This volume provides a thorough and up-to-date synthesis of the expansive and highly influential literature from the last 30 years by bringing together contributions from leading authorities in the field, with emphasis placed on the most commonly investigated drugs of abuse.

Table of Contents

• List of Contributors
• Preface
• Section I Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Addiction: Learning, Inhibitory Control, and Working Memory
• Addiction as Maladaptive Learning, with a Focus on Habit Learning
• Introduction
• Foundations for Studying Habit Behaviors: Animal Studies
• Animal Addiction Studies
• Human Studies
• Human Addiction Studies
• Stress and Habit-Learning Studies in Humans
• Habitual Responding as an Intermediate Phenotype
• Neural Bases of Addiction-Related Impairments in Response Inhibition
• Introduction
• The Neurobiology of Response Inhibition
• Response Inhibition and Drug Use Vulnerability
• Response Inhibition and Current Use
• Response Inhibition and Abstinence
• Working Memory Functioning and Addictive Behavior: Insights from Cognitive Neuroscience
• Introduction
• A Primer on Working Memory
• Theories of Addiction Featuring Working Memory
• Drug Effects on Working Memory
• Clinical Applications of Working Memory and Addiction
• Conclusions
• Section II Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Addiction: Reward, Motivation, and Decision Making
• Behavioral and Brain Response to Non-Drug Rewards in Substance Abuse: Implications for Motivational Theories of Addiction
• Introduction
• Motivational Theories of Addiction: Risk for and Maintenance of Addiction
• Neuroimaging to Detect Brain Signatures of Altered Motivation in Addiction
• fMRI-Detected Reward Processing Alterations in At-risk Youth
• fMRI-Detected Reward Processing Alterations in Drug Using or Abusing Subjects
• Interpretive Caveats and Sources of Variability in fMRI Addiction Literature
• Future Directions
• Role of the Value Circuit in Addiction and Addiction Treatment
• Introduction
• Defining Addiction and the Role of Dopamine
• Effects of Addiction on the Anatomy of the Value Circuit
• Role of the Value Circuit in Drug-Cue Processing in Addiction
• Role of the Value Circuit in Non-Drug Reward Processing in Addiction
• Treating Value-Circuit Disturbances in Addiction
• Conclusion
• The Insula: A Critical Neural Substrate for Drug Seeking under Conflict and Risk
• Introduction
• Insula Lesions in Humans Disrupt Smoking Behavior
• The Insula Plays a Role in Appetitive and Motivational Processes Underlying Addiction
• The Insula Represents the Interoceptive Effects of Addictive Drugs
• The Insula Functions as a Control System in Addiction
• The Insula Is a Driver of Drug Craving and Drug Seeking under Conflict and Risk
• Alternative Models of Insula Function in Addiction
• Clinical Implications
• Acknowledgments
• Addiction as a Symptom of Failure Modes in the Machineries of Decision Making
• Introduction
• The Machineries of Decision Making in the Mammalian Brain
• Failure Modes in the Machineries of Decision Making
• Treatment Implications
• The Way Forward
• Acknowledgments
• Section III Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Addiction: Drug-Cue Reactivity and Craving
• The Role of Sensory and Motor Brain Regions in Drug-Cue Reactivity
• Introduction
• Sensory Brain Regions
• Motor Brain Regions
• Visuomotor Brain Regions
• Crossmodal and Multisensory Processes
• Conclusion
• Neural Mechanisms Underlying Craving and the Regulation of Craving
• Introduction
• Craving and Drug Use
• Cue-Induced Craving
• Neurobiology of Craving
• Regulation of Craving
• Concluding Remarks
• Acknowledgments
• Neurobiology of Alcohol Craving and Relapse Prediction: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment
• Introduction
• Theoretical Background to Alcohol Craving and Relapse
• Evidence for Alcohol Cue-Induced Craving
• Studies on the Prospective Risk of Alcohol Relapse
• Neuroimaging as a Diagnostic Tool in Alcohol Dependence
• Summary and Outlook
• Acknowledgments
• Neural Mechanisms Associated with Stress-Induced Drug Craving
• Introduction
• Drug Craving: Its Relevance to Drug Use and Relapse
• Chronic Substance Abuse and Stress Response
• Modeling Stress Response in Substance Abuse
• Altered Stress Response and Relapse Risk
• Stress Is an Important Component of the Drug Craving State
• Neural Circuits of Stress and Reward Regulation
• Addiction-Related Dysfunction in Prefrontal—Limbic—Striatal Circuits during Stress and Drug Craving
• Summary and Conclusions
• Section IVCognitive Neuroscience and the Development of Addiction
• Neurological Risk Factors for the Development of Problematic Substance Use
• Introduction
• Neurological Systems Implicated in Problematic Substance Use
• Identifying Neurological Risk for Problematic Substance Use
• Premorbid Deviation in Key Neurological Systems: Risk for Problematic Substance Use
• Neurological Endophenotypes Index Premorbid Risk for Problematic Substance Use
• Behavioral Disinhibition Predicts Problematic Substance Use and Externalizing Psychopathology
• Summary
• Future Directions
• Adolescence and Addiction: Vulnerability, Opportunity, and the Role of Brain Development
• Introduction
• Adolescent Brain Development
• The Adolescent Brain and Smoking
• Persistent Effects of Adolescent Smoking on Brain Development
• Intervention Opportunities
• Conclusion
• Neurocognition and Brain Abnormalities among Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Users
• Introduction
• Alcohol and Drug Effects on Behavior and Cognition
• Alcohol and Drug Effects on Brain Structure
• Alcohol and Drug Effects on Brain Function
• Dissociating Risk for from the Effects of Alcohol and Drug Use on the Adolescent Brain
• Recovery following Abstinence
• Longitudinal Studies of the Effects of Alcohol and Substance Use on Adolescent Cognition and Brain Development
• Conclusions and Future Directions
• Section V Cognitive Neuroscience and the Treatment of Drug Addiction
• The Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Psychosocial Interventions for Addiction: Motivational Interviewing as a Case Study
• Introduction
• Relevance of Change Talk
• Cognitive Neuroscience Research Examining Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Interviewing (MI)
• Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Evaluation with Adults with Alcohol Dependence (Feldstein Ewing, Filbey, Sabbineni, et al., 2011)
• fMRI Evaluation with Binge Drinking Emerging Adults (Feldstein Ewing, Yezhuvath, Houck, & Filbey, 2014)
• fMRI Evaluation of Adolescent Regular Cannabis Users (Feldstein Ewing, McEachern, Yezhuvath, Bryan, Hutchison, & Filbey, 2013)
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Evaluation for Adult Substance Users (Houck, Moyers, & Tesche, 2013)
• Comparison of Outcomes
• Proposed Translational Model (Feldstein Ewing, Filbey, Hendershot, et al., 2011)
• How These Studies Can Serve as “Case Studies” for Elucidating the Active Components for Other Psychosocial Interventions
• Implications for the Treatment Provider
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• Brain Stimulation as a Novel Technique for Craving Management and the Treatment of Addiction
• Introduction
• The Neurobiology of Addiction: A Brief Overview
• Addiction and Brain Stimulation
• Cocaine and Brain Stimulation
• Ecstasy and Brain Stimulation
• Cannabis and Brain Stimulation
• Alcohol and Brain Stimulation
• Nicotine and Brain Stimulation
• Future Research Applications
• Conclusions
• Development of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback for Craving in Nicotine-Dependent Cigarette Smokers
• Introduction
• rtfMRI Feedback Methodology Development
• Imaging Craving and Resisting the Urge to Smoke
• General Methodology
• Selection of ROI for rtfMRI Feedback
• Reference Block
• Initial Crave and Resist Feedback
• Multiple Training Visits
• Controlled Trial
• Discussion
• Future Directions
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• Section VI Emerging Themes and Future Directions
• Advancing Addiction Research through the Integration of Genetics and Neuroimaging
• Introduction
• A Theoretical Framework for Addiction Research
• Neuroimaging Studies of Addiction
• Imaging Reward Pathway Dysregulation in Addiction
• Imaging Control Mechanisms in Addiction
• Other Functional Tasks Relevant to the Study of Addiction
• Examining the Relationship between Neural Reward and Control Systems
• Structural Imaging and Network Connectivity in Addiction
• Genetic Studies of Addiction
• Integrated Studies: Reward Network
• Integrated Studies: Control Network
• Integrated Studies: Structural Imaging
• Future Directions: Addiction Epigenetics
• Conclusions
• Neuroeconomic Perspectives on the Potent but Inconsistent Motivations Characteristic of Addiction
• “Potent but Inconsistent” Motivations in Addiction
• Inconsistency between What and What? Diachronic versus Synchronic Conflict
• What Makes an Approach Neuroeconomic?
• The Emergence of BE Neuroeconomics
• Irrational Delay Discounting
• Delay Discounting and Addiction
• Neuroeconomics and Genetics: The Pursuit of Endophenotypes
• Prospect Theory: Behavioral Economics Most Successful Model
• The Neuroeconomics of Reference-Dependent Decision Making
• Relevant Neurobiological Abnormalities in Substance Abuse and Dependence
• Neurocellular Economics and Reinforcement Learning
• Neuroeconomics and Reinforcement Learning of the Habit System
• Neuroeconomics and Recovery
• Beyond Functional Localization: Advancing the Understanding of Addiction-Related Processes by Examining Brain Connectivity
• Introduction
• Methodological Considerations
• Addiction-Related Processes: Emerging Large-Scale Brain Network Perspectives
• Challenges and Future Directions
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• Functional Neural Predictors of Addiction Outcomes
• The Challenge of Predicting Addiction Outcomes
• The Promises and Pitfalls of Using Neuroimaging for Prediction
• Predicting Addiction Outcomes with Neuroimaging: Empirical Examples
• Conceptual Considerations in Using Neuroimaging for Predicting Addiction Outcomes
• Future Directions and Conclusions
• Acknowledgments