This comprehensive and authoritative encyclopedia addresses some of the most vital and practical issues of the twenty first century, including the importance and impact of race, ethnicity and nationalism worldwide.

Table of Contents

• Editors
• Advisory Editors
• Contributors
• Lexicon
• Timeline
• Introduction
• Acknowledgments
• A
• Abduh, Muhammad (1849–1905)
• Abolitionism
• Accommodation
• Acculturation
• Affirmative Action
• Affirmative Action for Majority Groups in the United States
• Affirmative Action, Race, and Ethnic Quotas
• Afghanistan
• Africa, Sub-Saharan
• African Diaspora
• African Diasporas in Canada
• Afrikaners (Boers)
• Aging
• Ainu
• Al-Afghani, Sayyid Jamaal ad-Deen (1838–97)
• Albania
• Aleuts
• Alliances
• American Dilemma
• American Exceptionalism
• Americanization
• Amish
• Anderson, Benedict (1936–)
• Andes
• Anglo-Conformity
• Antidiscrimination Laws
• Antiracism
• Antisemitism
• Arab Americans
• Arendt, Hannah (1906–75)
• Argentina
• Armenians
• Armstrong, John A. (1922–2010)
• Armstrong, Louis (1901–71)
• Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769–1860)
• Art and Nationalism
• Artists and Nationalism
• Aryan
• Assimilation
• Assimilation, Segmented
• Asylum in the Twenty-First Century
• Australia
• Australia, White Australia Policy
• Authenticity
• Authoritarian Personality
• Ayodhya Issue
• B
• Back to Africa Movement
• Balkanization
• Balkans
• Banality of Evil
• Banal Nationalism
• Bangladesh
• Barth, Fredrik (1928–)
• Basques
• Beauty, Race, and Power
• Beijing Consensus
• Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein and Murray)
• Ben-Gurion, David (1886–1973)
• Berbers (Amazigh)
• Berlin, Isaiah (1909–97)
• Bilingualism
• Birth of a Nation, The
• Black Aesthetics
• Black Feminist Thought
• Black Marxism
• Black Middle Class in the Post-Civil Rights Era
• Black Middle Class in South Africa (“Black Diamonds”)
• Black Middle Class in the United States
• Black Muslims (African American Muslims)
• Black Nationalism
• Black Spirituals
• Black Urban Regime
• Black Zionism
• Blockbusting
• Blyden, Edward Wilmot (1832–1912)
• Boas, Franz (1858–1942)
• Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830)
• Bolivia
• Bonaparte, Napoleon (Napoleon I) (1769–1821)
• Born-Global Firms
• Bosnia
• Boundaries
• Bounded Rationality
• Bracero
• Brazil
• Britain
• British Pluralism
• Brittany
• Brown v. Board of Education
• Bulgaria
• Burakumin
• Busing (School Desegregation)
• C
• Cambodia under Pol Pot
• Cameroon
• Captive Mind, The (Miłosz)
• Caribbean
• Caste System of Stratification
• Catalonia
• Caucasian
• Census and Categorization
• Census Data and Ethnicity
• Central Asia
• Césaire, Aimé (1913–2008)
• Chain Migration (Network Migration)
• Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (1855–1927)
• Character, National
• Chavez, Cesar E. (1927–93)
• Chechnya
• Chile, Indigenous Peoples in
• China, Pastoralists in
• Chinese Americans
• Chinese Consumption Patterns
• Chinese Migration and Chinese Overseas
• Chinese Nationalism
• Chosen Peoples
• Christianity
• Citizenship
• Citizenship and Nationality
• Civic and Ethnic Nationalism
• Civilizing Processes
• Civil Rights Movement
• Clash of Civilizations, The (Huntington)
• Class and Race
• Class, Status, and Party
• Collective Action
• Collective Memory
• Colonialism, Modern, and Race
• Colonialism and Neocolonialism
• Color Consciousness
• Color Line
• Communism and Nationalism
• Confederate States of America (the Confederacy)
• Conflict
• Conflict Management in Organizations
• Conflict Resolution and Ethnic Relations
• Conflict Theory
• Confucianism
• Connor, Walker (1926–)
• Consociationalism (Consociational Democracy)
• Cooperatives
• Corporate Cultures in Global Perspective
• Cosmopolitanism
• Cox, Oliver Cromwell (1901–74)
• Creoles and Creolization
• Crime and Race
• Cross-national Communication
• Cuban Americans
• Cultural Diversity and Aging in the United States
• Cultural Intelligence Measure
• Cultural Nationalism
• Cultural Relativism
• Cultural Resistance
• Culture, Conceptual Clarifications of
• Culture of Poverty, Beyond the
• Cyprus
• Czechs
• D
• Darfur
• Death Penalty and Race
• Death Rituals in the United States
• Democracy and Organization
• Denmark
• Dependency and World-Systems Theories
• Deutsch, Karl Wolfgang (1912–92)
• Developmental State
• Diaspora
• Digital Divide, Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the
• Discourse Studies
• Discrimination, Categorical and Statistical
• Diseases, Racial Biases in
• Diversity
• Diversity and Knowledge Transfer
• Diversity and Organizational Change/Performance
• Diversity and Small Business
• Diversity, Tasks, and Structure in Teams
• Diversity in Work Teams
• Dollard, John (1900–80), Race and Caste Thesis
• Dominican Americans
• Dominican Republic
• Double Consciousness
• Douglass, Frederick (1818–95)
• Dover, Cedric (1904–61)
• Driving while Black
• Dual Labor Market Theories
• Du Bois, W. E. B. (1868–1963)
• Durkheim, Émile (1858–1917)
• E
• East Asia
• Eastern Europe
• Economic Development
• Educational Inequality
• Educational and Occupational Attainment
• Egypt
• Elias, Norbert (1897–1990) and Established–Outsider Relations
• Ellington, Duke (1899–1974)
• Ellison, Ralph (1914–94)
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Emerging Markets
• Empire
• Employment Discrimination
• Endogamy
• Entertainment and Race
• Environmentalism (Environmental Racism)
• Epidemiology
• Equality
• Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
• Ethics, Human Rights, and Human Resource Management
• Ethiopia
• Ethnic Allocation of Rewards in Organizations
• Ethnic Cleansing and Ethnic Swamping
• Ethnic Democracy
• Ethnic Economies
• Ethnic Enclaves
• Ethnic Groups
• Ethnicity
• Ethnicity, Concepts of
• Ethnicity versus Culture
• Ethnicity versus Race
• Ethnic Options
• Ethnic Politics
• Ethnic, Racial, and Nationalist Movements
• Ethnic Stratification within Organizations
• Ethnonationalism
• Ethnosymbolism
• Eugenics
• Eurocentricity
• European Union
• Exploitation, Cultural Appropriation, and Degradation
• Expulsion
• F
• Family Diversity
• Fanon, Frantz (1925–61)
• Fascism
• Feminism, Multiracial
• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814)
• Filipino Americans
• Finland
• Football Hooliganism
• Fortress Europe
• France
• Frazier, E. Franklin (1894–1962)
• Friendship, Race, and Ethnicity
• Fromm, Erich (1900–80)
• G
• Gamio, Manuel (1883–1960)
• Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869–1948)
• Gangs
• Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940)
• Gastarbeiter in Germany
• Gellner, Ernest (1925–95)
• Gender, Racialized
• Gendered Aspects of War and International Violence
• Generational Changes in the Workplace and Organizational Performance
• Genetic Research and Representations of Race
• Genetics
• Genocide
• Genotype and Phenotype
• Gentlemen's Agreement
• Georgia
• Germany
• Gerrymandering
• Ghana
• Ghetto
• Global Careers in the Twenty-First Century
• Global Cosmopolitanism and Cosmopolitans
• Global Domestic/Homecare Workers
• Global Innovation
• Globalization, Cultural Dimensions
• Globalization and Global Justice
• Globalization and Nationalism
• Gobineau, Arthur de (1816–82)
• Golden Ages
• Government Intervention in International Business
• Greeks
• Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin (1783–1872)
• Guatemalan Immigrants to the United States
• Guestworkers
• Guevara, Ernesto “Che” (1928–67)
• Gumplowicz, Ludwig (1838–1909)
• Gypsies (Romany People, Travellers)
• H
• Hakka Chinese
• Hansen's Law
• Harlem Renaissance, Cultural Politics of
• Hastings, Adrian (1929–2001)
• Hate Crimes
• Hawaii
• Hayes, Carlton (1882–1964)
• Health and Race
• Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803)
• Hereditarianism
• Hierarchy, Racial
• Historically Black Colleges and Universities
• Historiography of Race and Racism
• History and Nationalism
• Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945)
• Hmong
• Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1917–2012)
• Hofstede, Geert (1928–)
• Holocaust
• Hong Kong, Migrants in
• Hull House
• Humor and Race
• Hungarians
• Hybridity
• I
• Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
• Iceland
• Identity, National
• Identity, Social-Psychological Aspects of
• Identity Politics/Relational Politics
• Immigrant Education
• Immigrant Employment
• Immigrant Generations
• Immigrant Housing in the United States
• Immigrants, Undocumented
• Immigrant Smuggling
• Immigrant Women
• Immigration
• Immigration, Deflection of
• Immigration, Illegal
• Immigration, Illegal, Economic Impact of
• Immigration to the United States
• Immigration and Welfare
• Imperialism
• Index of Dissimilarity
• India
• Indian Diaspora
• Indigenismo
• Indigenous Movements in Latin America
• Indigenous Peoples
• Indonesia
• Inequality, Wealth
• Informal Economy
• Ingroups and Outgroups
• Integration
• Intelligence Tests
• Interaction
• Intermarriage
• Internal Colonialism
• Internal Migration
• Internal Migration in China
• International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
• International Migration
• Intersectionality
• Invasion–Succession
• Iran
• Iraq
• Ireland
• Irredentism
• Islam
• Islamophobia
• Israel, Ethnicity in
• Israeli–Palestinian Conflict
• Israelis in the United States
• Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig (1778–1852)
• Japan
• Japan, Multiethnicity in
• Japanese American Internment
• J
• Japanese-Style Management
• Jazz
• Jewish Ethiopian Israelis
• Jewish Identity and Modernity
• Jews in the United States
• Johnson, Charles S. (1893–1956)
• Johnson, Jack (1878–1946)
• Johnson, James Weldon (1871–1938)
• K
• Kashmir
• Kazakhs
• Kenya
• King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–68)
• Kohn, Hans (1891–1971)
• Korea
• Kossuth, Lajos (1802–94)
• Kurds and the PKK
• L
• Labeling Theory
• Language
• Latin America
• Latinas/os
• Latinidad and Consumer Culture
• Latinoization of the United States
• Leadership Styles
• Learning Organizations and Diversity Management
• Lebanon
• Lenin (1870–1924), Stalin (1878–1953), and Nationalism
• Le Pen, Jean-Marie (1928–), Marine Le Pen (1968–), and the Front National
• Liberalism
• Liberia
• Liebow, Elliot (1925–94)
• Literature and Nationalism
• Locke, Alain (1885–1954)
• Loving v. Virginia
• Lynching
• M
• Macedonians
• Malta
• Managing Human Capital in Government Organizations
• Managing Human Capital in Not-for-Profit Organizations
• Mandela, Nelson (1918–2013)
• Mandela, Nelson (1918–2013) and Apartheid
• Manifest Destiny
• Māori and Pakeha (New Zealand)
• Mao Zedong (1893–1976)
• Maquiladoras
• Marginality
• Market Transition
• Marley, Bob (1945–81)
• Martial Races
• Martineau, Harriet (1802–76)
• Marxism
• Masking (Wearing the Mask)
• Massive Resistance
• Mays, Benjamin (1894–1984)
• Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–72)
• Media and Diaspora
• Media and Nationalism
• Media and Race
• Medical Sociology and Genetics
• Meritocracy
• Mexican Americans
• Microfinance
• Middle East and North Africa
• Migration Controls, International Comparisons of
• Migration, Ethnic Conflicts, and Racism
• Migration and the Labor Force
• Military, Racial Inequality in the US
• Military Systems, Race, and Ethnicity
• Mill, John Stuart (1806–73)
• Mills, C. W. (1916–62) on Ethnicity and Puerto Ricans
• Minorities
• Minzoku
• Missionaries
• Model Minority Myth
• Modernism
• Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Mormons and Race
• Mortality, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States
• Mosley, Oswald (1896–1980)
• Moynihan Report, The
• Mulatto (Mixed Race)
• Multiculturalism
• Multiculturalism in Business
• Multinational Corporations
• Music and Nationalism
• Muslim Diaspora in the West
• Muslim Minorities in China
• Muslim Minorities in the United States
• Muslims, Migration and Settlement of
• Myanmar (Burma)
• Myth of the Frontier
• Mythogenesis
• Myth of Return
• Myths of Ethnic Descent
• N
• Nanjing Massacre
• Nation
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
• Nationalism
• Nationalism, Everyday
• Nation and Homeland
• Nation of Islam
• Nations before Nationalism
• Nation-State
• Nation-States and Nationalism
• Naturalization
• Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889–1964)
• Neo-Nazi Movement in the Twenty-First Century
• Netherlands
• Nigeria
• Nkrumah, Kwame (1909–72)
• Nongovernmental Organizations
• Northern Ireland
• Nyerere, Julius Kambarage (1922–99) and Ujamaa
• O
• Obama, Barack (1961–)
• Occupational Segregation
• Ogaden
• One Country, Two Systems
• Opportunity Hoarding
• Organizational Behavior in Multinational Organizations
• Organizational Missions and Goals
• Organizational Performance and Diversity
• Organized Crime in the United States
• Orientalism
• Ottoman Empire
• Outsider-Within
• P
• Pakistan
• Palestinians
• Park, Robert E. (1864–1944) and Ernest W. Burgess (1886–1966)
• Party Nationalization
• Passing
• Paternalism
• Patriotism
• Peace and Reconciliation Processes
• Perennialism
• Peru
• Philanthropy
• Philippines
• Pillarization
• Pogroms
• Poland
• Political Islam
• Political Representation
• Politics of Race
• Polyethnicity
• Postcolonialism
• Postmodern Social Theory
• Postnationalism
• Postracialism
• Powell, Enoch (1912–98)
• Power
• Power Theories of Race Relations
• Prejudice
• Primordialism
• Professional Socialization in Organizations and Ethnicity
• Professions and Ethnicity
• Profiling, Racial
• Project Management in a Multicultural Setting
• Pruitt–Igoe Homes
• Prussia
• Psychology of Nationalism
• Puerto Rico
• Purity, Racial
• Q
• Quebec
• S
• Race, Changing Historical Conceptions of
• Race Relations, Critical Rationalist Perspective on
• Race Relations Cycle
• Racial Backlash
• Racism
• Racism, Overt
• Racism, Scientific
• Racism, Structural and Institutional
• Racism without Racists
• Racist Movements
• Rastafari Movement
• Recognition
• Refugee Movements
• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
• Religion
• Religion and Business
• Religious Nationalism
• Renan, Ernest (1823–92)
• Reparations
• Residential Segregation
• Restrictive Covenants
• Return Migration (Ethnically Privileged Migration)
• Reverse Discrimination
• Rex, John (1926–2011)
• Riots
• Riots, Race
• Risorgimento and Nationalism
• Rizal, José (1861–96)
• Robeson, Paul Leroy (1898–1976)
• Romanians
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–78)
• Russia
• Rustbelt and Race
• Rwanda (Burundi)
• Salvadoran Immigrants to the United States
• Sami
• Sanskritization
• Sardinia
• Scarman Report, The
• Schools, Magnet
• Science, Ethnicity, and Culture
• Science and Race
• Scotland
• Selling and Marketing to Multicultural Clients
• Senghor (1906–2001)
• Separate but Equal
• Separatism
• Serbs and Croats
• Settler Societies
• Shils, Edward (1910–95)
• Shintoism
• Skin Color
• Skinheads
• Slavery
• Slavs
• Slurs
• Smuts, Jan Christian (1870–1950)
• Social Capital
• Social Change
• Social Constructionist Theories
• Social Darwinism
• Social Democracy and Nationalism
• Social Distance
• Social Exclusion
• Socialism and Nationalism
• Social Movements, Nonviolent
• Social Networks and Organizational Performance
• Social Networks and Racial and Ethnic Boundaries in Organizations
• Social Work and Race
• Sociobiology
• Soekarno (1901–70)
• Sojourners
• Soka Gakkai and Komeito
• Solidarity
• Somalia
• Somali Immigrants to the United States
• South Africa
• Southeast Asia
• Sovereignty
• Sowell, Thomas (1930–)
• Spanish–American War of 1898
• Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903)
• Sport and Nationalism
• State Corporatism
• Status Construction Theory
• Steering in Real Estate
• Stereotyping, National
• Stereotyping and Stereotypes
• Stigma
• Stranger, the
• Stratification in the Labor Market
• Stress and Migration
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
• Subculture
• Sufism
• Sumner, William G. (1840–1910)
• Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925)
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Syria
• T
• Taiwan
• Taoism (Tao)
• Terrorism
• Thomas, William Isaac (1863–1947)
• Three-Fifths Compromise
• Tibet
• Tocqueville, Alexis de (1805–59)
• Tokenism
• Totalitarianism
• Trade Unionism and Racism
• Trail of Tears
• Transatlantic Black Diaspora
• Transcendence of Nationalism
• Transnationalism
• Transnationalism and Citizenship
• Transracial Adoption
• Transylvania
• Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–96)
• Tribalism
• Trinidad and Tobago
• Triple Melting Pot
• Truth, Sojourner (1797–1883)
• Truth Commissions
• Tubman, Harriet Ross (1822–1913)
• Turkey
• Twice Migrants and Multiple Migrants
• U
• Uganda
• Ukrainians
• Underachievement in Education
• Underclass
• Underground Economy
• Underground Railroad
• Unemployment and Race
• UNESCO Statements on Race
• Uneven Development
• Unions and Race
• United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind
• Urban Crime and Violence
• Urban Ecology
• Urban League
• Urban Renewal and Redevelopment
• V
• Values, Ethos, and Diversity
• Veblen, Thorstein (1857–1929)
• Veil
• Verwoerd, Hendrik (1901–66)
• Vietnam
• Volk
• W
• Wagner, Richard (1813–83)
• Wales
• War, Collective Memory, and Identity
• War, Impact of Ethnic Politics on
• War and Nationalism
• “War on Terrorism” and Immigration
• Washington, Booker T. (1856–1915)
• WASPs
• Weber, Max (1864–1920) and Group Monopolization
• Welfare Queen
• Westernization
• West Indians
• White Privilege
• Williams, Fannie Barrier (1855–1944)
• Workforce Diversity, Internal Labor Market Approach to
• Workplace, Race and Ethnicity in
• World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and Neoliberalism
• World Conflict
• X
• X, Malcolm (1925–65)
• Xenophobia
• Y
• Yasukuni (Tokyo Shrine to the Japanese Military War Dead)
• Yellow Peril
• Youth and Nationalism
• Yugoslavia
• Zaire (the Congo)
• Z
• Zapatistas
• Zimbabwe
• Zionism
• Znaniecki, Florian (1882–1958)
• Zoot Suit Riots
• Zulus
• Zuma, Jacob (1942–)