This Encyclopedia is a comprehensive A-Z reference that defines sexuality from a broad biocultural perspective and shows the diversity of human sexual behavior and belief systems.

Table of Contents

• About the Editors
• Contributors
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• A
• Abolitionism (international)
• Abortion
• Abstinence
• Abuse, sexual, by religious leaders
• Abuse, sexual, in war
• Abuse, sexual, of children
• Adolescence and sexual orientations
• Adolescence and sexuality
• Adolescent sex play
• Adult film, current perspectives on
• Adult film, golden age of
• Adult industry
• Adultery (biocultural aspects)
• Adultery and fidelity
• Advertisements
• Advertising, sexuality and language of
• Age of consent
• Aging, sexuality and
• Agriculture, beginnings of
• AIM clinics
• Allomothers
• Amazons
• Amputation
• Anal bleaching
• Anatomy, female
• Anatomy, male
• Androcentrism
• Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
• Androgyny
• Androgyny, archaeology of
• Anime and manga
• Anthropology
• Anthropology and sexology
• Aphrodisiacs
• Archaeological field work, sexuality in
• Arousal, sexual
• Arousal, sexual, disorder
• Asexual
• Asexual reproduction
• Attractivity
• AVN (Adult Video News)
• B
• Bakla (Philippines)
• BDSM (bondage, discipline, domination, submission, sadomasochism)
• Beauty or physical attractiveness
• Beauty pageants
• Beauty standards
• Benjamin, Harry (1885–1986)
• Bestiality
• Biology of sexual orientation
• Biomedical discourses and sexuality
• Biparental care
• Bipedalism and sex
• Birth (human)
• Birth (primates)
• Birth control and sexology
• Bisexuality
• Bisexuality and language
• Bloch, Iwan (1872–1922)
• Body integrity identity disorder
• Bodily senses
• Body building
• Body image
• Body modification, archaeology of
• Body modifications
• Bollywood
• Bonobos
• Breast cancer
• Breast enlargement
• Breast ironing
• Breast reduction
• Breastfeeding
• Breastfeeding and intimacy
• Breasts (infants vs. sex objects)
• Bright, Susie (1958–)
• Bullough, Vern Leroy (1928–2006)
• Butler, Judith (1956–)
• C
• Calderone, Mary Steichen (1904−1998)
• Capitalism
• Castration
• Celibacy
• Celibacy, archaeology of
• Chastity
• Chastity belts
• Child sexual grooming
• Childbirth
• Childhood sexuality
• Childhood, archaeology of
• Chimpanzees
• Circumcision, female, as sexual therapy
• Circumcision, male
• Class and sexual identity
• Cohabitation
• Colonialism and sexuality
• Coming out
• Coming out stories
• Companionate marriage
• Compulsory heterosexuality
• Conception
• Consensual sex
• Contraception
• Contraception/conception, archaeology of
• Coolidge effect, the
• Corseting
• Cosmetic surgery
• Covert allusions to sexuality
• Craft specialization
• Cross‐dressing
• Cuckoldry (human and nonhuman)
• Culture and reproduction
• Culture and sexuality
• D
• Desire versus “sexual identity” debate
• Desire, sexual
• Diamond, Milton (1934–)
• Discursive construction of sexuality
• Disease and bodily change
• Dominance rank (primates)
• Domination and submission (D&S)
• Dominatrix
• Double standard
• Drag (linguistically defined)
• Drag kings
• Drag queens
• Dress (clothing and adornment)
• Dry sex
• E
• Ejaculation, female
• Ejaculation, premature
• Ellis, Albert (1913–2007)
• Ellis, Havelock (1859−1939)
• Endometriosis
• Erectile dysfunction
• Erection
• Erogenous zones
• Erotic art
• Erotica vs. pornography
• Erotica, female‐friendly
• Erotica: cuckold
• Erotica: phone sex
• Erotica: romance novels
• Ethnicity and sexual identity in the United States
• Ethnic minorities
• Eugenics and sexology
• Eunuchs
• Evolution and sexology
• Evolutionary psychology
• Exhibitionism
• F
• Fantasy, sexual
• Female choice
• Female genital cosmetic surgery
• Female genital cutting debates
• Female genital cutting: controversies and responses
• Female to male trans person (FtM)
• Femininity
• Feminism
• Feminist archaeology
• Fertility and fecundity
• Fetish
• Figurines: Europe
• Figurines: Mesoamerica
• First intercourse
• Fitness
• Flo family (chimpanzee)
• Fluctuating asymmetry
• Foot‐binding
• Free love
• Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939)
• Freund, Kurt (1914–1996)
• Frotteurism
• G
• G spot
• Gagnon, John (1931–)
• Gay and lesbian language: historical perspectives
• Gay men
• Gay men's sexuality
• Gay spaces
• Gay men's communities
• Gebhard, Paul H. (1917–)
• Geisha
• Gender
• Gender dysphoria
• Gender identity and role
• Gender identity and role: clinical‐psychological aspects
• Gender performativity
• Gender role nonconformity
• Genital cutting, female
• Genital cutting, male
• Genital power, mystical
• Gerontophilia
• Gibbons
• Gimbutas, Marija (1921–1994)
• Globalization
• Goddesses
• Gorillas
• Gräfenberg, Ernst (1881–1957)
• Grandmothering
• Greek love: classical
• Greek love: post‐classical perspectives
• Group selection
• Gynecologic surgery
• Gynecology
• H
• Hair
• Hair removal
• Haire, Norman (1892–1952)
• Hay, Henry “Harry,” Jr. (1912–2002)
• Head hair
• Hebephilia
• Hegemonic masculinity
• Herdt, Gilbert (1949–)
• Heteronormative
• Heteronormativity
• Heterosexuality, invention of
• Hijras
• Hirschfeld, Magnus (1868–1935)
• Historical archaeology
• Hite, Shere (1942–)
• HIV/AIDS
• Hollander, Xaviera (1943–)
• Homophile movement
• Homosexual panic
• Homosexuality and Islam
• Homosexuality and sexology
• Homosexuality cross‐culturally
• Homosexuality in nonhuman primates and in humans
• Hooker, Evelyn (1907–1996)
• Hooking up
• Hormone Replacement Therapy
• Hormones (primate sexuality)
• Hormones and human sexuality
• Hormones, puberty‐delaying
• Households
• Human papilloma virus (HPV)
• Human sexual response: biological perspectives
• Human sexual response: cultural perspectives
• Foraging
• Hymen reconstruction
• I
• Incest
• Infanticide
• Infidelity
• Intercourse, frequency
• Intergenerational sex, male
• Internalized transphobia
• Internet, sex and the
• Intersex
• Intersex (Disorders of Sex Development)
• Intersex: socio‐cultural perspectives
• Intersexual competition
• Intimacy
• Intrasexual competition
• Inversion
• J
• Jealousy (evolution)
• Jorgensen, Christine (1926–1989)
• K
• Kathoey
• Kellogg, John Harvey (1852–1943)
• Kin selection
• Kinsey Institute
• Kinsey Reports, The
• Kinsey, Alfred Charles (1894–1956)
• Kissing
• Krafft‐Ebing, Richard Freiherr von (1840–1902)
• L
• Labial elongation
• Lactation
• Landscape archaeology
• Language and sexuality in education
• Language and the politics of gender
• Language of sexuality in religion
• Language planning (gender and sexuality issues)
• Language, sexuality, and adolescents
• Lavender language
• Lesbian
• Lesbian and gay rights movement, United States
• Lesbian communities
• Lesbian feminism
• LGBT/queer sexuality, history of, Europe
• LGBT/queer sexuality, history of, North America
• Life history theory
• Literature, gay men's
• Literature, lesbian
• Loss of estrus
• Love
• Love and sex after 50
• M
• Mail order brides
• Male genital cosmetic surgery
• Male‐to‐female trans person (MtF)
• Malinowski, Bronislaw (1884–1942)
• Marquis de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François (1740–1814)
• Marriage
• Martin, Dorothy Louise “Del” (1921–2008), and Phyllis Anne Lyon (1924–)
• Masculinities
• Masculinities and language
• Masculinity, archaeology of
• Masters and Johnson (the work)
• Masters, William H. (1915–2001), and Virginia E. Johnson (1925–2013)
• Masturbation
• Masturbation (nonhuman primates)
• Mating effort
• Matlock, David (Dr.)
• Mattachine Society
• McIlvenna, Robert Theodore (Ted)
• Mead, Margaret (1901–1978)
• Media and sex
• Medicalization of homosexuality
• Medicalization of sexuality
• Menopause
• Menopause (evolution)
• Menopause (primates)
• Menstrual synchrony
• Menstruation
• Metaphor, sexuality and
• Metrosexual(ity)
• Migration
• Military and sexuality, the
• Mizer, Robert (Bob) Henry (1922–1992)
• Moche Sex Pots
• Moll, Albert (1862–1939)
• Morality
• Mortuary rituals
• N
• Native American Two Spirits
• Natural selection
• Neurology and sex
• Nudism
• O
• Onabe
• Online dating
• Oophorectomy
• Orangutans
• Organized crime and sexuality
• Orgasm
• Orgasm (evolution)
• Orgasm (primates)
• Ovulation
• Ovulation, concealed
• P
• Packing
• Paleolithic art
• Pansexuality
• Paraphilias
• Parental investment
• Parents of lesbians and gays
• Parenting effort
• Parenting, gay and lesbian
• Parent–offspring conflict
• Passionate love and sexual desire
• Paternal care
• Pedophilia
• Pelvic examination
• Penile enhancement
• Penile implants
• People with disabilities and sexuality
• Performance anxiety
• Personal ads
• Perversions and sexology
• Pheromones
• Piercing
• Pimp
• Pink triangle
• Polari
• Politics of labeling
• Pollution, sexual
• Polyamory
• Pompeii
• Pornification
• Pornography (child)
• Pornography and gender
• Pornography and violence
• Pornography use as a clinical issue
• Pornography, addiction to (“con”)
• Pornography, addiction to (“pro”)
• Pornography, Bukkake
• Pornography, definition of
• Pornography, feminist awards
• Pornography, feminist views of
• Pornography, gay male
• Pornography, genres of
• Pornography, history of
• Pornography, laws regarding
• Pornography, the narrative of public health
• Pornography: female directors
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy: relationships advice
• Pregnancy: relationships and miscarriage
• Primate mating systems
• Primate sexuality
• Pro‐choice and pro‐life
• Prostitution
• Prostitution (child)
• Prostitution (female)
• Prostitution (male)
• Prostitution (transgender)
• Prostitution and sexology
• Prostitution and sexuality
• Prostitution, archaeology of, classical world
• Prostitution, archaeology of, North America
• Proximate explanation and ultimate explanation
• Psychoanalysis
• Psychosexual functioning and adjustment
• Pubic hair
• Q
• Queer
• Queer linguistics
• Queer theory
• Queer theory, archaeology of
• R
• Race and sexology
• Rape fantasies
• Rape, nonhuman
• Reform movements, sexual
• Reiss, Ira L. (1925–)
• Religion and homosexuality
• Religion, sex and
• Representation: museums and publications
• Repression, sexual
• Reproduction
• Reproductive fat
• Reproductive health
• Reproductive suppression
• Reproductive technologies
• Researcher/informant relationships
• Rest and recreation (R&R)
• Rights, sexual and reproductive
• Rites of passage: female
• Rites of passage: male
• Rock art
• Royalle Candida (1950–)
• Rubin, Gayle (1949–)
• S
• Sadomasochism
• Safer sex
• Same‐sex couples
• Same‐sex marriage
• Sanger, Margaret Higgins (1879–1966)
• Sapphism and Lesbos
• Satisfaction, sexual
• Scarification and branding
• Seduction
• Serial monogamy
• Sex and drugs
• Sex and politics
• Sex and the human skeleton
• Sex coaching
• Sex differences and sexology
• Sex laws
• Sex offender, treatment
• Sex offenders
• Sex ratio
• Sex reassignment
• Sex research
• Sex research ethics
• Sex scandals
• Sex therapy
• Sex tourism (female)
• Sex tourism (male)
• Sex toys and aids
• Sex work
• Sex workers’ rights
• Sexist language and sexuality
• Sexology and feminism
• Sexting
• Sexual communication
• Sexual dimorphism
• Sexual dysfunction
• Sexual fluidity
• Sexual Health Model
• Sexual identities in the workplace
• Sexual identity and sexual orientation
• Sexual magic
• Sexual periodicity
• Sexual response cycle
• Sexual selection
• Sexual stereotypes about ethnic minorities in the United States
• Sexual stigma
• Sexual violence
• Sexual violence, language of
• Sexualities, Africa
• Sexualities, Asia and the Pacific
• Sexualities, Latin America and the Caribbean
• Sexualities, Middle East
• Sexualities, South Asia
• Sexuality and sociophonetics
• Sexuality and talk‐in‐interaction
• Sexuality education
• Sexuality in “primitive” society
• Sexuality: ancient China
• Sexuality: ancient Egypt
• Sexuality: ancient Europe
• Sexuality: ancient indigenous Australia
• Sexuality: ancient Near East (except Egypt)
• Sexuality: ancient North America
• Sexuality: ancient Andean South America
• Sexuality: classical world
• Sexually transmitted diseases and infections
• Sexuopharmaceuticals
• Shamanism, archaeological representations of
• Shaving
• Sissies and tomboys
• Situational homosexuality
• Social complexity, gender and
• Social construction theory
• Social hygiene
• Social purity
• Sociobiology
• Spanking
• Socio‐sexual response cycle
• Sprinkle, Annie M. (1954–)
• St. James, Margo (1937–)
• Standards of Care, transgender health
• Stein, Gertrude, and Alice B. Toklas
• Steroids
• Stone tools
• Stopes, Marie Carmichael (1880–1958)
• Striptease
• Surgery on ambiguous genitalia
• T
• Tantric sex
• Taormino, Tristan (1971–)
• Tattoos
• Teenage pregnancy
• Testosterone
• Theories of conception and paternity
• Third gender
• Tom of Finland (Touko Laaksonen, 1920–1991)
• Tomboi (Indonesia)
• Tom‐dee (Thailand)
• Tongzhi
• Trafficking, sex
• Trans* bodies
• Transgender
• Transgender in Polynesia
• Transgender surgery
• Transsexual
• Transvestic fetishism
• Travestis (Brazil)
• Trial marriage
• U
• Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich (1825–1895)
• Unwed mothers
• V
• Vagina dentata
• Vaginal lubricants, cross‐cultural perspectives
• Vaginal lubrication
• Vaginismus
• Van de Velde, Theodoor Hendrik (1873–1937)
• Vasectomy
• Venereal disease, history of
• Vibrators
• Virginity and virginity pledges
• Virginity proof
• Voyeurism
• Vulval modification
• Vulvectomy
• Vulvodynia, medical‐biological perspective
• Vulvodynia: socio‐cultural perspectives
• W
• Waxing
• Westermarck, Edvard Alexander (1862–1939)
• Wilde, Oscar (1854–1900)
• Woman marriage, Africa
• World Congress Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents
• World religions and sexuality
• X
• Xanith (Oman)