Readable and reliable, this work features new articles on topics of contemporary relevance to world Christianity and freshened articles on enduring theological subjects, providing comprehensive A-Z coverage for today's theology students.

Table of Contents

• Preface to the Third Edition
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Preface to the First Edition
• Contributors
• Abbreviations
• A
• Abelard, Peter (1079–1142).
• Abolitionism.
• Abortion.
• Absolution.
• Accommodation.
• Accountability.
• Acedia.
• Active Obedience of Christ.
• Acts of Uniformity.
• Actualistic Ontology.
• Adam.
• Adiaphora, Adiaphorists.
• Administration.
• Adolescence.
• Adonai.
• Adoption.
• Adoptionism.
• Adultery.
• Advent.
• Adventism.
• Aesthetics.
• Affliction.
• Affusion.
• African Theology.
• Agape.
• Age of Accountability.
• Aging.
• Agnosticism.
• Agricola, Johann (ca. 1494–1566).
• Agriculture.
• À Kempis, Thomas.
• Albertus Magnus (1193–1280).
• Albigenses.
• Alcohol, Drinking of.
• Alcuin (ca. 735–804).
• Alexander, Archibald (1772–1851).
• Alexander of Hales (ca. 1170–1245).
• Alexandrian Theology.
• Allegory.
• Alleine, Joseph (1634–68).
• Allen, Richard (1760–1831).
• All Saints’ Day.
• Almighty.
• Alms, Almsgiving.
• Altar.
• Altizer, Thomas J. J.
• Ambrose (ca. 339–97).
• Ames, William (1576–1633).
• Amillennialism.
• Amish.
• Amyraldianism.
• Anabaptism.
• Anagogical Sense of Scripture.
• Analogy.
• Anamnesis.
• Anathema.
• Ancestors, Veneration of.
• Ancient of Days.
• Andreae, Jakob (1528–90).
• Angel of the Lord.
• Angels.
• Anger.
• Anglican Communion.
• Anglo-Catholicism.
• Anhypostatic Christology.
• Animals.
• Annihilationism.
• Anoint, Anointing.
• Anomoians.
• Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109).
• Anthropology.
• Anthropomorphism.
• Anthroposophy.
• Antichrist.
• Anticlericalism.
• Anti-Judaism.
• Antinomianism.
• Antiochene Theology.
• Anti-Semitism.
• Antithesis.
• Antitype.
• Antony of Egypt (ca. 251–356).
• Apartheid.
• Aphrahat.
• Apocalyptic.
• Apocrypha, New Testament.
• Apocrypha, Old Testament.
• Apokatastasis.
• Apollinarianism.
• Apologetics.
• Apologists.
• Apophatic Theology.
• Apostasy.
• Apostle, Apostleship.
• Apostles’ Creed.
• Apostolic Fathers.
• Apostolic Succession.
• Appropriation.
• Aquinas, Thomas.
• Archaeology, Biblical.
• Archangel.
• Archbishop.
• Archdeacon.
• Architecture.
• Aridity/Desertion.
• Aristotle, Aristotelianism.
• Arius, Arianism.
• Armageddon.
• Arminianism.
• Arminius, Jakob (1560–1609).
• Armstrongism.
• Arnold, Eberhard.
• Art, Christian.
• Articles, Thirty-Nine.
• Articles of Religion.
• Asbury, Francis (1745–1816).
• Ascension Day.
• Ascension of Christ.
• Ascetic Theology.
• Aseity.
• Ash Wednesday.
• Asian American Theology.
• Asian Theology.
• Aspersion.
• Assumption of Mary.
• Assurance.
• Astrology.
• Athanasian Creed.
• Athanasius (ca. 296–373).
• Atheism.
• Atheism, Christian.
• Athenagoras (ca. 133–ca. 190).
• Atonement.
• Atonement, Extent of.
• Attributes, Communication of.
• Attributes of God.
• Aufklärung.
• Augsburg Confession (1530).
• Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604?).
• Augustine of Hippo (354–430).
• Aulén, Gustaf Emanuel Hildebrand (1879–1978).
• Authority in the Church.
• Authority of the Bible.
• Auxiliary Bishop.
• Avarice.
• Averroes.
• Avicenna.
• Awakenings, Great.
• Axiology.
• Azusa Street Revival.
• B
• Babylon.
• Baillie, John.
• Balthasar, Hans Urs von (1905–88).
• Ban, The.
• Baptism.
• Baptism, Believers’.
• Baptism, Infant.
• Baptism, Lay.
• Baptism, Modes of.
• Baptismal Regeneration.
• Baptism for the Dead.
• Baptism of Jesus.
• Baptism with the Spirit.
• Baptist Tradition, The.
• Barmen, Declaration of (1934).
• Barrenness.
• Barth, Karl (1886–1968).
• Basel, First Confession of (1534).
• Basil the Great (ca. 330–79).
• Baur, Ferdinand Christian.
• Bavinck, Herman (1854–1921).
• Baxter, Richard (1615–91).
• Beatification.
• Beatific Vision.
• Beauty.
• Bediako, Kwame (1945–2008).
• Begotten.
• Being.
• Belgic Confession (1561).
• Belief, Believe.
• Believer.
• Believers’ Baptism.
• Bellarmine, Robert (1542–1621).
• Benediction.
• Benedict of Nursia (ca. 480–547).
• Berdyaev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1874–1948).
• Berkeley, George (1685–1753).
• Berkhof, Louis (1873–1957).
• Berkouwer, Gerrit Cornelis (1903–96).
• Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153).
• Beza, Theodore (1519–1605).
• Bible.
• Bible, Inerrancy and Infallibility of.
• Bible, Inspiration of.
• Bible, Interpretation of.
• Biblical Criticism.
• Biblical Theology.
• Bioethics.
• Biography.
• Birth, New.
• Birth Control.
• Bishop.
• Black Theology.
• Blasphemy.
• Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit.
• Bloesch, Donald G.
• Blood.
• Bodily Presence.
• Bodily Resurrection.
• Bodily Resurrection of Christ.
• Body.
• Body of Christ.
• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus (ca. 480–524).
• Bogomils.
• Bohemian Brethren (Unitas Fratrum).
• Bonaventure (1221–74).
• Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906–45).
• Book of Common Prayer.
• Book of Concord.
• Booth, Catherine (1829–90).
• Booth, William (1829–1912).
• Born Again.
• Brethren.
• Brethren of the Common Life.
• British Israelitism.
• Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1910–90).
• Bruderhof.
• Brunner, Heinrich Emil (1889–1966).
• Buber, Martin (1878–1965).
• Bucer, Martin (1491–1551).
• Buddhism.
• Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolaevich (1870–1944).
• Bullinger, Johann Heinrich (1504–75).
• Bultmann, Rudolf (1884–1976).
• Bunyan, John (1628–88).
• Burial, Christian.
• Burnt Offering.
• Bushnell, Horace (1802–76).
• Butler, Joseph (1692–1752).
• C
• Cajetan, Thomas de Vio (1469–1534).
• Call, Calling.
• Calvin, John (1509–64).
• Calvinism.
• Calvinistic Methodism.
• Cambridge Platonism.
• Campbell, Alexander (1788–1866).
• Canon.
• Canonical Approach.
• Canonical Theism.
• Canonization.
• Canon Law.
• Canon of Scripture.
• Capitalism.
• Capital Punishment.
• Cappadocian Fathers.
• Cardinal.
• Cardinal Virtues.
• Caroline Divines.
• Cassian, John (ca. 360–435).
• Casuistry.
• Cataphatic Theology.
• Catechisms.
• Catechist.
• Catechumen.
• Cathari.
• Catholic.
• Catholic Church, Roman.
• Cause, Causation.
• Celibacy.
• Cereal Offering.
• Ceremonial Law.
• Cessationism.
• Chafer, Lewis Sperry (1871–1952).
• Chalcedon, Council of (451).
• Charismata.
• Charismatic Movement.
• Charity.
• Chastity.
• Chemnitz, Martin (1522–86).
• Cherub, Cherubim.
• Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1874–1936).
• Chicago School of Theology.
• Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy.
• Childhood.
• Chiliasm.
• Chinese Theology.
• Choose, Chosen.
• Chrism.
• Christ, Jesus.
• Christendom.
• Christening.
• Christianity and Culture.
• Christianity and Religions.
• Christian Liberty.
• Christians, Names of.
• Christian Science.
• Christian Socialism.
• Christian Year.
• Christmas.
• Christology.
• Christus Victor.
• Chrysostom, John (ca. 347–407).
• Church.
• Church, Authority in the.
• Church and State.
• Church Councils.
• Church Discipline.
• Church Growth Movement.
• Church of Christ.
• Church of Christ, Scientist.
• Church Officers.
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
• City.
• Civil Disobedience.
• Civil Religion.
• Civil Rights.
• Clark, Gordon Haddon (1902–85).
• Cleanness, Uncleanness.
• Clement of Alexandria (ca. 150–ca. 215).
• Clement of Rome.
• Clergy.
• Cloud of Unknowing, The (ca. 1370).
• Cobb, John B., Jr.
• Cocceius, Johannes (1603–69).
• Cohabitation.
• Coke, Thomas.
• Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772–1834).
• Collegialism.
• Comforter.
• Command, Commandment.
• Commission, Great.
• Common Grace.
• Common Prayer, Book of.
• Communicable Attributes.
• Communication of Attributes (Lat.
• Communication of Operations (Lat.
• Communion, Holy.
• Communion of Saints.
• Communitarianism, Community of Goods.
• Community.
• Comparative Religion.
• Complementarianism.
• Concept.
• Conciliarism.
• Concomitance.
• Concord, Book of (1580).
• Concord, Formula of (1577).
• Concupiscence.
• Concursus.
• Condemnation.
• Conditional Immortality.
• Cone, James.
• Confessing Church.
• Confession.
• Confession of 1967.
• Confessions of Faith.
• Confirmation.
• Congregationalism.
• Conscience.
• Conscientious Objection.
• Consensus Tigurinus.
• Consistent Eschatology.
• Constantinianism.
• Constantinople, First Council of (381).
• Constantinople, Second Council of (553).
• Constantinople, Third Council of (681).
• Constructive Theology.
• Consubstantiation.
• Consummation of the Age.
• Contemplation.
• Contextualization.
• Contingency Argument.
• Contingent Being.
• Contraception.
• Contra-Remonstrants.
• Conversion.
• Correlation.
• Cosmological Argument.
• Cosmology.
• Councils, Church.
• Counseling.
• Counter-Reformation.
• Courage.
• Covenant.
• Covenant of Grace.
• Covenant of Redemption.
• Covenant of Works.
• Covenant Theology.
• Creation.
• Creation, New; Creature, New.
• Creation and Evolution.
• Creation Care.
• Creationism.
• Creed, Creeds.
• Cremation.
• Crisis Theology.
• Cross, Crucifixion.
• Cross, Theology of the.
• Crucifixion.
• Crypto-Calvinism.
• Cults.
• Culture.
• Curate.
• Curse.
• Cyprian (200–258).
• Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444).
• Cyril of Jerusalem (ca. 310–87).
• D
• Dalit Theology.
• Daly, Mary.
• Damnation.
• Danvers Statement.
• Darby, John Nelson (1800–1882).
• Dark Night of the Soul.
• Day-Age Theory.
• Day of Christ, God, the Lord.
• Deacon, Deaconess.
• Dead, Abode of the.
• Dead, Prayers for the.
• Deadly Sins, Seven.
• Dead Sea Scrolls.
• Dean.
• Death.
• Death of Christ.
• Death of God Theology.
• Death Penalty.
• Decalogue.
• Deception.
• Deconstruction.
• Decrees of God.
• Defilement.
• Deification.
• Deism.
• Deity of Christ.
• Deliverance.
• Deluge.
• Demiurge.
• Demon, Demonization.
• Demythologization.
• Denney, James.
• Denominations.
• Deontological Ethics.
• Depravity, Total.
• Derrida, Jacques.
• Descartes, René (1596–1650).
• Descent into Hell (Hades).
• Design, Intelligent.
• Design Argument.
• Desire.
• Despair.
• Determinism.
• Deus ex Machina.
• Devil.
• Devotio Moderna.
• Dialectic.
• Dichotomy.
• Didache.
• Dilthey, Wilhelm.
• Diocese.
• Diodore of Tarsus (d. ca. 394).
• Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite.
• Disability.
• Discernment.
• Disciple.
• Discipline, Church.
• Discrimination.
• Dispensation, Dispensationalism.
• Divine Energies.
• Divine Presence.
• Divinity of Christ.
• Divinization.
• Divorce.
• Docetism.
• Doctrine.
• Dodd, Charles Harold.
• Dogma.
• Dominic, Dominicans.
• Donatism.
• Doorkeeper.
• Dooyeweerd, Herman (1894–1977).
• Dorner, Isaac August (1809–84).
• Dort, Synod of (1618–19).
• Double Predestination.
• Double Procession of the Holy Spirit.
• Doubt.
• Doxology.
• Drama.
• Dreams and Visions.
• Drechsel, Thomas.
• Drink Offering.
• Drunkenness.
• Dualism.
• Dulia.
• Duns Scotus, John (1266–1308).
• Duty.
• Dwight, Timothy.
• Dyothelitism.
• E
• Earth, Age of.
• Earth, New.
• Easter.
• Ebionites.
• Ecclesia.
• Eck, Johann (1486–1543).
• Eckhart, Meister.
• Ecology.
• Economics.
• Ecumenical Councils.
• Ecumenism.
• Eddy, Mary Baker.
• Education.
• Edwards, Jonathan (1703–58).
• Effective History.
• Effectual Calling.
• Egalitarianism.
• Egotism.
• El.
• Elder.
• Elect, Election.
• El Elyon.
• Elements, Elemental Spirits.
• Ellul, Jacques (1912–94).
• Elohim.
• El Shaddai.
• Elyah.
• Emanation.
• Ember Days.
• Embodiment.
• Emergent Christianity.
• Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–82).
• Empire.
• Empiricism.
• Encratites.
• End of the World.
• Energies, Divine.
• Enhypostatic Christology.
• Enlightenment, The.
• Environment.
• Envy.
• Ephesus, Council of (431).
• Ephrem the Syrian (306–73).
• Epicureanism.
• Epiklesis.
• Epiphany.
• Episcopacy.
• Epistemology.
• Erasmus, Desiderius (1466?–1536).
• Erastianism.
• Erigena, John Scotus (810–77).
• Error in the Bible.
• Eschatology.
• Essence.
• Essenes.
• Establishment, Church.
• Eternal Generation.
• Eternal Life.
• Eternal Punishment.
• Eternal Security of the Believer.
• Eternity.
• Ethics, Christian.
• Eucharist.
• Eugenics.
• Eusebius of Caesarea (ca. 260–ca. 339).
• Euthanasia.
• Eutychianism.
• Evagrius (ca. 345–99).
• Evangelicalism.
• Evangelicals and Catholics Together.
• Evangelism.
• Evening Prayer, Evensong.
• Everlasting Life.
• Everlasting Punishment.
• Evidence.
• Evil.
• Evil, Problem of.
• Evil One.
• Evil Spirits.
• Evolution.
• Exaltation of Jesus Christ.
• Ex Cathedra.
• Excommunication.
• Exegesis, Biblical.
• Exemplarism.
• Exhortation.
• Existence.
• Existence of God.
• Existentialism.
• Ex Nihilo, Creatio.
• Ex Opere Operato.
• Exorcism.
• Exorcist.
• Experience.
• Expiation.
• Extent of Atonement.
• External Calling.
• Extra Calvinisticum.
• Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus.
• Extreme Unction.
• F
• Faith.
• Faithfulness.
• Faith Healing.
• Fallen Human Nature of Christ.
• Fall of Humanity.
• Family.
• Fast, Fasting.
• Fate, Fatalism.
• Father, God as.
• Fathers, Church.
• Feasts and Festivals.
• Febronianism.
• Federal Theology.
• Feeling.
• Felix Culpa.
• Fellowship.
• Fellowship Offering.
• Feminism, Christian.
• Feminist Theology.
• Fertility and Infertility.
• Fideism.
• Figural Reading.
• Filioque.
• Finitude.
• Finney, Charles Grandison.
• Firstborn.
• Firstfruits.
• Five Points of Calvinism.
• Five Ways.
• Fixed Feast.
• Flesh.
• Flood.
• Florovsky, Georges (1893–1979).
• Followers of the Way.
• Food.
• Footwashing.
• Foreknowledge.
• Forgiveness.
• Form.
• Formation.
• Form Criticism.
• Formula of Concord.
• Fornication.
• Forsyth, Peter Taylor (1848–1921).
• Fortitude.
• Fortunate Fall.
• Fosdick, Harry Emerson (1878–1969).
• Foucault, Michel.
• Fourfold Sense of Scripture.
• Four Spiritual Laws, The.
• Fox, George (1624–91).
• Franciscan Order.
• Francis of Assisi (1182–1226).
• Francke, August Hermann (1663–1727).
• Freedom, Christian.
• Freedom, Free Will, and Determinism.
• Freewill Offering.
• Frei, Hans.
• Friend, Friendship.
• Friends, Religious Society of.
• Friends of God (Ger. Gottesfreunde).
• Fruit of the Spirit.
• Fundamentalism.
• Fundamentals, The.
• Fundamental Theology.
• Funeral.
• G
• Gadamer, Hans-Georg.
• Gallican Articles, Four (1682).
• Gallicanism.
• Gallic Confession (1559).
• Gap Theory.
• Gehenna.
• Gender.
• General Revelation.
• Generation, Eternal.
• Generosity.
• Genetic Engineering.
• Genevan Catechism (1537).
• Genre.
• Gentleness.
• Gerhard, Johann.
• German Christians.
• Gift.
• Gifts, Spiritual.
• Gilkey, Langdon B.
• Global South Christianity.
• Glorification.
• Glory.
• Glory, Theology of.
• Glossolalia.
• Gluttony.
• Gnesio-Lutherans.
• Gnosticism.
• God.
• God, Arguments for the Existence of.
• God, Names of.
• Godliness.
• God of the Gaps.
• Gogarten, Friedrich.
• Golden Rule.
• Good, the Good, Goodness.
• Good Friday.
• Good News.
• Good Works.
• Gospel.
• Gospel, Social Implications of.
• Government.
• Government, Church.
• Governmental Theory.
• Grace.
• Grace, Means of.
• Grace Communion International.
• Grain Offering.
• Grammatical-Historical Interpretation.
• Great Awakenings.
• Great Commission.
• Great Schism.
• Great Tribulation.
• Grebel, Conrad (ca. 1498–1526).
• Greed.
• Gregory I the Great (540–604).
• Gregory of Nazianzus (ca. 329–ca. 391).
• Gregory of Nyssa (ca. 335–ca. 395).
• Gregory Palamas (1296–1359).
• Griffin, David Ray.
• Groningen Theology.
• Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645).
• Grounding Objection.
• Guardian Angel.
• Guilt.
• Guilt Offering.
• Gutiérrez, Gustavo.
• Guyon, Madame.
• H
• Hades.
• Hagiography.
• Halfway Covenant (1662).
• Halloween (All Hallows Eve).
• Hamartiology.
• Hands, Laying on of.
• Happiness.
• Hardening, Hardness of Heart.
• Harnack, Adolf von (1851–1930).
• Harris, Howell.
• Hartshorne, Charles.
• Hauerwas, Stanley.
• Head, Headship.
• Heal, Healing.
• Heart.
• Heaven.
• Heavenlies, The.
• Heavens, New.
• Hedonism.
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831).
• Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976).
• Heidelberg Catechism (1563).
• Heilsgeschichte.
• Hell.
• Hellenism, Hellenization.
• Helvetic Confessions.
• Henry, Carl Ferdinand Howard (1913–2003).
• Heresy.
• Hermas, Shepherd of.
• Hermeneutics.
• Hermetic Literature.
• Herrnhut.
• Hesychasm.
• Hick, John Harwood.
• Hierarchy.
• High Church Movement.
• Higher Criticism.
• High Priest.
• Hilary of Poitiers (ca. 315–68).
• Hinduism.
• Hippolytus (ca. 170–ca. 236).
• Hispanic Theology.
• Historical Criticism.
• Historical Theology.
• Historie and Geschichte (Ger. history).
• History of Interpretation.
• History of Religion School.
• History of Salvation.
• Hodge, Archibald Alexander.
• Hodge, Charles (1797–1878).
• Hodgson, Peter C.
• Hofman, Melchior.
• Holiness.
• Holiness Movement.
• Holocaust, The.
• Holy Communion.
• Holy Ghost.
• Holy of Holies.
• Holy Orders.
• Holy Saturday.
• Holy Spirit.
• Holy Week.
• Homoousios.
• Homosexuality.
• Hooker, Richard (1554–1600).
• Hope.
• Hope, Theology of.
• Hospitality.
• Hosts, Lord of.
• Household Salvation.
• House of God.
• Hubmaier, Balthasar (ca. 1480–1528).
• Human Being.
• Humanism.
• Humanism, Christian.
• Humanity of Christ.
• Hume, David (1711–76).
• Humiliation of Jesus Christ.
• Humility.
• Hus, Jan (ca. 1372–1415).
• Hutchinson, Anne.
• Hymn.
• Hyperdulia.
• Hypostasis.
• Hypostatic Union.
• I
• “I Am” Sayings.
• Ibn Rushd (1126–98).
• Icon.
• Idealism.
• Identification with Christ.
• Ideology.
• Idolatry.
• Ignatius of Antioch.
• Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556).
• Illumination.
• Illuminative Way, The.
• Image of God.
• Images, Veneration of.
• Imagination.
• Imago Dei.
• Imitation of Christ.
• Immaculate Conception.
• Immanence of God.
• Immanuel.
• Immersion.
• Immigration.
• Imminence.
• Immortality.
• Immutability of God.
• Impanation.
• Impassibility of God.
• Impeccability of Christ.
• Imprecatory Psalms.
• Imputation.
• Incarnation.
• Inclusive Language.
• Incommunicable Attributes.
• Indian Theology.
• Indigenous Theologies.
• Indulgences.
• Inerrancy and Infallibility of the Bible.
• Infallibility.
• Infant Baptism.
• Infanticide.
• Infant Salvation.
• Infertility.
• Infralapsarianism.
• Iniquity.
• Inner Light.
• Inspiration of the Bible.
• Intercession.
• Intermediate State.
• Internal Calling.
• Internal Testimony of the Holy Spirit.
• Interpretation of the Bible.
• Interpretation of Tongues.
• Invisible Church.
• Invocation of Saints.
• Irenaeus (ca. 130–ca. 200).
• Irish Articles (1615).
• Irresistible Grace.
• Islam.
• Israel, New.
• Israel and Prophecy.
• J
• Jansen, Cornelius Otto (1558–1638).
• Jansenism.
• Jealousy.
• Jehovah.
• Jehovah's Witnesses.
• Jerome (ca. 347–419).
• Jerusalem.
• Jerusalem, New.
• Jesuits.
• Jesus Christ.
• Jesus Prayer.
• Jesus Seminar.
• John of the Cross (1542–91).
• John the Baptist.
• Jones, Griffith.
• Journey.
• Joy.
• Judaism.
• Judaizers.
• Judgment.
• Judgment, Last.
• Judgment, Theological.
• Judgment of Nations.
• Judgment Seat.
• Julian of Norwich (ca. 1342–ca. 1417).
• Justice.
• Justification.
• Justin Martyr (ca. 100–ca. 165).
• Just War Theory.
• K
• Kabbalah (Heb. qābal, “to receive tradition”).
• Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804).
• Kataphatic Theology.
• Kempis, Thomas à.
• Kenosis, Kenotic Theology.
• Kerygma.
• Keswick Convention.
• Keys of the Kingdom.
• Kierkegaard, Søren (1813–55).
• Kindness.
• King, Christ as.
• King, Martin Luther, Jr.
• Kingdom of Christ, God, Heaven.
• Kneel, Kneeling.
• Knowledge.
• Knox, John (1514?–72).
• Koinōnia.
• Kulturkampf.
• Kuyper, Abraham (1837–1920).
• L
• Labor.
• Lactantius (ca. 240–ca. 320).
• Lamb of God.
• Landmarkism.
• Language.
• Last Day, Days.
• Last Judgment.
• Last Rites.
• Last Supper.
• Last Things.
• Latin American Theology.
• Latitudinarianism.
• Latria.
• Latter-day Saints.
• Lauds.
• Lausanne Covenant.
• Law, Biblical.
• Laying on of Hands.
• Laziness.
• Leadership.
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716).
• Leipzig Disputation (1519).
• Lent.
• Leo I, the Great.
• Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81).
• Levinas, Emmanuel.
• Lewis, Clive Staples (1898–1963).
• Liberal Evangelicalism.
• Liberalism, Theological.
• Liberation Theology.
• Liberty, Christian.
• Liberty, Religious.
• Lie, Lying.
• Life.
• Light.
• Likeness of God.
• Limbo.
• Limited Atonement.
• Lindbeck, George.
• Literal Interpretation.
• Liturgy.
• Locke, John (1632–1704).
• Logic.
• Logical Positivism.
• Logos.
• Lollards.
• Lombard, Peter.
• Lonergan, Bernard Joseph Francis (1904–84).
• Lord.
• Lord, Jesus as.
• Lord's Day.
• Lord's Prayer.
• Lord's Supper.
• Lord's Supper, Views of.
• Love.
• Love Feast.
• Loving-kindness.
• Low Church.
• Lubac, Henri de.
• Lucifer.
• Lust.
• Luther, Martin (1483–1546).
• Lutheran Tradition.
• Luther's Small Catechism.
• LXX (Septuagint).
• M
• MacDonald, George (1824–1905).
• Machen, John Gresham (1881–1937).
• Mackintosh, Hugh Ross.
• Magic.
• Magisterium.
• Magnificat.
• Majoristic Controversy.
• Major Orders.
• Male and Female.
• Mammon.
• Man, Son of.
• Mandaeans.
• Manichaeism.
• Manson, Thomas Walter.
• Marburg Colloquy (1529).
• Marcellus, Marcellians.
• Marcion (d. ca. 160).
• Marion, Jean-Luc.
• Maritain, Jacques.
• Mark of the Beast.
• Marpeck, Pilgram.
• Marriage.
• Marriage Feast of the Lamb.
• Marrow Controversy.
• Martyr, Justin.
• Martyr, Peter.
• Martyrdom.
• Mary, Assumption of.
• Mary, The Blessed Virgin.
• Mass.
• Matins.
• Matter.
• Maundy Thursday.
• Maximus the Confessor (ca. 580–662).
• May Laws.
• McFague, Sallie.
• McPherson, Aimee Semple (1890–1944).
• Means of Grace.
• Meat Offering.
• Mediating Theology (Ger. Vermittlungstheologie).
• Mediation, Mediator.
• Meekness.
• Meister Eckhart (ca. 1260–1328).
• Melanchthon, Philip (1497–1560).
• Melchiorites.
• Melitian Schisms.
• Melito of Sardis.
• Memory.
• Mennonites.
• Menno Simons (ca. 1496–1561).
• Mercersburg Theology.
• Mercy.
• Mercy Seat.
• Merit.
• Merton, Thomas (1915–68).
• Messiah.
• Messianic Banquet.
• Messianic Judaism.
• Metaphor.
• Metaphysics.
• Metempsychosis.
• Methodism.
• Metropolitan.
• Metz, Johannes Baptist.
• Middle Knowledge.
• Midtribulation Rapture.
• Military Service.
• Millennium.
• Miller, William (1782–1849).
• Mind.
• Ministry.
• Minjung Theology.
• Minor Orders.
• Miracle.
• Missiology.
• Missional Theology.
• Modalism.
• Model.
• Moderator.
• Modernism.
• Molinism.
• Moltmann, Jürgen.
• Monarchianism.
• Monasticism.
• Monergism.
• Money.
• Monism.
• Monophysitism.
• Monotheism.
• Monothelitism.
• Montanism.
• Moon, Sun Myung.
• Moral Argument.
• Moral Influence Theory.
• Moral Theology.
• Moravian Brethren.
• Mormonism.
• Morning Prayer.
• Mortality.
• Mortal Sin.
• Mortification and Vivification.
• Mosaic Law.
• Most Holy Place.
• Mother of God.
• Mott, John Raleigh (1865–1955).
• Movable Feast.
• Mujerista Theology.
• Müntzer, Thomas.
• Music, Christian.
• Mystery.
• Mystery of Iniquity.
• Mystery Religions.
• Mysticism.
• Myth.
• Myth of God Incarnate Debate.
• N
• Nag Hammadi Codices.
• Name.
• Narrative Theology.
• Nations, Judgment of.
• Native American Theology.
• Naturalism.
• Natural Law.
• Natural Theology.
• Nature, Theology of.
• Nature and Grace.
• Nazarene.
• Necessary Being.
• Nee, Watchman.
• Negation, Way of.
• Neo-Calvinism.
• Neoevangelicalism.
• Neonomianism.
• Neoorthodoxy.
• Neo-Pentecostalism.
• Neoplatonism.
• Neo-Thomism.
• Nestorius, Nestorianism.
• New, Newness.
• New Age Movement.
• New Atheism.
• New Birth.
• New Covenant.
• New Creation, New Creature.
• New England Theology.
• New Evangelicalism.
• New Hampshire Confession (1833).
• New Haven Theology.
• New Heavens and New Earth.
• New Hermeneutic.
• New Jerusalem.
• New Light Schism.
• Newman, John Henry (1801–90).
• New Quest for the Historical Jesus.
• New Religious Movements.
• New School Theology.
• New Testament.
• New Testament Theology.
• Niagara Conferences.
• Nicaea, Council of (325).
• Nicaea, Second Council of (787).
• Nicene Creed.
• Niebuhr, Helmut Richard (1894–1962).
• Niebuhr, Reinhold (1892–1971).
• Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900).
• Nihilism.
• Ninety-Five Theses (1517).
• Nominalism.
• Nonconformity.
• Nonviolence, Christian.
• Northfield Conferences.
• Nouvelle Théologie.
• Novatian Schism.
• Numerology.
• Numinous, The.
• Nygren, Anders (1890–1978).
• O
• Obedience.
• Obedience of Christ.
• Oberlin Theology.
• Obscenity.
• Occam, William of.
• Occult.
• Ockham, William of.
• Offerings and Sacrifices.
• Office, Daily (Divine).
• Officers, Church.
• Offices of Christ.
• Ogden, Schubert Miles.
• Oil, Anointing with.
• Old Lights, The.
• Old Roman Creed.
• Old School Theology.
• Old Testament.
• Old Testament Theology.
• Omission, Sins of.
• Omnipotence.
• Omnipresence.
• Omniscience.
• Only Begotten.
• Ontological Argument.
• Ontology.
• Open Theism.
• Oppression.
• Opus Operatum.
• Orality.
• Ordain, Ordination.
• Order of Salvation.
• Orders, Holy.
• Orders, Major.
• Ordination of Women.
• Ordo Salutis.
• Origen (ca. 185–ca. 254).
• Original Righteousness.
• Original Sin.
• Origin of Humanity.
• Origin of the Soul.
• Origin of the Universe.
• Orr, James (1844–1913).
• Orthodox Tradition.
• Orthodoxy.
• Osiander, Andreas (1498–1552).
• Otto, Rudolf.
• Overseer.
• Owen, John (1616–83).
• Oxford Movement.
• P
• Pacifism.
• Paedobaptism.
• Pain.
• Pain of God Theology.
• Palamas, Gregory.
• Paley, William.
• Palmer, Phoebe (1807–74).
• Palm Sunday.
• Panentheism.
• Pannenberg, Wolfhart (1928–2014).
• Pantheism.
• Papacy.
• Parachurch Ministry.
• Paraclete.
• Paradise.
• Paradox.
• Pardon.
• Parenthood.
• Parham, Charles Fox.
• Parousia.
• Participation.
• Pascal's Wager.
• Paschal Controversies.
• Passion of Christ.
• Passover.
• Pastoral Theology.
• Patience.
• Patriarch.
• Patripassianism.
• Patristics.
• Pattern.
• Paulicians.
• Paul of Samosata.
• Peace.
• Peace Offering.
• Peccability of Christ.
• Pelagius, Pelagianism.
• Penal Substitution.
• Penance.
• Pentecost.
• Pentecostalism.
• Perfection, Perfectionism.
• Perichoresis.
• Perpetual Virginity of Mary.
• Perseverance.
• Person.
• Personalism.
• Person of Christ.
• Peter, Primacy of.
• Peter Lombard (ca. 1100–1160).
• Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562).
• Pharisees.
• Phenomenology of Religion.
• Philippists.
• Philo.
• Philokalia (Gk. philos, “lover”; kalia, “the beautiful, excellent”).
• Philosophy.
• Philosophy of Religion.
• Photian Schism.
• Photinians.
• Phronēsis.
• Physicalism.
• Pietism.
• Pilgrimage.
• Pinnock, Clark H. (1937–2010).
• Place.
• Plantinga, Alvin.
• Plato, Platonism.
• Plenary Inspiration.
• Plotinus.
• Pneumatology.
• Pneumatomachians.
• Political Theology.
• Polity.
• Polygamy.
• Polytheism.
• Poor, Poverty.
• Pope.
• Pornography.
• Porter.
• Positive Thinking.
• Positivism.
• Possession, Demon.
• Postcolonial Theory.
• Postlapsarianism.
• Postliberal Theology.
• Postmillennialism.
• Postmodernism.
• Postsecularism.
• Posttribulation Rapture.
• Poverty.
• Power, Powers.
• Practical Theology.
• Pragmatism.
• Praise.
• Prayer.
• Prayers for the Dead.
• Preach, Preaching.
• Prebendary.
• Predestination.
• Preexistence of Christ.
• Preexistence of the Soul.
• Prelacy.
• Premillennialism.
• Presbyter.
• Presbyterianism.
• Presence, Divine.
• Preterition.
• Pretribulation Rapture.
• Prevenient Grace.
• Pride.
• Priest, Christ as.
• Priesthood.
• Priests and Levites.
• Princeton Theology, Old.
• Principalities and Powers.
• Priscillianism.
• Probabilism, Probabiliorism.
• Problem of Evil.
• Procession of the Spirit.
• Process Theology.
• Prolegomena.
• Promise.
• Prooftext.
• Prophecy, Prophet.
• Prophet, Christ as.
• Propitiation.
• Proposition.
• Prosperity Gospel.
• Protestantism.
• Providence of God.
• Prudence.
• Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.
• Psychology and Christianity.
• Psychology of Religion.
• Punishment.
• Purgative Way, The.
• Purgatory.
• Puritanism.
• Q
• Quadragesima.
• Quadrilateral, Wesleyan.
• Quakers.
• Queer Theology.
• Quest for the Historical Jesus.
• Quicunque Vult.
• Quietism.
• Quimby, Phineas Parkhurst.
• Quinquagesima.
• Qumran.
• R
• Racism.
• Racovian Catechism (1605).
• Radical Orthodoxy.
• Radical Reformation.
• Radical Theology.
• Rahner, Karl (1904–84).
• Ramm, Bernard (1916–92).
• Ramus, Peter (1515–72).
• Ransom.
• Rapture of the Church.
• Rationalism.
• Rauschenbusch, Walter.
• Reader.
• Realism.
• Realism, Scottish.
• Realized Eschatology.
• Real Presence.
• Reason.
• Rebaptism.
• Rebirth.
• Recapitulation.
• Reconciliation.
• Rector.
• Redeemer, Redemption.
• Reformation, Catholic.
• Reformation, Protestant.
• Reformed Epistemology.
• Reformed Tradition.
• Regeneration.
• Regeneration, Baptismal.
• Regula Fidei.
• Reid, Thomas.
• Reincarnation.
• Relativism.
• Relics.
• Religion, Phenomenology of.
• Religion, Religious.
• Religion, Sociology of.
• Religionless Christianity.
• Religionsgeschichte.
• Religious Liberty.
• Religious Pluralism.
• Remarriage.
• Remission of Sins.
• Remnant.
• Remonstrants.
• Renewal, Church.
• Repentance.
• Reprobation.
• Responsibility.
• Ressourcement.
• Resurrection of Christ.
• Resurrection of the Dead.
• Retaliation.
• Retrieval.
• Revelation.
• Revenge.
• Revisionist Theology.
• Revival, Spiritual.
• Revivalism.
• Reward.
• Riches.
• Ricoeur, Paul (1913–2005).
• Righteousness.
• Righteousness, Original.
• Rights, Human.
• Ritschl, Albrecht (1822–89).
• Ritual.
• Roman Catholicism.
• Roman Creed, Old.
• Romanticism.
• Rorty, Richard.
• Rowland, Daniel.
• Ruether, Rosemary Radford.
• Rule of Faith (Lat. regula fidei).
• Rural Dean.
• Russell, Charles Taze.
• Rutherford, Joseph Franklin.
• S
• Sabaoth.
• Sabbatarianism.
• Sabbath.
• Sabellianism.
• Sacrament.
• Sacred Space.
• Sacrifice.
• Sadducees.
• Said, Edward.
• Saint, Saintliness.
• Saints, Invocation of.
• Saints, Veneration of.
• Salvation.
• Salvation Army, The.
• Salvation History.
• Sanctification.
• Sardica, Council of (343–44).
• Sartre, Jean-Paul.
• Satan (Heb. śāṭān, “adversary”).
• Satanism.
• Satisfaction.
• Sattler, Michael.
• Saumer Academy.
• Savior.
• Savoy Conference (1661).
• Saxon Confession (1551).
• Sayers, Dorothy Leigh (1893–1957).
• Sayings of Jesus.
• Scapegoat.
• Schaeffer, Francis (1912–84).
• Schaff, Philip (1819–93).
• Schism (Gk. schisma, “division”).
• Schism, Great (1054).
• Schlatter, Adolf von (1852–1938).
• Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (1768–1834).
• Schleitheim, Seven Articles of.
• Scholasticism.
• Scholasticism, Protestant.
• Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth.
• Schwabach, Articles of (1529).
• Schweitzer, Albert.
• Science and Theology.
• Scientia Media.
• Scientific Creationism.
• Scofield, Cyrus Ingerson (1843–1921).
• Scopes Trial (1925).
• Scots Confession (1560).
• Scottish Realism.
• Scripture.
• Scripture, Interpretation of the Bible as.
• Second Advent of Christ.
• Second Chance.
• Second Coming of Christ.
• Second Death.
• Second Great Awakening.
• Sect, Sectarianism (Lat. secta, “party, school, faction,” perhaps deriving from the past participle either of secare, “to cut, to separate,” or of sequi, “to follow”).
• Secular Christianity.
• Secular Clergy.
• Secularism, Secular Humanism.
• Security of the Believer.
• Self-Control.
• Self-Esteem, Self-Love.
• Self-Existence.
• Semi-Arianism.
• Semi-Pelagianism.
• Senses of Scripture.
• Sensus Deitatis, Sensus Divinitatis.
• Sensus Plenior.
• Sentences.
• Separation.
• Separation, Marital.
• Separation of Church and State.
• Septuagesima.
• Septuagint (LXX).
• Seraph, Seraphim.
• Sermon on the Mount.
• Serpent.
• Servant of the Lord.
• Service.
• Session (Lat. sessio).
• Seven Articles of Schleitheim.
• Seven Deadly Sins.
• Seventh-day Adventism.
• Sexism.
• Sexual Ethics.
• Seymour, William J.
• Shaddai.
• Shalom.
• Shedd, William Greenough Thayer (1820–94).
• Shenoute (AD 348–466).
• Sheol.
• Shrove Tuesday.
• Signs and Wonders.
• Simeon the New Theologian (949–1022).
• Simons, Menno.
• Simplicity, Divine.
• Simul Iustus et Peccator.
• Sin.
• Sin, Conviction of.
• Sin, Man of.
• Sin, Mortal.
• Sin, Unpardonable.
• Sin, Venial (Lat. venia, “pardon, favor, kindness, forgiveness”).
• Singleness.
• Sinlessness of Christ.
• Sin Offering.
• Sins, Seven Deadly.
• Sins of Omission.
• Situation Ethics.
• Six Articles, The (1539).
• Slavery.
• Sloth.
• Smalcald Articles (1537).
• Small Catechism, Luther's.
• Smith, Joseph.
• Social Ethics.
• Social Gospel.
• Socialism, Christian.
• Social Justice.
• Social Theory.
• Social Trinitarianism.
• Society.
• Society of Friends.
• Society of Jesus (Jesuits).
• Socinus, Faustus (1539–1604).
• Sociology of Religion.
• Solidarity, Human.
• Solitude.
• Son of God (Gk. huios tou theou).
• Son of Man.
• Soteriology.
• Soul.
• Soul Sleep.
• Sovereignty of God.
• Space.
• Special Revelation.
• Spener, Philipp Jakob (1635–1705).
• Sphere Sovereignty.
• Spinoza, Benedict de (1632–1677).
• Spiration.
• Spirit (Heb. rûaḥ, “breath of mouth,” Pss. 33:6; 135:17; then “breath of air, wind,” Gen. 3:8 KJV margin).
• Spirit, Holy.
• Spirit, Unclean.
• Spirit Christology.
• Spirits, Discernment of.
• Spirits in Prison.
• Spiritual Body (Gk. sōma pneumatikon).
• Spiritual Disciplines.
• Spiritual Exegesis.
• Spiritual Exercises.
• Spiritual Gifts.
• Spirituality.
• Spiritual Theology.
• Spiritual Warfare.
• Sprinkle, Sprinkling.
• State.
• States of Jesus Christ.
• Steiner, Rudolf (1861–1925).
• Stewardship (Gk. oikonomia, “management of a household”).
• Stoddard, Solomon (1643–1729).
• Stoics, Stoicism.
• Stone-Campbell Movement.
• Storch, Nicholas.
• Stott, John R.
• Strauss, David Friedrich (1808–74).
• Strong, Augustus Hopkins (1836–1921).
• Stübner, Markus.
• Subdiaconate.
• Sublapsarianism.
• Subordinationism.
• Subsidiarity.
• Substance (Lat. substantia, Gk. hypostasis, “standing under”).
• Substitution.
• Suffering.
• Suffering Servant.
• Suffragan Bishop.
• Sunday.
• Supererogation, Works of.
• Superintendent.
• Supersessionism.
• Supper, Lord's.
• Supplication.
• Supralapsarianism.
• Symbolum Quicunque.
• Synagogue.
• Syncretism.
• Synergism (Gk. synergos, “working together”).
• Synod (Gk. synodos, “a group of people traveling together”).
• Systematic Theology.
• T
• Tabernacle, Temple.
• Tauler, Johannes.
• Taylor, Nathaniel William.
• Teaching.
• Technology.
• Teleological Argument.
• Temperance.
• Temple.
• Temptation.
• Tempter.
• Ten Articles (1536).
• Ten Commandments.
• Tenebrae.
• Teresa of Ávila (1515–82).
• Terminism.
• Territorialism.
• Terror, Terrorism.
• Tertullian (ca. 155–220).
• Testament.
• Testimonium Spiritus Sancti Internum.
• Testimony.
• Tetragrammaton.
• Tetrapolitan Confession (1530).
• Textual Criticism.
• Textus Receptus.
• Thank Offering.
• Theism.
• Theistic Evolution.
• Theocracy.
• Theodicy.
• Theodore of Mopsuestia (ca. 350–428).
• Theodoret of Cyrrhus (ca. 393–466).
• Theologia Crucis.
• Theologia Gloriae.
• Theological Interpretation of Scripture.
• Theological Method.
• Theological Virtues.
• Theology Proper.
• Theophany.
• Theosis.
• Theosophy.
• Theotokos.
• Thérèse of Lisieux (1873–97).
• Thielicke, Helmut (1908–86).
• Third Wave.
• Thirteen Articles, The (1538).
• Thirty-Nine Articles (1563).
• Thomas à Kempis (ca. 1379–1471).
• Thomas Aquinas (1225–74).
• Thomism.
• Tillich, Paul (1886–1965).
• Time (Gk. chronos).
• Tithing.
• Tolerance.
• Tongues, Speaking in (Gk. glossolalia).
• Torgau Articles, The.
• Torrance, Thomas Forsyth (1913–2007).
• Torture.
• Total Depravity.
• Tractarianism.
• Tracy, David.
• Tradition.
• Traducianism.
• Transcendence.
• Transcendentalism.
• Transcendental Meditation (TM).
• Transgression.
• Translation.
• Transmigration of Souls.
• Transubstantiation.
• Trent, Council of (1545–63).
• Trespass.
• Tribulation.
• Trichotomy.
• Trinity, The Holy.
• Troeltsch, Ernst (1865–1923).
• Trust.
• Truth.
• Tübingen School.
• TULIP
• Turretin, Francis (1623–87).
• Twelve Articles of the Peasants (1525).
• Twofold State of Jesus.
• Two Kingdoms Doctrine.
• Two Swords Theory.
• Type, Typology.
• U
• Ubiquity.
• Ultradispensationalism.
• Ultramontanism.
• Unbaptized Infants.
• Uncleanness.
• Unction, Extreme.
• Underhill, Evelyn (1875–1941).
• Understanding.
• Unforgivable Sin.
• Unification Church.
• Uniformity, Acts of.
• Union, Hypostatic.
• Union with Christ.
• Unitarianism.
• Unitas Fratrum.
• Unitive Way, The.
• Unity.
• Universalism.
• Universalism, Hypothetical.
• Universe, Origin of.
• Unpardonable Sin.
• Ursinus, Zacharias.
• Utilitarianism.
• Utopianism.
• Utrecht, Declaration of (1889).
• V
• Vainglory.
• Van Til, Cornelius (1895–1987).
• Vatican Council I (1869–70).
• Vatican Council II (1962–65).
• Veneration of Relics.
• Veneration of Saints.
• Vengeance.
• Venial Sin.
• Verbal Inspiration.
• Vermigli, Peter Martyr.
• Vermittlungstheologie.
• Vespers.
• Via Affirmativa, Via Affirmationis.
• Via Analogia.
• Via Eminentia.
• Via Illuminativa.
• Via Media.
• Via Negativa.
• Via Positiva.
• Via Purgativa.
• Via Unitiva.
• Vicar.
• Vicarious Atonement.
• Vice.
• Violence.
• Virgin Birth of Jesus.
• Virtue.
• Visible Church.
• Vision of God, Visio Dei.
• Vocation.
• Voice.
• Voluntarism.
• W
• Waldenses, Waldensians.
• Waldo, Peter.
• Walloon Confession.
• War.
• Warfield, Benjamin Breckinridge (1851–1921).
• Washing of Feet.
• Watchman Nee (1903–72).
• Watts, Isaac (1674–1748).
• Wave Offering.
• Way, Follower of the.
• Way International, The.
• Way of Affirmation.
• Way of Illumination.
• Way of Negation.
• Way of Purification.
• Wealth.
• Wesley, John (1703–91).
• Wesleyan Tradition.
• Westcott, Brooke Foss.
• Westminster Catechisms.
• Westminster Confession of Faith (1647).
• Whichote, Benjamin.
• Whitby, Synod of (664).
• Whitefield, George (1714–70).
• Whitehead, Alfred North.
• Whitsunday.
• Wiley, Henry Orton (1877–1961).
• Will.
• William of Ockham (ca. 1280–1349).
• Williams, John Rodman (1918–2008).
• Will of God.
• Wisdom.
• Wissenschaft.
• Witchcraft.
• Witness, Witnessing.
• Witness of the Holy Spirit.
• Wittenberg, Concord of (1536).
• Wolterstorff, Nicholas.
• Woman.
• Womanist Theology.
• Women, Ordination of.
• Wonder.
• Word, Word of God, Word of the Lord.
• Work.
• Works.
• World.
• World Council of Churches, The.
• Worldliness and Otherworldliness.
• Worldview.
• Worldwide Church of God.
• Worms, Diet of (1521).
• Worship.
• Wrath.
• Wrath of God.
• Würtemberg Confession (1552).
• Wycliffe, John (ca. 1330–84).
• Y
• Yahweh.
• Yale School.
• Year, Christian.
• Yoder, John Howard.
• Yoga.
• Young, Brigham.
• Youth.
• Z
• Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig von (1700–1760).
• Zionism.
• Zoroastrianism.
• Zurich Agreement (1549).
• Zwickau Prophets.
• Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531).