
• 4.2.2.1 Softening Reactions
• 4.3 Iron and Manganese Removal
• References
• 5. SURFACE WATER TREATMENT
• 5.1 Coagulation
• 5.1.1 Coagulant Dose Determination
• 5.1.2 Design of A Coagulation Chamber
• 5.2 Flocculation
• 5.3 Sedimentation
• 5.3.1 Type I Sedimentation
• 5.3.2 Particle Removal in a Horizontal Sedimentation Tank
• 5.3.3 Type II Sedimentation
• 5.4 Filtration
• 5.4.1 Hydraulics of Filtration
• 5.5 Disinfection
• 5.5.1 The “CT” Concept
• 5.5.2 Chlorine/Ammonia Reactions
• References
• 6. WATER TREATMENT PLANT RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT
• 6.1 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Residuals
• 6.2 Specific Gravity of Sludge
• 6.2.1 Density of Sludge
• 6.2.2 Volume of Sludge
• 6.3 Management of Coagulation Sludge
• 6.4 Management of Lime Soda Softening Sludge
• 6.5 Management of Residual Sludges
• 6.5.1 Thickening
• 6.5.1.1 Gravity Thickening
• 6.5.1.2 Flotation Thickening
• 6.5.2 Conditioning
• 6.5.3 Dewatering
• 6.5.3.1 Sand Drying Beds
• 6.5.3.2 Solar Drying Beds
• 6.5.3.3 Dewatering Lagoons
• 6.5.3.4 Vacuum Filters
• 6.5.3.5 Belt Filter Presses
• 6.5.3.6 Centrifuges
• 6.6 Resource Recovery
• 6.7 Final Disposal
• References
• 7. NEW TECHNOLOGIES
• 7.1 Adsorption
• 7.1.1 Adsorption Isotherm
• 7.1.1.1 Langmuir Model
• 7.1.1.2 Freundlich Model
• 7.2 Membrane Technologies
• 7.2.1 Microfiltration
• 7.2.2 Ultrafiltration
• 7.2.3 Nanofiltration
• 7.2.4 Reverse Osmosis
• References
• AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY