Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy

Editor: Audi, Robert
Publication Year: 2015
Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Price: Core Collection Only
ISBN: 978-1-10-701505-0
Category: Philosophy
Image Count: 20
Book Status: Available
Table of Contents

This is the leading, full-scale comprehensive dictionary of philosophical terms and thinkers to appear in English in more than half a century. It is designed to facilitate the understanding of philosophy at all levels and in all fields.

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Table of Contents

  • Contributors
  • Preface to the First Edition
  • Preface to the Second Edition
  • Preface to the Third Edition
  • Acknowledgments to the First Edition
  • Acknowledgments to the Second Edition
  • Acknowledgments to the Third Edition
  • A
  • Abderites
  • abduction
  • Abelard Peter
  • abhidharma
  • abhinivesha
  • Abrabanel Isaac ben Judah
  • Abrabanel Judah
  • absolute, the
  • abstract entity
  • Academy
  • acceptance
  • accident
  • accidentalism
  • accidie
  • acosmism
  • action theory
  • action verb
  • act-object psychology
  • Adams Marilyn McCord
  • Adams Robert Merrihew
  • Adelard of Bath
  • ādhyātman
  • Adorno Theodor Wiesengrund
  • Advaita
  • adverbs, logic of
  • aesthetic attitude
  • aesthetic formalism
  • aesthetic property
  • aesthetics
  • a fortiori argument
  • African philosophy
  • āgama
  • agape
  • agathon
  • agent causation
  • agnoiology
  • agnosticism
  • Agrippan modes (or tropes)
  • ahamkāra
  • ahantā
  • ahimsā
  • aitia
  • ākāśa
  • akrasia
  • akśara
  • ālaya-vijñāna
  • Albert of Saxony
  • Albertus Magnus
  • alchemy
  • alethic modalities
  • Alexander Samuel
  • Alexander of Aphrodisias
  • Alexander of Hales
  • Alexandrian School
  • al-Fārābī, Abu Nasr
  • al-Ghazālī, Abu Hamid
  • algorithm
  • alienation
  • al-Kindī Abu Yusuf
  • Allais's paradox
  • Allison, Henry
  • al-Rāzī Abu Bakr
  • Alston William P
  • Althusser Louis
  • ambiguity
  • Ambrose
  • American philosophy
  • Ameriks Karl
  • Ammonius Saccas
  • analysis
  • analytic philosophy
  • analytic-synthetic distinction
  • ananke
  • anaphora
  • anattāvāda
  • Anaxagoras
  • Anaximander
  • Anaximenes of Miletus
  • ancestral
  • ancient atomism
  • Andronicus of Rhodes
  • Angst
  • Annas Julia
  • Anniceris
  • Anscombe G(ertrude) E(lizabeth) M(argaret)
  • Anselm
  • antilogism
  • antinomianism
  • Antiochus of Ascalon
  • anti-realism
  • apeiron
  • Apel, Karl Otto
  • apocatastasis
  • apophatic
  • aporia
  • Appiah Kwame Anthony
  • applied ethics
  • a priori
  • Aquinas Saint Thomas
  • Arabic philosophy
  • ārādhya
  • Arcesilaus of Pitane
  • Archytas
  • Arendt Hannah
  • arete
  • argument
  • Arianism
  • Aristotle
  • Arminius Jacobus
  • Armstrong David M
  • Arnauld Antoine
  • Arrow's paradox
  • artifact
  • artificial intelligence
  • artificial life
  • ascriptivism
  • assertion
  • associationism
  • Astell Mary
  • Athanasius
  • atheism
  • Ātman
  • atonement
  • attribution theory
  • Audi Robert
  • Augustine
  • Austin John
  • Austin J(ohn) L(angshaw)
  • Australasian philosophy
  • Austrian philosophy
  • autarkia
  • authority
  • avatar
  • Avenarius Richard
  • Averroes
  • Avicenna
  • avidya
  • awareness
  • axiomatic method
  • axiom of comprehension
  • axiom of consistency
  • Ayer A(lfred) J(ules)
  • B
  • Babbage Charles
  • Bachelard Gaston
  • Bacon, Francis
  • Bacon Roger
  • bad faith
  • Badiou Alain
  • Bain Alexander
  • Baker Lynne Rudder
  • Bakhtin Mikhail Mikhailovich
  • Bakunin Mikhail
  • Bañez Domingo
  • bargaining theory
  • Barthes Roland
  • basic norm
  • Basilides
  • basing relation
  • Bataille Georges
  • Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb
  • Bayesian epistemology
  • Bayesian rationality
  • Bayes's theorem
  • Bayle Pierre
  • Beattie James
  • beauty
  • Beccaria Cesare
  • behaviorism
  • behavior therapy
  • belief
  • belief revision
  • belief updating
  • Beneke Friedrich Eduard
  • Bennett Jonathan
  • Bentham Jeremy
  • Berdyaev Nicolas
  • Bergmann Gustav
  • Bergson Henri Louis
  • Berkeley George
  • Berlin Isaiah
  • Bernard of Chartres
  • Bernard of Clairvaux
  • Bernoulli's theorem
  • Bertrand's box paradox
  • Bertrand's paradox
  • Beth's definability theorem
  • Bhagavad Gita
  • bhakti
  • bhavanga
  • bi (pi)
  • bian (pien)
  • biconditional
  • bioethics
  • bit
  • black box
  • Blackburn Simon
  • blindsight
  • Bloch Ernst
  • Blondel Maurice
  • Bodin Jean
  • Boehme Jakob
  • Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus
  • Boltzmann Ludwig
  • Bolzano Bernard
  • Bonaventure
  • BonJour Laurence
  • book of life
  • Boole George
  • Boolean algebra
  • bootstrapping
  • borderline case
  • Bosanquet Bernard
  • Boscovich Roger Joseph
  • Bouwsma O(ets) K(olk)
  • Boyle Robert
  • Bradley F(rancis) H(erbert)
  • Brahman
  • Brandom Robert
  • Brandt Richard B
  • Bratman Michael
  • Brentano Franz
  • British empiricism
  • Broad C(harlie) D(unbar)
  • Broome John
  • Brouwer Luitzgen Egbertus Jan
  • Bruno Giordano
  • Brunschvicg Léon
  • brute
  • Buber Martin
  • Buchmanism
  • Buddha
  • Buddhagosa
  • Buddhism
  • bundle theory
  • Burge Tyler
  • Buridan Jean
  • Burke Edmund
  • Burley Walter
  • business ethics
  • Butler Joseph
  • C
  • cabala
  • Caird Edward
  • Cajetan
  • calculus
  • Calvin John
  • Cambridge change
  • Cambridge Platonists
  • camera obscura
  • Campanella Tommaso
  • Campbell Norman Robert
  • Camus Albert
  • Canguilhem Georges
  • Cantor Georg
  • cardinal virtues
  • Carlyle Thomas
  • Carnap Rudolf
  • Carroll Lewis
  • Cartwright Nancy Delaney
  • causal theory of action
  • Cārvāka
  • Cassirer Ernst
  • Castañeda Hector-Neri
  • casuistry
  • categorical theory
  • categoricity
  • category
  • category mistake
  • category theory
  • causal law
  • causal theory of proper names
  • causa sui
  • causation
  • Cavell Stanley Louis
  • Cavendish Margaret
  • Celsus
  • certainty
  • character
  • Charron Pierre
  • cheapest-cost avoider
  • cheng (ch'eng)
  • Cheng Hao (Ch'eng Hao) (1032–85), Cheng Yi (Ch'eng Yi) (1033–1107)
  • Chen Xianzheng
  • Chinese Legalism
  • Chinese philosophy
  • ching
  • Chisholm R(oderick) M(ilton)
  • choice sequence
  • Chomsky Noam
  • ch’üan
  • Church Alonzo
  • Churchland Patricia Smith
  • Churchland Paul M
  • Church's thesis
  • Cicero Marcus Tullius
  • circular reasoning
  • citta-mātra
  • civil disobedience
  • Clarke Samuel
  • class
  • classical republicanism
  • Clement of Alexandria
  • Clifford W(illiam) K(ingdon)
  • closure
  • Coase theorem
  • Cockburn Catherine (Trotter)
  • Cogito ergo sum
  • cognitive dissonance
  • cognitive psychotherapy
  • cognitive science
  • cognitive science of religion (CSR)
  • Cohen Hermann
  • coherence theory of truth
  • coherentism
  • collective action
  • collective belief
  • Collier Arthur
  • Collingwood R(obin) G(eorge)
  • color
  • combinatory logic
  • commentaries on Aristotle
  • commentaries on Plato
  • common good
  • compactness theorem
  • complementary class
  • completeness
  • complexe significabile
  • compossible
  • comprehension
  • compresence
  • computability
  • computer art
  • computer theory
  • Comte Auguste
  • conceivability
  • conceptualism
  • concursus dei
  • Condillac Étienne Bonnot de
  • condition
  • conditional
  • conditionalization
  • conditional proof
  • conditioning
  • conditio sine qua non
  • Condorcet
  • confirmation
  • Confucianism
  • Confucius
  • conjecture
  • conjunction
  • conjunction elimination
  • conjunction introduction
  • conjunctivity
  • connected
  • connectionism
  • connotation
  • consequentialism
  • consequentia mirabilis
  • consistency
  • Constant, Benjamin
  • constitution
  • constructive empiricism
  • content
  • contextualism
  • Continental philosophy
  • contingent
  • continuum problem
  • contractarianism
  • contraposition
  • contraries
  • contravalid
  • control
  • conventionalism
  • convention T
  • converse
  • converse, outer and inner
  • conviction
  • Conway, Anne
  • Cooper John M
  • cooperation
  • copula
  • Cordemoy Géraud de
  • Cornell Realism
  • corners
  • corresponding conditional
  • cosmopolitanism
  • Cottingham John
  • counterfactuals
  • counterinstance
  • counterintuitive
  • counterpart theory
  • count noun
  • Cournot Antoine-Augustin
  • Cousin Victor
  • Couturat Louis
  • covering law model
  • Craig's interpolation theorem
  • creation ex nihilo
  • creationism
  • creativity
  • Crescas Hasdai
  • criterion
  • critical legal studies
  • Critical Realism
  • critical theory
  • Croce Benedetto
  • crucial experiment
  • Crusius Christian August
  • Cudworth Damaris
  • Cumberland Richard
  • cumulative case argument
  • curve-fitting problem
  • cut-elimination theorem
  • cybernetics
  • Cynics
  • Cyrenaics
  • Czolbe Heinrich
  • D
  • d'Ailly Pierre
  • Dai Zhen
  • d'Alembert Jean Le Rond
  • Damascius
  • Dancy Jonathan
  • Danto Arthur C(oleman)
  • dao (tao)
  • Daoism (Taoism)
  • daotong (tao-t'ung)
  • daoxin, renxin (tao-hsin, jen-hsin)
  • Darwall Stephen
  • Darwinism
  • Davidson Donald
  • Daxue (Ta-hsüeh)
  • de (te)
  • death
  • decidability
  • decision theory
  • deconstruction
  • Dedekind Richard
  • de dicto
  • deduction
  • deduction theorem
  • default logic
  • defeasibility
  • definiendum
  • definist
  • definition
  • degenerate case
  • degree
  • degree of unsolvability
  • degrees of belief
  • deism
  • deity
  • Deleuze Gilles
  • deliberative democracy
  • de Maistre Joseph-Marie
  • demandingness
  • demarcation
  • demiurge
  • Democritus
  • De Morgan Augustus
  • De Morgan's laws
  • Dennett Daniel C(lement)
  • denotation
  • deontic logic
  • deontic paradoxes
  • dependence
  • depiction
  • Derrida Jacques
  • Descartes René
  • descriptivism
  • design plan
  • desire
  • determinable
  • determinism
  • Dewey John
  • dharma
  • Dharmakīrti
  • d'Holbach, Paul-Henri-Dietrich
  • diagonal procedure
  • dialectic
  • dialetheism
  • diallelon
  • dianoia
  • dictum de omni et nullo
  • Diderot Denis
  • différance
  • dignity
  • dilemma
  • Dilthey Wilhelm
  • diminished capacity
  • direction of fit
  • direct realism
  • disagreement
  • disbelief
  • disembodiment
  • disjunction elimination
  • disjunction introduction
  • disjunctive proposition
  • disjunctivism
  • disposition
  • distribution
  • distributive laws
  • divided line
  • divine attributes
  • divine command ethics
  • divine foreknowledge
  • domain
  • Dong Zhongshu (Tung Chung-shu)
  • donkey sentences
  • doomsday argument
  • double negation
  • double truth
  • doxastic
  • doxographers
  • dravya
  • dravyasat
  • dreaming
  • Dretske Fred
  • dualism
  • Ducasse C(urt) J(ohn)
  • duck-rabbit
  • Duhem Pierre-Maurice-Marie
  • Dummett Michael A. E
  • dunamis
  • Duns Scotus John
  • Dutch book
  • Dutch book argument
  • Dutch book theorem
  • duty
  • du Vair Guillaume
  • Dvaita Vedanta
  • Dworkin Ronald M
  • dynamic logic
  • dynamism
  • E
  • Eckhart Johannes
  • Eco Umberto
  • eduction
  • Edwards Jonathan
  • effective procedure
  • egocentric particular
  • egocentric predicament
  • egoism
  • Einfühlung
  • Einstein Albert
  • Eleatic School
  • elenchus
  • Elizabeth of Bohemia
  • ellipsis
  • emanationism
  • embodiment
  • Emerson Ralph Waldo
  • emotion
  • emotive conjugation
  • emotivism
  • empathy
  • Empedocles
  • empirical adequacy
  • empirical decision theory
  • empiricism
  • enantiamorphs
  • Encyclopedia
  • energeia
  • energeticism
  • Engels Friedrich
  • Enlightenment, the
  • ens a se
  • ens rationis
  • ens realissimum
  • entelechy
  • enthymeme
  • entropy
  • envelope paradox
  • environmental philosophy
  • epagogē
  • epicheirema
  • Epicureanism
  • epistemic
  • epistemic deontologism
  • epistemic logic
  • epistemic possibility
  • epistemic principle
  • epistemic privacy
  • epistemic regress argument
  • epistemic responsibilism
  • epistemology
  • equality
  • equipollence
  • equiprobable
  • equivalence
  • equivocation
  • Erasmus Desiderius
  • Erfahrung
  • Erigena John Scotus
  • eristic
  • Erlebnis
  • Eros
  • erotetic
  • essentialism
  • establishment
  • eternal return
  • ethical constructivism
  • ethical objectivism
  • ethics
  • ethics of citizenship
  • ethics of love
  • ethnography
  • ethnology
  • ethnomethodology
  • Euclidean geometry
  • eudaimonism
  • Eudoxus of Cnidus
  • Euler diagram
  • euthanasia
  • Euthyphro problem
  • event
  • evidence
  • evidentialism
  • evil
  • evolutionary arguments
  • evolutionary epistemology
  • evolutionary ethics
  • evolutionary psychology
  • existential generalization
  • existential import
  • existential instantiation
  • existentialism
  • experimental philosophy
  • expertise
  • explanation
  • explosion
  • exponible
  • exportation
  • expression theory of art
  • extensionalism
  • externalism
  • extrinsic desire
  • extrinsic relation
  • F
  • fa
  • fact-value distinction
  • faculty psychology
  • faith
  • fallibilism
  • false consciousness
  • false pleasure
  • Fang Thomé H
  • Fechner Gustav Theodor
  • feminist epistemology
  • feminist philosophy
  • Feng Youlan
  • Ferguson Adam
  • Feuerbach Ludwig Andreas
  • Fichte Johann Gottlieb
  • Ficino Marsilio
  • fiction
  • fictionalism
  • field theory
  • figure-ground
  • Filmer Robert
  • Fine Kit
  • fink
  • Finnish philosophy
  • first philosophy
  • fittingness
  • Florenski Pavel Aleksandrovich
  • Fludd Robert
  • Fodor Jerry A
  • folk psychology
  • Føllesdal Dagfinn
  • Fonseca Pedro da
  • Fontenelle Bernard Le Bovier de
  • food ethics
  • Foot Philippa
  • forcing
  • Fordyce David
  • forgiveness
  • form
  • formal epistemology
  • formal fallacy
  • Fallacies of sentential (propositional) logic
  • Fallacies of syllogistic logic
  • Fallacies of negation
  • Fallacies of predicate logic
  • formalism
  • formalization
  • formalize
  • formal language
  • formal learnability theory
  • formal logic
  • formal semantics
  • Foucault Michel
  • foundationalism
  • Four Books
  • Fourier François-Marie-Charles
  • Frankena William K
  • Frankfurt Harry
  • Frankfurt cases
  • Frankfurt School
  • free exercise
  • free logic
  • free rider
  • free will problem
  • Frege Gottlob
  • Frege-Geach problem
  • French personalism
  • French philosophy
  • Freud Sigmund
  • Friedman Michael
  • Fumerton Richard A
  • functional dependence
  • functionalism
  • fundamentum divisionis
  • future contingents
  • fuzzy set
  • G
  • Gadamer Hans-Georg
  • Galen
  • Galileo Galilei
  • gambler's fallacy
  • game theory
  • Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand
  • Gaozi (Kao Tzu)
  • Garber Daniel
  • Gassendi Pierre
  • Gay John
  • Geach Peter
  • Ge Hong (Ko Hung)
  • G. E. Moore shift
  • generics
  • Gentile Giovanni
  • genus generalissimum
  • German philosophy
  • Gerson Jean de
  • Gersonides
  • Gert Bernard
  • Geulincx Arnold
  • gewu zhizhi (ko wu, chih chih)
  • Gibbard Allan
  • Giles of Rome
  • Gilson Étienne
  • Gioberti Vincenzo
  • given
  • Glanvill Joseph
  • global justice
  • gnosticism
  • Goclenius Rudolphus
  • Gödel's incompleteness theorems
  • Godfrey of Fontaines
  • Godwin William
  • Goethe Johann Wolfgang von
  • Goldman Alvin I
  • Gongsun Longzi (Kung-sun Lung Tzu)
  • good-making characteristic
  • Goodman Nelson
  • Gorgias
  • grace
  • Gracián y Morales Baltasar
  • grammar
  • Gramsci Antonio
  • Green T(homas) H(ill)
  • Gregory I
  • Gregory of Nyssa
  • Gregory of Rimini
  • Grice H. P(aul)
  • Grosseteste Robert
  • Grotius Hugo
  • grounding
  • grue paradox
  • Guanzi (Kuan Tzu)
  • guise theory
  • Guo Xiang (Kuo Hsiang)
  • Guyer Paul
  • H
  • Habermas Jürgen
  • Hacking Ian
  • haecceity
  • Haeckel Ernst
  • HaLevi Judah
  • Hamann Johann Georg
  • Hamilton William
  • Hanfeizi (Han Fei Tzu)
  • Han Yu
  • Hare R(ichard) M(ervyn)
  • Harman Gilbert
  • harmony, proof-theoretic
  • harm principle
  • Hart H(erbert) L(ionel) A(dolphus)
  • Hartley David
  • Hartmann Eduard von
  • Hartmann Nicolai
  • Hartshorne Charles
  • hedonism
  • Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
  • Heidegger Martin
  • Hellenistic philosophy
  • Helmholtz Hermann von
  • Helvétius, Claude Adrien
  • Hempel Carl G(ustav)
  • henotheism
  • Henrich Dieter
  • Henry of Ghent
  • Heraclitus
  • Herbart Johann Friedrich
  • Herder Johann Gottfried von
  • Herman Barbara
  • hermeneutics
  • hermetism
  • Herzen Alexander
  • heuristics
  • hexis
  • He Yan (Ho Yen)
  • Heytesbury William
  • Hick John (Harwood)
  • hiddenness, divine
  • hierarchy
  • Hilbert David
  • Hilbert's Program
  • Hill Thomas E. Jr
  • Hinduism
  • Hintikka Jaakko
  • Hintikka set
  • Hippocrates
  • historicism
  • Hobbes Thomas
  • Hohfeld Wesley Newcomb
  • Hölderlin Johann Christian Friedrich
  • holism
  • hologram
  • homoeomerous
  • homomorphism
  • homoousios
  • homunculus
  • Honneth Axel
  • hope
  • Horkheimer Max
  • hsiao
  • Hsi K'ang
  • hsin1
  • hsin2
  • hsing-erh-shang
  • Huang-Lao
  • Huang Zongxi
  • Hu Hong (Hu Hung)
  • Hui Shi (Hui Shih)
  • humanism
  • human nature
  • Humboldt Wilhelm von
  • Hume David
  • Humean theory of motivation
  • Hu Shi
  • Husserl Edmund
  • Hutcheson Francis
  • Huygens Christiaan
  • hyle
  • hylomorphism
  • hylozoism
  • Hypatia
  • hypostasis
  • hypothetico-deductive method
  • I
  • Ibn Bājja Abu Bakr
  • Ibn Daud Abraham
  • Ibn Gabirol Solomon
  • Ibn Khaldūn ‘Abdurrahmān
  • Ibn Tufayl Abu Bakr
  • I-Ching
  • idea
  • ideal, moral
  • idealism
  • ideal language
  • ideal market
  • ideal observer
  • identity
  • identity conditions
  • identity of indiscernibles
  • ideology
  • ideo-motor action
  • iff
  • ignorance
  • Il'in Ivan Aleksandrovich
  • Ilyenkov Evald Vasilyevich
  • imagination
  • immanence
  • immaterialism
  • immediacy
  • impartiality
  • imperative logic
  • implication
  • implicature
  • imposition
  • impredicative definition
  • incommensurable
  • incommensurability
  • inconsistent triad
  • independence results
  • indeterminacy of translation
  • indexical
  • indirect discourse
  • indiscernibility of identicals
  • individuation
  • induction
  • inductivism
  • inference
  • inference to the best explanation
  • inferentialism
  • inferential knowledge
  • infima species
  • infinitary logic
  • infinite regress argument
  • infinitism
  • infinity
  • informal fallacy
  • informal logic
  • information theory
  • informed consent
  • Ingarden Roman Witold
  • insolubilia
  • institution
  • institutional theory of art
  • instrumentalism
  • intellectualism
  • intelligent design
  • intension
  • intensionality
  • intensional logic
  • intention
  • intentional fallacy
  • intentionalism
  • intentionality
  • interchangeability
  • internal question
  • intervening variable
  • intuition
  • Ionian philosophy
  • Irigaray Luce
  • irrationality
  • Irwin Terence H
  • is
  • Islamic Neoplatonism
  • Isocrates
  • is-ought gap
  • Italian philosophy
  • I-Thou relationship
  • J
  • Jackson
  • Jacobi Friedrich Heinrich
  • Jainism
  • James William
  • James-Lange theory
  • Jansenism
  • Japanese philosophy
  • Jaspers Karl Theodor
  • Jeffrey conditionalization
  • Jevons William Stanley
  • Jewish philosophy
  • jhāna
  • Jiao Hong
  • Jia Yi (Chia Yi)
  • Joachim of Floris
  • Johannes Philoponus
  • John of Damascus
  • John of Saint Thomas
  • John of Salisbury
  • Johnson Samuel (1696–1772).
  • Johnson W(illiam) E(rnest)
  • journalistic ethics
  • Jung Carl Gustav
  • junzi (chün-tzu)
  • jurisprudence
  • jury nullification
  • justice
  • justification
  • justification by faith
  • just war theory
  • K
  • kāla
  • kalam
  • Kang Youwei
  • Kant Immanuel
  • Kaplan David
  • karma
  • Kenny, (Sir) Anthony John Patrick
  • Kepler Johannes
  • kerygma
  • Keynes John Maynard
  • Kierkegaard Søren Aabye
  • Kilvington Richard
  • Kilwardby Robert
  • Kim Jaegwon
  • Kitcher Philip
  • KK-thesis
  • Kleist Heinrich von
  • knowledge by acquaintance
  • knowledge de re
  • Köhler Wolfgang
  • Korean philosophy
  • Korsgaard Christine M
  • Kotarbiński Tadeusz
  • Krause Karl Christian Friedrich
  • Kretzmann Norman
  • Kripke Saul A(aron)
  • Kripke semantics
  • Kristeva Julia
  • Kropotkin Petr Alekseevich
  • Kuhn Thomas S(amuel)
  • kung, szu
  • Kyoto School
  • L
  • Labriola Antonio
  • Lacan Jacques
  • Laffitte Pierre
  • La Forge Louis de
  • lambda-calculus
  • Lambert Johann Heinrich
  • La Mettrie Julien Offroy de
  • Lange Friedrich Albert
  • Laozi (Lao Tzu)
  • La Peyrère Isaac
  • Laplace Pierre Simon de
  • Latin American philosophy
  • lawlike generalization
  • laws of thought
  • Lebensphilosophie
  • legal moralism
  • legal positivism
  • legal realism
  • Lehrer Keith
  • Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm
  • lekton
  • Lenin Vladimir Ilich
  • Lequier Jules
  • Leroux Pierre
  • Leśniewski Stanisław
  • Lessing Gotthold Ephraim
  • Leucippus
  • Levinas Emmanuel
  • Lewin Kurt
  • Lewis C(larence) I(rving)
  • Lewis C(live) S(taples)
  • Lewis David K
  • lexical ordering
  • li1
  • li2
  • li3
  • Liang Qichao
  • Liang Shuming
  • liangzhi (liang-chih)
  • Li Ao
  • liberalism
  • liberal naturalism
  • liberum arbitrium
  • Libet experiments
  • Li Chi
  • li-ch'i
  • Liezi (Lieh Tzu)
  • life
  • limiting case
  • linguistic relativity
  • list theory
  • literary theory
  • Liu Shaoqi
  • Liu Zongzhou (Liu Tsung-chou)
  • liyifenshu (li-i-fen-shu)
  • Locke John
  • Lockean thesis
  • logical consequence
  • logical constant
  • logical construction
  • logical form
  • logical indicator
  • logical notation
  • logical pluralism
  • logical positivism
  • logical product
  • logical subject
  • logical syntax
  • logicism
  • logistic system
  • logos
  • Lonergan Bernard J. F., S.J
  • Longinus
  • Losev Aleksei Fëdorovich
  • lottery paradox
  • Lotze Rudolf Hermann
  • Lowe E. J
  • Löwenheim-Skolem theorem
  • Lucas John Randolph
  • luck
  • Lucretius
  • Lukács Georg
  • Łukasiewicz Jan
  • Lull Raymond
  • Lushichunqiu (Lü-shih ch'un-ch'iu)
  • Luther Martin
  • Lu Xiangshan
  • Lycan William G
  • Lyceum
  • Lyotard Jean-François
  • M
  • Mach Ernst
  • Machiavelli Niccolò
  • MacIntyre Alasdair
  • Mackie J(ohn) L(eslie)
  • Madhva
  • Mādhyamika
  • magnitude
  • Mahāvīra
  • Maimon Salomon
  • Maimonides
  • Malcolm Norman
  • Malebranche Nicolas
  • Mamardashvili, Merab Konstantinovich
  • Manichaeanism
  • Mannheim Karl
  • Mansel Henry Longueville
  • many-valued logic
  • Mao Zedong
  • Marcel Gabriel
  • Marcus Ruth Barcan
  • Marcus Aurelius
  • Marcuse Herbert
  • Mariana Juan de
  • Marion Jean-Luc
  • Maritain Jacques
  • Marsilius of Inghen
  • Marsilius of Padua
  • Martineau James
  • Marx Karl
  • Marxism
  • material adequacy
  • mathematical analysis
  • mathematical function
  • mathematical induction
  • mathematical intuitionism
  • mathematical structuralism
  • matter
  • maximal consistent set
  • maximin strategy
  • Maxwell James Clerk
  • māyā
  • McCosh James
  • McDougall William
  • McDowell John Henry
  • McTaggart John McTaggart Ellis
  • Mead George Herbert
  • meaning
  • meaning postulate
  • mechanistic explanation
  • Medina Bartolomeo
  • Megarians
  • Meinong Alexius
  • meliorism
  • Melissus of Samos
  • memory
  • Mencius
  • Mendel Gregor
  • Mendelssohn Moses
  • mens rea
  • mental causation
  • Mentalese
  • mentalism
  • Mercier Désiré-Joseph
  • mercy
  • mereology
  • meritarian
  • meritocracy
  • Merleau-Ponty Maurice
  • Mersenne Marin
  • metalanguage
  • metamathematics
  • metaphilosophy
  • metaphor
  • metaphysical realism
  • metaphysics
  • methodological holism
  • middle knowledge
  • Middle Platonism
  • Milesians
  • military ethics
  • Mill James
  • Mill John Stuart
  • Millikan Ruth Garrett
  • Mill's methods
  • Mīmāmsā
  • mimesis
  • Mind argument
  • mindreading
  • ming
  • miracle
  • Miskawayh
  • M'Naghten rule
  • mnemic causation
  • modality
  • modal logic
  • modal transfer fallacy
  • mode
  • model theory
  • modularity
  • modus ponens
  • modus tollens
  • Mohism
  • Molina Luis de
  • Molyneux question
  • Montaigne Michel de
  • Montanism
  • Montesquieu
  • Moore G(eorge) E(dward)
  • Moore's paradox
  • moral dilemma
  • moral epistemology
  • morality
  • moral knowledge
  • moral perception
  • moral phenomenology
  • moral psychology
  • moral rationalism
  • moral realism
  • moral sense theory
  • moral skepticism
  • moral status
  • More Henry
  • More Sir Thomas
  • Mosca Gaetano
  • motivation
  • motivational explanation
  • motivational internalism
  • Mou Zongsan
  • Mozi (Mo Tzu)
  • Murdoch Iris
  • mystical experience
  • mysticism
  • myth of Er
  • myth of the given
  • N
  • Nāgārjuna
  • Nagel Ernest
  • Nagel Thomas
  • Nash equilibrium
  • naturalism
  • naturalistic epistemology
  • natural kind
  • natural law
  • natural philosophy
  • natural reason
  • natural religion
  • necessitarianism
  • necessity
  • negation
  • Nehamas Alexander
  • Nemesius of Emesa
  • Neo-Confucianism
  • Neo-Daoism (Neo-Taoism)
  • neo-Friesian School
  • neo-Kantianism
  • Neoplatonism
  • neopragmatism
  • neo-Scholasticism
  • Neo-Thomism
  • neuroethics
  • neurolaw
  • neutrality
  • New Academy
  • Newcomb's paradox
  • Newman John Henry
  • new natural law theory
  • New Realism
  • Newton Sir Isaac
  • Nicholas of Autrecourt
  • Nicholas of Cusa
  • Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm
  • Nihil est in intellectu quod non prius fuerit in sensu
  • Nihil ex nihilo fit
  • nirodha-samāpatti
  • noetic
  • non-Euclidean geometry
  • non-monotonic logic
  • nonviolence
  • Nordic philosophy
  • norm
  • normal form
  • normalization theorem
  • normativity
  • notum per se
  • noûs
  • Novalis
  • Nozick, Robert
  • Numenius of Apamea
  • Nussbaum Martha C(raven)
  • Nyāya-Vaishesika
  • O
  • Oakeshott Michael
  • obiectum quo
  • objective rightness
  • obligationes
  • oblique context
  • obversion
  • occasionalism
  • occasion meaning
  • Ockham William
  • Ockham's razor
  • Olivi Peter John
  • omega
  • O'Neill Onora S
  • one-many problem
  • one over many
  • ontological commitment
  • ontology of art
  • open formula
  • open texture
  • open theism
  • operationalism
  • operator
  • operator theory of adverbs
  • order
  • ordering
  • order type omega
  • ordinal logic
  • ordinary language philosophy
  • organic
  • organicism
  • organism
  • Origen
  • Orphism
  • Ortega y Gasset José
  • ought-implies-can principle
  • ousia
  • Oxford Calculators
  • Oxford school of intuitionism
  • P
  • pacifism
  • Paine Thomas
  • pairing problem
  • Paley William
  • panpsychism
  • pantheism
  • Pantheismusstreit
  • Paracelsus
  • paraconsistency
  • paradigm
  • paradigm case argument
  • paradox
  • paradoxes of omnipotence
  • paradox of analysis
  • paradox of deontology
  • paradox of omniscience
  • parapsychology
  • Pareto efficiency
  • Parfit Derek
  • Parmenides
  • parsing
  • particularism
  • partition
  • Pascal Blaise
  • paternalism
  • patristic authors
  • Paul of Venice
  • Peano postulates
  • Peirce Charles S(anders)
  • Peirce's law
  • Pelagianism
  • per accidens
  • perception
  • Percival Thomas
  • perdurance
  • perfect competition
  • perfectionism
  • Peripatetic School
  • Perry John
  • Perry Ralph Barton
  • personal identity
  • personalism
  • personhood
  • Peter Lombard
  • Peter of Spain
  • Pettit Philip
  • phantasia
  • phenomenal conservatism
  • phenomenalism
  • phenomenology
  • Philodemus of Gadara
  • Philo Judaeus
  • Philolaus
  • philosophia perennis
  • philosophical anthropology
  • philosophical method
  • philosophical theology
  • philosophy of biology
  • philosophy of economics
  • philosophy of education
  • philosophy of film
  • philosophy of history
  • philosophy of language
  • philosophy of law
  • philosophy of literature
  • philosophy of logic
  • philosophy of mathematics
  • philosophy of medicine
  • philosophy of mind
  • Mind-body dualism
  • Monism
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Content
  • Consciousness
  • philosophy of psychology
  • philosophy of religion
  • philosophy of science
  • philosophy of sport
  • philosophy of technology
  • philosophy of the social sciences
  • physicalism
  • physis
  • Piaget Jean
  • Pico della Mirandola Giovanni
  • plan
  • Plantinga Alvin
  • Plato
  • Plekhanov Georgy Valentinovich
  • Plotinus
  • pluralism
  • pluralitive logic
  • plurality of causes
  • pluriverse
  • Po-hu tung
  • poiēsis
  • Poincaré Jules Henri
  • polarity
  • Polish logic
  • Polish philosophy
  • political philosophy
  • political theory
  • polysyllogism
  • Pomponazzi Pietro
  • pons asinorum
  • Popper Karl Raimund
  • Porphyry
  • Port-Royal Logic
  • positive and negative freedom
  • possible worlds
  • Post-Gödel dilemma
  • postmodern
  • poststructuralism
  • potency
  • poverty of the stimulus
  • power
  • practical reason
  • practical reasoning
  • practition
  • praedicamenta
  • pragmatic contradiction
  • pragmatic encroachment
  • pragmatism
  • praxis
  • Praxis school
  • preanalytic
  • predicables
  • preexistence
  • preface paradox
  • prescriptivism
  • presentism
  • pre-Socratics
  • presupposition
  • pretheoretical
  • Price Richard
  • Prichard H(arold) A(rthur)
  • Priestley Joseph
  • prime mover
  • principal principle
  • principium individuationis
  • principle of bivalence
  • principle of contradiction
  • principle of double effect
  • principle of excluded middle
  • principle of indifference
  • principle of insufficient reason
  • principle of plenitude
  • principle of verifiability
  • prisoner's dilemma
  • private language argument
  • privation
  • privileged access
  • pro attitude
  • probabilism
  • probability
  • problem of induction
  • problem of other minds
  • problem of the criterion
  • problem of the speckled hen
  • process-product ambiguity
  • process theology
  • production theory
  • professional ethics
  • proof
  • proof by recursion
  • proof theory
  • propensity
  • property
  • proposition
  • propositional function
  • propositional opacity
  • proprietates terminorum
  • proprium
  • protocol statement
  • prototype theory
  • Proudhon Pierre-Joseph
  • pseudohallucination
  • psycholinguistics
  • public reason
  • Pufendorf Samuel
  • punishment
  • Putnam Hilary
  • Pyrrho of Elis
  • Pythagoras
  • Pythagoreanism
  • Q
  • qi (ch'i)
  • qian, kun (k'un)
  • Qianfu Lun (Ch'ien-fu Lun)
  • Qian Mu
  • qing (ch'ing)
  • qualia
  • qualitative predicate
  • qualities
  • quality of life
  • quantification
  • quantifying in
  • quantum logic
  • quantum mechanics
  • quasi-indicator
  • Quine W(illard) V(an) O(rman)
  • quinque voces
  • R
  • racism
  • radical interpretation
  • Railton Peter
  • Rāmānuja
  • Ramsey Frank Plumpton
  • Ramus Petrus
  • Rashdall Hastings
  • ratiocination
  • rationalism
  • rationality
  • rationalization
  • rational psychology
  • rational reconstruction
  • Rawls John
  • Ray John
  • Raz Joseph
  • reality
  • reasons for action
  • reasons for belief
  • recognition
  • recursive function theory
  • redintegration
  • reductio ad absurdum
  • reduction
  • reduction sentence
  • referentially transparent
  • reflection principles
  • reflective equilibrium
  • regression analysis
  • regulative-constitutive distinction
  • Reichenbach Hans
  • Reid Thomas
  • Reimarus Hermann Samuel
  • Reinhold Karl Leonhard
  • reism
  • relation
  • relational logic
  • relativism
  • relativity
  • relevance logic
  • reliabilism
  • religious epistemology
  • ren (jen)
  • Renaissance philosophy
  • Renouvier Charles
  • representationalism
  • rerum natura
  • Rescher Nicholas
  • respect
  • response-dependence
  • responsibility
  • resultance
  • reverence
  • revisability
  • Richard Rufus
  • Ricoeur Paul
  • rights
  • rigorism
  • ring of Gyges
  • rong, ru (jung, ju)
  • Rorty Richard
  • Roscelin de Compiègne
  • Rosenzweig Franz
  • Rosmini-Serbati Antonio
  • Ross W(illiam) D(avid)
  • Rousseau Jean-Jacques
  • Rowe William L
  • Royce Josiah
  • Ruan Ji (Juan Chi)
  • rule-following
  • rule of law
  • rule theory
  • Russell Bertrand (Arthur William)
  • Russian nihilism
  • Russian philosophy
  • Ryle Gilbert
  • S
  • Saadiah Gaon
  • Saint Petersburg paradox
  • Saint-Simon
  • Sakti
  • samādhi
  • samanantara-pratyaya
  • samatha
  • samsāra
  • Sanches Francisco
  • sanction
  • Sankhya-Yoga
  • Santayana George
  • Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
  • Sartre Jean-Paul
  • sat/chit/ānanda
  • satisfaction
  • satisfiable
  • satisfice
  • Saussure Ferdinand de
  • Scanlon Thomas M
  • Scheler Max
  • Schelling Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph
  • scheme
  • Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von
  • Schlegel Friedrich von
  • Schleiermacher Friedrich
  • Scholasticism
  • School of Names
  • Schopenhauer Arthur
  • Schröder-Bernstein theorem
  • Schrödinger Erwin
  • Schulze Gottlob Ernst
  • scientific realism
  • scientism
  • scope
  • Scottish common sense philosophy
  • Searle John R
  • second-order logic
  • second-person relatedness
  • secundum quid
  • self-deception
  • self-determination
  • self-evidence
  • self-presenting
  • self-referential incoherence
  • self-reproducing automaton
  • Sellars Wilfrid
  • semantic ascent
  • semantic holism
  • semantic paradoxes
  • semantic relativism
  • semiosis
  • sensationalism
  • sensibilia
  • sensibility theory
  • sensorium
  • sensus communis
  • sentential connective
  • sentimentalism
  • set-theoretic paradoxes
  • set theory
  • Sextus Empiricus
  • Shaftesbury
  • shan, e (shan, o)
  • shang ti
  • Shang Yang
  • Shankara
  • Shao Yong
  • Sheffer stroke
  • shen
  • sheng
  • Shen Buhai (Shen Pu-hai)
  • Shen Dao (Shen Tao)
  • Shepherd Mary
  • Sherwood William
  • Shestov Lev
  • shi1 (shih1)
  • shi2 (shih2)
  • ship of Theseus
  • Shoemaker Sydney
  • Shpet Gustav Gustavovich
  • shu1
  • Sidgwick Henry
  • Siger of Brabant
  • signifier
  • Simmel Georg
  • Simplicius
  • simulation theory
  • Singer Peter
  • singularity
  • singular term
  • situation ethics
  • situationism
  • Siva
  • skeptical theism
  • skepticism
  • Skeptics
  • Skolem Thoralf
  • Sleeping Beauty problem
  • slingshot argument
  • slippery slope argument
  • Smart J(ohn) J(amieson) C(arswell)
  • Smith Adam
  • Sober Elliott
  • social action
  • social biology
  • social choice theory
  • social constructivism
  • social contract
  • social epistemology
  • social intuitionism
  • social ontology
  • social philosophy
  • Socinianism
  • Socrates
  • Socratic intellectualism
  • Socratic irony
  • Socratic paradoxes
  • solipsism
  • Solovyov Vladimir
  • Song Xing (Sung Hsing)
  • sophismata
  • Sophists
  • Sorel Georges
  • sorites
  • sorites paradox
  • sortal predicate
  • Sosa Ernest
  • Soto Domingo de
  • soul
  • soundness
  • space
  • space-time
  • Spanish philosophy
  • spatiotemporal continuity
  • specious present
  • speculative philosophy
  • speech act theory
  • Spencer Herbert
  • Spinoza Baruch
  • Spir Afrikan
  • split brain effects
  • square of opposition
  • Stalnaker Robert C
  • standard model
  • standpoint theory
  • state
  • state of affairs
  • statistical explanation
  • Steiner Rudolf
  • Stephen Sir Leslie
  • Stillingfleet Edward
  • Stirner Max
  • stochastic process
  • Stoicism
  • Stout George Frederick
  • Strato of Lampsacus
  • Strauss Leo
  • Strawson Sir Peter
  • Stroud Barry
  • structuralism
  • Stump Eleonore
  • Suárez Francisco
  • subdoxastic
  • subjectivism
  • subject-object dichotomy
  • sublime
  • subsidiarity
  • subsistence
  • substance
  • substantialism
  • substitutivity salva veritate
  • substructural logics
  • Sufism
  • summum bonum
  • śūnyatā
  • Sun Yat-sen
  • supererogation
  • supervenience
  • suppositio
  • survival
  • sutra
  • Swedenborgianism
  • Swinburne Richard
  • syllogism
  • synaesthesia
  • syncategoremata
  • synderesis
  • synergism
  • systems theory
  • T
  • taiji (t'ai-chi)
  • Tang Junyi
  • Tan Sitong
  • Tarski Alfred
  • tautology
  • Taylor Charles
  • Taylor Harriet
  • te
  • techne
  • Teichmüller Gustav
  • Teilhard de Chardin Pierre
  • teleology
  • Telesio Bernardino
  • telishment
  • telos
  • tense logic
  • Teresa of Ávila
  • terminist logic
  • terminus a quo
  • Tertullian
  • testability
  • testimony
  • Tetens Johann Nicolas
  • Thales of Miletus
  • thema
  • theodicy
  • theologia naturalis
  • theological anthropology
  • theological naturalism
  • theoretical reason
  • theoretical term
  • theory-laden
  • theory of appearing
  • theory of descriptions
  • theory of signs
  • theosophy
  • thick concept
  • Thomism
  • Thomson Judith Jarvis
  • Thoreau Henry David
  • thought experiment
  • Thrasymachus
  • t'i, yung
  • tian (t'ien)
  • tianli, renyu (t'ien li, jen-yü)
  • tianren heyi (t'ien-jen ho-i)
  • Tillich Paul
  • time
  • time slice
  • time travel
  • token-reflexive
  • toleration
  • Toletus Francisco
  • tonk
  • topic-neutral
  • topics
  • toxin puzzle
  • trait
  • transcendence
  • transcendental argument
  • transcendentalism
  • transcendentals
  • transfinite number
  • transformation rule
  • transitivity
  • transubstantiation
  • transversality
  • tree of Porphyry
  • Trinitarianism
  • Troeltsch Ernst
  • trolley problem
  • trope
  • trust
  • truth
  • truthlikeness
  • truthmaker
  • truth table
  • truth-value
  • truth-value semantics
  • Tugendhat Ernst
  • Tuomela Raimo
  • Turing machine
  • Turnbull George
  • Twin-Earth
  • two-dimensional semantics
  • tychism
  • type theory
  • type-token distinction
  • tzu jan
  • U
  • Unamuno Miguel de
  • understanding
  • unexpected examination paradox
  • uniformity of nature
  • unity in diversity
  • unity of science
  • universal instantiation
  • universalizability
  • universe of discourse
  • Upanishads
  • use-mention distinction
  • utilitarianism
  • utterer's meaning
  • V
  • vagueness
  • Vaihinger Hans
  • Valentinianism
  • Valentinus
  • valid
  • Valla Lorenzo
  • value
  • value problem
  • value theory
  • van Fraassen Bas
  • Vanini Giulio Cesare
  • van Inwagen Peter
  • variable
  • vāsanā
  • Vasubandhu
  • Vauvenargues Luc de Clapiers de
  • Vázquez Gabriel
  • Vedanta
  • Vedas
  • Venn diagram
  • verificationism
  • Verstehen
  • vicious regress
  • Vico Giambattista
  • Vienna Circle
  • Vijñānavāda
  • vijñapti
  • violence
  • vipassanā
  • virtue epistemology
  • virtue ethics
  • Vishnu
  • Viśistadvaita Vedanta
  • vital lie
  • Vitoria Francisco de
  • Vives Juan Luis
  • volition
  • Voltaire
  • voluntarism
  • von Neumann John
  • von Wright G. H
  • voting paradox
  • W
  • wang, ba (wang, pa)
  • Wang Bi (Wang Pi)
  • Wang Chong (Wang Ch'ung)
  • Wang Fuzhi
  • Wang Yangming
  • Ward James
  • warrant
  • wayward causal chain
  • Weber Max
  • Weil, Simone
  • well-being
  • well-formed formula
  • Westermarck Edward
  • Whewell William
  • Whitehead, Alfred North
  • William of Alnwick
  • William of Auvergne
  • William of Auxerre
  • William of Moerbeke
  • Williams Bernard
  • Williamson Timothy
  • Wilson John Cook
  • Windelband Wilhelm
  • wisdom
  • Wittgenstein Ludwig
  • Wodeham Adam de
  • Woleński Jan (Jan Hertrich-Woleński)
  • Wolff Christian
  • Wollaston William
  • Wollstonecraft Mary
  • Wolterstorff Nicholas
  • Wood Allen W
  • Wright Chauncey
  • Wright Crispin
  • Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilien
  • wu wei
  • wuxing (wu-hsing)
  • Wyclif John
  • X
  • Xenophanes
  • Xenophon
  • xian (hsien)
  • xing (hsing)
  • xingming (hsing-ming)
  • Xiong Shili
  • xu (hsü)
  • Xu Fuguan
  • Xunzi (Hsün Tzu)
  • Xu Xing (Hsü Hsing)
  • Y
  • Yang Xiong (Yang Hsiung)
  • Yan Yuan
  • Yang Zhu (Yang Chu)
  • yi
  • yin, yang
  • you, wu (yu, wu)
  • yung
  • Z
  • Zabarella Jacopo
  • Zagzebski
  • Zeigarnik effect
  • Zeno's paradoxes
  • Zhang Xuecheng (Chang Hsüeh-ch'eng)
  • Zhang Zai
  • zheng ming (cheng ming)
  • zhi1 (chih1)
  • zhi2 (chih2)
  • zhixing heyi (chih-hsing ho-i)
  • zhong, shu (chung, shu)
  • Zhongyong (Chung-yung)
  • Zhou Dunyi
  • Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu)
  • Zhu Xi
  • ziran (tzu jan)
  • Žižek Slavoj
  • Zou Yan (Tsou Yen)
  • Zoroastrianism
  • Appendix of Special Symbols and Logical Notation
  • Index of Selected Names