Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
Editor: Audi, Robert
Publication Year: 2015
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Price: Core Collection Only

ISBN: 978-1-10-701505-0
Category: Philosophy
Image Count:
20
Book Status: Available
Table of Contents
This is the leading, full-scale comprehensive dictionary of philosophical terms and thinkers to appear in English in more than half a century. It is designed to facilitate the understanding of philosophy at all levels and in all fields.
This book is found in the following Credo Collections:
Table of Contents
- Contributors
- Preface to the First Edition
- Preface to the Second Edition
- Preface to the Third Edition
- Acknowledgments to the First Edition
- Acknowledgments to the Second Edition
- Acknowledgments to the Third Edition
- A
- Abderites
- abduction
- Abelard Peter
- abhidharma
- abhinivesha
- Abrabanel Isaac ben Judah
- Abrabanel Judah
- absolute, the
- abstract entity
- Academy
- acceptance
- accident
- accidentalism
- accidie
- acosmism
- action theory
- action verb
- act-object psychology
- Adams Marilyn McCord
- Adams Robert Merrihew
- Adelard of Bath
- ādhyātman
- Adorno Theodor Wiesengrund
- Advaita
- adverbs, logic of
- aesthetic attitude
- aesthetic formalism
- aesthetic property
- aesthetics
- a fortiori argument
- African philosophy
- āgama
- agape
- agathon
- agent causation
- agnoiology
- agnosticism
- Agrippan modes (or tropes)
- ahamkāra
- ahantā
- ahimsā
- aitia
- ākāśa
- akrasia
- akśara
- ālaya-vijñāna
- Albert of Saxony
- Albertus Magnus
- alchemy
- alethic modalities
- Alexander Samuel
- Alexander of Aphrodisias
- Alexander of Hales
- Alexandrian School
- al-Fārābī, Abu Nasr
- al-Ghazālī, Abu Hamid
- algorithm
- alienation
- al-Kindī Abu Yusuf
- Allais's paradox
- Allison, Henry
- al-Rāzī Abu Bakr
- Alston William P
- Althusser Louis
- ambiguity
- Ambrose
- American philosophy
- Ameriks Karl
- Ammonius Saccas
- analysis
- analytic philosophy
- analytic-synthetic distinction
- ananke
- anaphora
- anattāvāda
- Anaxagoras
- Anaximander
- Anaximenes of Miletus
- ancestral
- ancient atomism
- Andronicus of Rhodes
- Angst
- Annas Julia
- Anniceris
- Anscombe G(ertrude) E(lizabeth) M(argaret)
- Anselm
- antilogism
- antinomianism
- Antiochus of Ascalon
- anti-realism
- apeiron
- Apel, Karl Otto
- apocatastasis
- apophatic
- aporia
- Appiah Kwame Anthony
- applied ethics
- a priori
- Aquinas Saint Thomas
- Arabic philosophy
- ārādhya
- Arcesilaus of Pitane
- Archytas
- Arendt Hannah
- arete
- argument
- Arianism
- Aristotle
- Arminius Jacobus
- Armstrong David M
- Arnauld Antoine
- Arrow's paradox
- artifact
- artificial intelligence
- artificial life
- ascriptivism
- assertion
- associationism
- Astell Mary
- Athanasius
- atheism
- Ātman
- atonement
- attribution theory
- Audi Robert
- Augustine
- Austin John
- Austin J(ohn) L(angshaw)
- Australasian philosophy
- Austrian philosophy
- autarkia
- authority
- avatar
- Avenarius Richard
- Averroes
- Avicenna
- avidya
- awareness
- axiomatic method
- axiom of comprehension
- axiom of consistency
- Ayer A(lfred) J(ules)
- B
- Babbage Charles
- Bachelard Gaston
- Bacon, Francis
- Bacon Roger
- bad faith
- Badiou Alain
- Bain Alexander
- Baker Lynne Rudder
- Bakhtin Mikhail Mikhailovich
- Bakunin Mikhail
- Bañez Domingo
- bargaining theory
- Barthes Roland
- basic norm
- Basilides
- basing relation
- Bataille Georges
- Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb
- Bayesian epistemology
- Bayesian rationality
- Bayes's theorem
- Bayle Pierre
- Beattie James
- beauty
- Beccaria Cesare
- behaviorism
- behavior therapy
- belief
- belief revision
- belief updating
- Beneke Friedrich Eduard
- Bennett Jonathan
- Bentham Jeremy
- Berdyaev Nicolas
- Bergmann Gustav
- Bergson Henri Louis
- Berkeley George
- Berlin Isaiah
- Bernard of Chartres
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- Bernoulli's theorem
- Bertrand's box paradox
- Bertrand's paradox
- Beth's definability theorem
- Bhagavad Gita
- bhakti
- bhavanga
- bi (pi)
- bian (pien)
- biconditional
- bioethics
- bit
- black box
- Blackburn Simon
- blindsight
- Bloch Ernst
- Blondel Maurice
- Bodin Jean
- Boehme Jakob
- Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus
- Boltzmann Ludwig
- Bolzano Bernard
- Bonaventure
- BonJour Laurence
- book of life
- Boole George
- Boolean algebra
- bootstrapping
- borderline case
- Bosanquet Bernard
- Boscovich Roger Joseph
- Bouwsma O(ets) K(olk)
- Boyle Robert
- Bradley F(rancis) H(erbert)
- Brahman
- Brandom Robert
- Brandt Richard B
- Bratman Michael
- Brentano Franz
- British empiricism
- Broad C(harlie) D(unbar)
- Broome John
- Brouwer Luitzgen Egbertus Jan
- Bruno Giordano
- Brunschvicg Léon
- brute
- Buber Martin
- Buchmanism
- Buddha
- Buddhagosa
- Buddhism
- bundle theory
- Burge Tyler
- Buridan Jean
- Burke Edmund
- Burley Walter
- business ethics
- Butler Joseph
- C
- cabala
- Caird Edward
- Cajetan
- calculus
- Calvin John
- Cambridge change
- Cambridge Platonists
- camera obscura
- Campanella Tommaso
- Campbell Norman Robert
- Camus Albert
- Canguilhem Georges
- Cantor Georg
- cardinal virtues
- Carlyle Thomas
- Carnap Rudolf
- Carroll Lewis
- Cartwright Nancy Delaney
- causal theory of action
- Cārvāka
- Cassirer Ernst
- Castañeda Hector-Neri
- casuistry
- categorical theory
- categoricity
- category
- category mistake
- category theory
- causal law
- causal theory of proper names
- causa sui
- causation
- Cavell Stanley Louis
- Cavendish Margaret
- Celsus
- certainty
- character
- Charron Pierre
- cheapest-cost avoider
- cheng (ch'eng)
- Cheng Hao (Ch'eng Hao) (1032–85), Cheng Yi (Ch'eng Yi) (1033–1107)
- Chen Xianzheng
- Chinese Legalism
- Chinese philosophy
- ching
- Chisholm R(oderick) M(ilton)
- choice sequence
- Chomsky Noam
- ch’üan
- Church Alonzo
- Churchland Patricia Smith
- Churchland Paul M
- Church's thesis
- Cicero Marcus Tullius
- circular reasoning
- citta-mātra
- civil disobedience
- Clarke Samuel
- class
- classical republicanism
- Clement of Alexandria
- Clifford W(illiam) K(ingdon)
- closure
- Coase theorem
- Cockburn Catherine (Trotter)
- Cogito ergo sum
- cognitive dissonance
- cognitive psychotherapy
- cognitive science
- cognitive science of religion (CSR)
- Cohen Hermann
- coherence theory of truth
- coherentism
- collective action
- collective belief
- Collier Arthur
- Collingwood R(obin) G(eorge)
- color
- combinatory logic
- commentaries on Aristotle
- commentaries on Plato
- common good
- compactness theorem
- complementary class
- completeness
- complexe significabile
- compossible
- comprehension
- compresence
- computability
- computer art
- computer theory
- Comte Auguste
- conceivability
- conceptualism
- concursus dei
- Condillac Étienne Bonnot de
- condition
- conditional
- conditionalization
- conditional proof
- conditioning
- conditio sine qua non
- Condorcet
- confirmation
- Confucianism
- Confucius
- conjecture
- conjunction
- conjunction elimination
- conjunction introduction
- conjunctivity
- connected
- connectionism
- connotation
- consequentialism
- consequentia mirabilis
- consistency
- Constant, Benjamin
- constitution
- constructive empiricism
- content
- contextualism
- Continental philosophy
- contingent
- continuum problem
- contractarianism
- contraposition
- contraries
- contravalid
- control
- conventionalism
- convention T
- converse
- converse, outer and inner
- conviction
- Conway, Anne
- Cooper John M
- cooperation
- copula
- Cordemoy Géraud de
- Cornell Realism
- corners
- corresponding conditional
- cosmopolitanism
- Cottingham John
- counterfactuals
- counterinstance
- counterintuitive
- counterpart theory
- count noun
- Cournot Antoine-Augustin
- Cousin Victor
- Couturat Louis
- covering law model
- Craig's interpolation theorem
- creation ex nihilo
- creationism
- creativity
- Crescas Hasdai
- criterion
- critical legal studies
- Critical Realism
- critical theory
- Croce Benedetto
- crucial experiment
- Crusius Christian August
- Cudworth Damaris
- Cumberland Richard
- cumulative case argument
- curve-fitting problem
- cut-elimination theorem
- cybernetics
- Cynics
- Cyrenaics
- Czolbe Heinrich
- D
- d'Ailly Pierre
- Dai Zhen
- d'Alembert Jean Le Rond
- Damascius
- Dancy Jonathan
- Danto Arthur C(oleman)
- dao (tao)
- Daoism (Taoism)
- daotong (tao-t'ung)
- daoxin, renxin (tao-hsin, jen-hsin)
- Darwall Stephen
- Darwinism
- Davidson Donald
- Daxue (Ta-hsüeh)
- de (te)
- death
- decidability
- decision theory
- deconstruction
- Dedekind Richard
- de dicto
- deduction
- deduction theorem
- default logic
- defeasibility
- definiendum
- definist
- definition
- degenerate case
- degree
- degree of unsolvability
- degrees of belief
- deism
- deity
- Deleuze Gilles
- deliberative democracy
- de Maistre Joseph-Marie
- demandingness
- demarcation
- demiurge
- Democritus
- De Morgan Augustus
- De Morgan's laws
- Dennett Daniel C(lement)
- denotation
- deontic logic
- deontic paradoxes
- dependence
- depiction
- Derrida Jacques
- Descartes René
- descriptivism
- design plan
- desire
- determinable
- determinism
- Dewey John
- dharma
- Dharmakīrti
- d'Holbach, Paul-Henri-Dietrich
- diagonal procedure
- dialectic
- dialetheism
- diallelon
- dianoia
- dictum de omni et nullo
- Diderot Denis
- différance
- dignity
- dilemma
- Dilthey Wilhelm
- diminished capacity
- direction of fit
- direct realism
- disagreement
- disbelief
- disembodiment
- disjunction elimination
- disjunction introduction
- disjunctive proposition
- disjunctivism
- disposition
- distribution
- distributive laws
- divided line
- divine attributes
- divine command ethics
- divine foreknowledge
- domain
- Dong Zhongshu (Tung Chung-shu)
- donkey sentences
- doomsday argument
- double negation
- double truth
- doxastic
- doxographers
- dravya
- dravyasat
- dreaming
- Dretske Fred
- dualism
- Ducasse C(urt) J(ohn)
- duck-rabbit
- Duhem Pierre-Maurice-Marie
- Dummett Michael A. E
- dunamis
- Duns Scotus John
- Dutch book
- Dutch book argument
- Dutch book theorem
- duty
- du Vair Guillaume
- Dvaita Vedanta
- Dworkin Ronald M
- dynamic logic
- dynamism
- E
- Eckhart Johannes
- Eco Umberto
- eduction
- Edwards Jonathan
- effective procedure
- egocentric particular
- egocentric predicament
- egoism
- Einfühlung
- Einstein Albert
- Eleatic School
- elenchus
- Elizabeth of Bohemia
- ellipsis
- emanationism
- embodiment
- Emerson Ralph Waldo
- emotion
- emotive conjugation
- emotivism
- empathy
- Empedocles
- empirical adequacy
- empirical decision theory
- empiricism
- enantiamorphs
- Encyclopedia
- energeia
- energeticism
- Engels Friedrich
- Enlightenment, the
- ens a se
- ens rationis
- ens realissimum
- entelechy
- enthymeme
- entropy
- envelope paradox
- environmental philosophy
- epagogē
- epicheirema
- Epicureanism
- epistemic
- epistemic deontologism
- epistemic logic
- epistemic possibility
- epistemic principle
- epistemic privacy
- epistemic regress argument
- epistemic responsibilism
- epistemology
- equality
- equipollence
- equiprobable
- equivalence
- equivocation
- Erasmus Desiderius
- Erfahrung
- Erigena John Scotus
- eristic
- Erlebnis
- Eros
- erotetic
- essentialism
- establishment
- eternal return
- ethical constructivism
- ethical objectivism
- ethics
- ethics of citizenship
- ethics of love
- ethnography
- ethnology
- ethnomethodology
- Euclidean geometry
- eudaimonism
- Eudoxus of Cnidus
- Euler diagram
- euthanasia
- Euthyphro problem
- event
- evidence
- evidentialism
- evil
- evolutionary arguments
- evolutionary epistemology
- evolutionary ethics
- evolutionary psychology
- existential generalization
- existential import
- existential instantiation
- existentialism
- experimental philosophy
- expertise
- explanation
- explosion
- exponible
- exportation
- expression theory of art
- extensionalism
- externalism
- extrinsic desire
- extrinsic relation
- F
- fa
- fact-value distinction
- faculty psychology
- faith
- fallibilism
- false consciousness
- false pleasure
- Fang Thomé H
- Fechner Gustav Theodor
- feminist epistemology
- feminist philosophy
- Feng Youlan
- Ferguson Adam
- Feuerbach Ludwig Andreas
- Fichte Johann Gottlieb
- Ficino Marsilio
- fiction
- fictionalism
- field theory
- figure-ground
- Filmer Robert
- Fine Kit
- fink
- Finnish philosophy
- first philosophy
- fittingness
- Florenski Pavel Aleksandrovich
- Fludd Robert
- Fodor Jerry A
- folk psychology
- Føllesdal Dagfinn
- Fonseca Pedro da
- Fontenelle Bernard Le Bovier de
- food ethics
- Foot Philippa
- forcing
- Fordyce David
- forgiveness
- form
- formal epistemology
- formal fallacy
- Fallacies of sentential (propositional) logic
- Fallacies of syllogistic logic
- Fallacies of negation
- Fallacies of predicate logic
- formalism
- formalization
- formalize
- formal language
- formal learnability theory
- formal logic
- formal semantics
- Foucault Michel
- foundationalism
- Four Books
- Fourier François-Marie-Charles
- Frankena William K
- Frankfurt Harry
- Frankfurt cases
- Frankfurt School
- free exercise
- free logic
- free rider
- free will problem
- Frege Gottlob
- Frege-Geach problem
- French personalism
- French philosophy
- Freud Sigmund
- Friedman Michael
- Fumerton Richard A
- functional dependence
- functionalism
- fundamentum divisionis
- future contingents
- fuzzy set
- G
- Gadamer Hans-Georg
- Galen
- Galileo Galilei
- gambler's fallacy
- game theory
- Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand
- Gaozi (Kao Tzu)
- Garber Daniel
- Gassendi Pierre
- Gay John
- Geach Peter
- Ge Hong (Ko Hung)
- G. E. Moore shift
- generics
- Gentile Giovanni
- genus generalissimum
- German philosophy
- Gerson Jean de
- Gersonides
- Gert Bernard
- Geulincx Arnold
- gewu zhizhi (ko wu, chih chih)
- Gibbard Allan
- Giles of Rome
- Gilson Étienne
- Gioberti Vincenzo
- given
- Glanvill Joseph
- global justice
- gnosticism
- Goclenius Rudolphus
- Gödel's incompleteness theorems
- Godfrey of Fontaines
- Godwin William
- Goethe Johann Wolfgang von
- Goldman Alvin I
- Gongsun Longzi (Kung-sun Lung Tzu)
- good-making characteristic
- Goodman Nelson
- Gorgias
- grace
- Gracián y Morales Baltasar
- grammar
- Gramsci Antonio
- Green T(homas) H(ill)
- Gregory I
- Gregory of Nyssa
- Gregory of Rimini
- Grice H. P(aul)
- Grosseteste Robert
- Grotius Hugo
- grounding
- grue paradox
- Guanzi (Kuan Tzu)
- guise theory
- Guo Xiang (Kuo Hsiang)
- Guyer Paul
- H
- Habermas Jürgen
- Hacking Ian
- haecceity
- Haeckel Ernst
- HaLevi Judah
- Hamann Johann Georg
- Hamilton William
- Hanfeizi (Han Fei Tzu)
- Han Yu
- Hare R(ichard) M(ervyn)
- Harman Gilbert
- harmony, proof-theoretic
- harm principle
- Hart H(erbert) L(ionel) A(dolphus)
- Hartley David
- Hartmann Eduard von
- Hartmann Nicolai
- Hartshorne Charles
- hedonism
- Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
- Heidegger Martin
- Hellenistic philosophy
- Helmholtz Hermann von
- Helvétius, Claude Adrien
- Hempel Carl G(ustav)
- henotheism
- Henrich Dieter
- Henry of Ghent
- Heraclitus
- Herbart Johann Friedrich
- Herder Johann Gottfried von
- Herman Barbara
- hermeneutics
- hermetism
- Herzen Alexander
- heuristics
- hexis
- He Yan (Ho Yen)
- Heytesbury William
- Hick John (Harwood)
- hiddenness, divine
- hierarchy
- Hilbert David
- Hilbert's Program
- Hill Thomas E. Jr
- Hinduism
- Hintikka Jaakko
- Hintikka set
- Hippocrates
- historicism
- Hobbes Thomas
- Hohfeld Wesley Newcomb
- Hölderlin Johann Christian Friedrich
- holism
- hologram
- homoeomerous
- homomorphism
- homoousios
- homunculus
- Honneth Axel
- hope
- Horkheimer Max
- hsiao
- Hsi K'ang
- hsin1
- hsin2
- hsing-erh-shang
- Huang-Lao
- Huang Zongxi
- Hu Hong (Hu Hung)
- Hui Shi (Hui Shih)
- humanism
- human nature
- Humboldt Wilhelm von
- Hume David
- Humean theory of motivation
- Hu Shi
- Husserl Edmund
- Hutcheson Francis
- Huygens Christiaan
- hyle
- hylomorphism
- hylozoism
- Hypatia
- hypostasis
- hypothetico-deductive method
- I
- Ibn Bājja Abu Bakr
- Ibn Daud Abraham
- Ibn Gabirol Solomon
- Ibn Khaldūn ‘Abdurrahmān
- Ibn Tufayl Abu Bakr
- I-Ching
- idea
- ideal, moral
- idealism
- ideal language
- ideal market
- ideal observer
- identity
- identity conditions
- identity of indiscernibles
- ideology
- ideo-motor action
- iff
- ignorance
- Il'in Ivan Aleksandrovich
- Ilyenkov Evald Vasilyevich
- imagination
- immanence
- immaterialism
- immediacy
- impartiality
- imperative logic
- implication
- implicature
- imposition
- impredicative definition
- incommensurable
- incommensurability
- inconsistent triad
- independence results
- indeterminacy of translation
- indexical
- indirect discourse
- indiscernibility of identicals
- individuation
- induction
- inductivism
- inference
- inference to the best explanation
- inferentialism
- inferential knowledge
- infima species
- infinitary logic
- infinite regress argument
- infinitism
- infinity
- informal fallacy
- informal logic
- information theory
- informed consent
- Ingarden Roman Witold
- insolubilia
- institution
- institutional theory of art
- instrumentalism
- intellectualism
- intelligent design
- intension
- intensionality
- intensional logic
- intention
- intentional fallacy
- intentionalism
- intentionality
- interchangeability
- internal question
- intervening variable
- intuition
- Ionian philosophy
- Irigaray Luce
- irrationality
- Irwin Terence H
- is
- Islamic Neoplatonism
- Isocrates
- is-ought gap
- Italian philosophy
- I-Thou relationship
- J
- Jackson
- Jacobi Friedrich Heinrich
- Jainism
- James William
- James-Lange theory
- Jansenism
- Japanese philosophy
- Jaspers Karl Theodor
- Jeffrey conditionalization
- Jevons William Stanley
- Jewish philosophy
- jhāna
- Jiao Hong
- Jia Yi (Chia Yi)
- Joachim of Floris
- Johannes Philoponus
- John of Damascus
- John of Saint Thomas
- John of Salisbury
- Johnson Samuel (1696–1772).
- Johnson W(illiam) E(rnest)
- journalistic ethics
- Jung Carl Gustav
- junzi (chün-tzu)
- jurisprudence
- jury nullification
- justice
- justification
- justification by faith
- just war theory
- K
- kāla
- kalam
- Kang Youwei
- Kant Immanuel
- Kaplan David
- karma
- Kenny, (Sir) Anthony John Patrick
- Kepler Johannes
- kerygma
- Keynes John Maynard
- Kierkegaard Søren Aabye
- Kilvington Richard
- Kilwardby Robert
- Kim Jaegwon
- Kitcher Philip
- KK-thesis
- Kleist Heinrich von
- knowledge by acquaintance
- knowledge de re
- Köhler Wolfgang
- Korean philosophy
- Korsgaard Christine M
- Kotarbiński Tadeusz
- Krause Karl Christian Friedrich
- Kretzmann Norman
- Kripke Saul A(aron)
- Kripke semantics
- Kristeva Julia
- Kropotkin Petr Alekseevich
- Kuhn Thomas S(amuel)
- kung, szu
- Kyoto School
- L
- Labriola Antonio
- Lacan Jacques
- Laffitte Pierre
- La Forge Louis de
- lambda-calculus
- Lambert Johann Heinrich
- La Mettrie Julien Offroy de
- Lange Friedrich Albert
- Laozi (Lao Tzu)
- La Peyrère Isaac
- Laplace Pierre Simon de
- Latin American philosophy
- lawlike generalization
- laws of thought
- Lebensphilosophie
- legal moralism
- legal positivism
- legal realism
- Lehrer Keith
- Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm
- lekton
- Lenin Vladimir Ilich
- Lequier Jules
- Leroux Pierre
- Leśniewski Stanisław
- Lessing Gotthold Ephraim
- Leucippus
- Levinas Emmanuel
- Lewin Kurt
- Lewis C(larence) I(rving)
- Lewis C(live) S(taples)
- Lewis David K
- lexical ordering
- li1
- li2
- li3
- Liang Qichao
- Liang Shuming
- liangzhi (liang-chih)
- Li Ao
- liberalism
- liberal naturalism
- liberum arbitrium
- Libet experiments
- Li Chi
- li-ch'i
- Liezi (Lieh Tzu)
- life
- limiting case
- linguistic relativity
- list theory
- literary theory
- Liu Shaoqi
- Liu Zongzhou (Liu Tsung-chou)
- liyifenshu (li-i-fen-shu)
- Locke John
- Lockean thesis
- logical consequence
- logical constant
- logical construction
- logical form
- logical indicator
- logical notation
- logical pluralism
- logical positivism
- logical product
- logical subject
- logical syntax
- logicism
- logistic system
- logos
- Lonergan Bernard J. F., S.J
- Longinus
- Losev Aleksei Fëdorovich
- lottery paradox
- Lotze Rudolf Hermann
- Lowe E. J
- Löwenheim-Skolem theorem
- Lucas John Randolph
- luck
- Lucretius
- Lukács Georg
- Łukasiewicz Jan
- Lull Raymond
- Lushichunqiu (Lü-shih ch'un-ch'iu)
- Luther Martin
- Lu Xiangshan
- Lycan William G
- Lyceum
- Lyotard Jean-François
- M
- Mach Ernst
- Machiavelli Niccolò
- MacIntyre Alasdair
- Mackie J(ohn) L(eslie)
- Madhva
- Mādhyamika
- magnitude
- Mahāvīra
- Maimon Salomon
- Maimonides
- Malcolm Norman
- Malebranche Nicolas
- Mamardashvili, Merab Konstantinovich
- Manichaeanism
- Mannheim Karl
- Mansel Henry Longueville
- many-valued logic
- Mao Zedong
- Marcel Gabriel
- Marcus Ruth Barcan
- Marcus Aurelius
- Marcuse Herbert
- Mariana Juan de
- Marion Jean-Luc
- Maritain Jacques
- Marsilius of Inghen
- Marsilius of Padua
- Martineau James
- Marx Karl
- Marxism
- material adequacy
- mathematical analysis
- mathematical function
- mathematical induction
- mathematical intuitionism
- mathematical structuralism
- matter
- maximal consistent set
- maximin strategy
- Maxwell James Clerk
- māyā
- McCosh James
- McDougall William
- McDowell John Henry
- McTaggart John McTaggart Ellis
- Mead George Herbert
- meaning
- meaning postulate
- mechanistic explanation
- Medina Bartolomeo
- Megarians
- Meinong Alexius
- meliorism
- Melissus of Samos
- memory
- Mencius
- Mendel Gregor
- Mendelssohn Moses
- mens rea
- mental causation
- Mentalese
- mentalism
- Mercier Désiré-Joseph
- mercy
- mereology
- meritarian
- meritocracy
- Merleau-Ponty Maurice
- Mersenne Marin
- metalanguage
- metamathematics
- metaphilosophy
- metaphor
- metaphysical realism
- metaphysics
- methodological holism
- middle knowledge
- Middle Platonism
- Milesians
- military ethics
- Mill James
- Mill John Stuart
- Millikan Ruth Garrett
- Mill's methods
- Mīmāmsā
- mimesis
- Mind argument
- mindreading
- ming
- miracle
- Miskawayh
- M'Naghten rule
- mnemic causation
- modality
- modal logic
- modal transfer fallacy
- mode
- model theory
- modularity
- modus ponens
- modus tollens
- Mohism
- Molina Luis de
- Molyneux question
- Montaigne Michel de
- Montanism
- Montesquieu
- Moore G(eorge) E(dward)
- Moore's paradox
- moral dilemma
- moral epistemology
- morality
- moral knowledge
- moral perception
- moral phenomenology
- moral psychology
- moral rationalism
- moral realism
- moral sense theory
- moral skepticism
- moral status
- More Henry
- More Sir Thomas
- Mosca Gaetano
- motivation
- motivational explanation
- motivational internalism
- Mou Zongsan
- Mozi (Mo Tzu)
- Murdoch Iris
- mystical experience
- mysticism
- myth of Er
- myth of the given
- N
- Nāgārjuna
- Nagel Ernest
- Nagel Thomas
- Nash equilibrium
- naturalism
- naturalistic epistemology
- natural kind
- natural law
- natural philosophy
- natural reason
- natural religion
- necessitarianism
- necessity
- negation
- Nehamas Alexander
- Nemesius of Emesa
- Neo-Confucianism
- Neo-Daoism (Neo-Taoism)
- neo-Friesian School
- neo-Kantianism
- Neoplatonism
- neopragmatism
- neo-Scholasticism
- Neo-Thomism
- neuroethics
- neurolaw
- neutrality
- New Academy
- Newcomb's paradox
- Newman John Henry
- new natural law theory
- New Realism
- Newton Sir Isaac
- Nicholas of Autrecourt
- Nicholas of Cusa
- Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm
- Nihil est in intellectu quod non prius fuerit in sensu
- Nihil ex nihilo fit
- nirodha-samāpatti
- noetic
- non-Euclidean geometry
- non-monotonic logic
- nonviolence
- Nordic philosophy
- norm
- normal form
- normalization theorem
- normativity
- notum per se
- noûs
- Novalis
- Nozick, Robert
- Numenius of Apamea
- Nussbaum Martha C(raven)
- Nyāya-Vaishesika
- O
- Oakeshott Michael
- obiectum quo
- objective rightness
- obligationes
- oblique context
- obversion
- occasionalism
- occasion meaning
- Ockham William
- Ockham's razor
- Olivi Peter John
- omega
- O'Neill Onora S
- one-many problem
- one over many
- ontological commitment
- ontology of art
- open formula
- open texture
- open theism
- operationalism
- operator
- operator theory of adverbs
- order
- ordering
- order type omega
- ordinal logic
- ordinary language philosophy
- organic
- organicism
- organism
- Origen
- Orphism
- Ortega y Gasset José
- ought-implies-can principle
- ousia
- Oxford Calculators
- Oxford school of intuitionism
- P
- pacifism
- Paine Thomas
- pairing problem
- Paley William
- panpsychism
- pantheism
- Pantheismusstreit
- Paracelsus
- paraconsistency
- paradigm
- paradigm case argument
- paradox
- paradoxes of omnipotence
- paradox of analysis
- paradox of deontology
- paradox of omniscience
- parapsychology
- Pareto efficiency
- Parfit Derek
- Parmenides
- parsing
- particularism
- partition
- Pascal Blaise
- paternalism
- patristic authors
- Paul of Venice
- Peano postulates
- Peirce Charles S(anders)
- Peirce's law
- Pelagianism
- per accidens
- perception
- Percival Thomas
- perdurance
- perfect competition
- perfectionism
- Peripatetic School
- Perry John
- Perry Ralph Barton
- personal identity
- personalism
- personhood
- Peter Lombard
- Peter of Spain
- Pettit Philip
- phantasia
- phenomenal conservatism
- phenomenalism
- phenomenology
- Philodemus of Gadara
- Philo Judaeus
- Philolaus
- philosophia perennis
- philosophical anthropology
- philosophical method
- philosophical theology
- philosophy of biology
- philosophy of economics
- philosophy of education
- philosophy of film
- philosophy of history
- philosophy of language
- philosophy of law
- philosophy of literature
- philosophy of logic
- philosophy of mathematics
- philosophy of medicine
- philosophy of mind
- Mind-body dualism
- Monism
- Cognitive psychology
- Content
- Consciousness
- philosophy of psychology
- philosophy of religion
- philosophy of science
- philosophy of sport
- philosophy of technology
- philosophy of the social sciences
- physicalism
- physis
- Piaget Jean
- Pico della Mirandola Giovanni
- plan
- Plantinga Alvin
- Plato
- Plekhanov Georgy Valentinovich
- Plotinus
- pluralism
- pluralitive logic
- plurality of causes
- pluriverse
- Po-hu tung
- poiēsis
- Poincaré Jules Henri
- polarity
- Polish logic
- Polish philosophy
- political philosophy
- political theory
- polysyllogism
- Pomponazzi Pietro
- pons asinorum
- Popper Karl Raimund
- Porphyry
- Port-Royal Logic
- positive and negative freedom
- possible worlds
- Post-Gödel dilemma
- postmodern
- poststructuralism
- potency
- poverty of the stimulus
- power
- practical reason
- practical reasoning
- practition
- praedicamenta
- pragmatic contradiction
- pragmatic encroachment
- pragmatism
- praxis
- Praxis school
- preanalytic
- predicables
- preexistence
- preface paradox
- prescriptivism
- presentism
- pre-Socratics
- presupposition
- pretheoretical
- Price Richard
- Prichard H(arold) A(rthur)
- Priestley Joseph
- prime mover
- principal principle
- principium individuationis
- principle of bivalence
- principle of contradiction
- principle of double effect
- principle of excluded middle
- principle of indifference
- principle of insufficient reason
- principle of plenitude
- principle of verifiability
- prisoner's dilemma
- private language argument
- privation
- privileged access
- pro attitude
- probabilism
- probability
- problem of induction
- problem of other minds
- problem of the criterion
- problem of the speckled hen
- process-product ambiguity
- process theology
- production theory
- professional ethics
- proof
- proof by recursion
- proof theory
- propensity
- property
- proposition
- propositional function
- propositional opacity
- proprietates terminorum
- proprium
- protocol statement
- prototype theory
- Proudhon Pierre-Joseph
- pseudohallucination
- psycholinguistics
- public reason
- Pufendorf Samuel
- punishment
- Putnam Hilary
- Pyrrho of Elis
- Pythagoras
- Pythagoreanism
- Q
- qi (ch'i)
- qian, kun (k'un)
- Qianfu Lun (Ch'ien-fu Lun)
- Qian Mu
- qing (ch'ing)
- qualia
- qualitative predicate
- qualities
- quality of life
- quantification
- quantifying in
- quantum logic
- quantum mechanics
- quasi-indicator
- Quine W(illard) V(an) O(rman)
- quinque voces
- R
- racism
- radical interpretation
- Railton Peter
- Rāmānuja
- Ramsey Frank Plumpton
- Ramus Petrus
- Rashdall Hastings
- ratiocination
- rationalism
- rationality
- rationalization
- rational psychology
- rational reconstruction
- Rawls John
- Ray John
- Raz Joseph
- reality
- reasons for action
- reasons for belief
- recognition
- recursive function theory
- redintegration
- reductio ad absurdum
- reduction
- reduction sentence
- referentially transparent
- reflection principles
- reflective equilibrium
- regression analysis
- regulative-constitutive distinction
- Reichenbach Hans
- Reid Thomas
- Reimarus Hermann Samuel
- Reinhold Karl Leonhard
- reism
- relation
- relational logic
- relativism
- relativity
- relevance logic
- reliabilism
- religious epistemology
- ren (jen)
- Renaissance philosophy
- Renouvier Charles
- representationalism
- rerum natura
- Rescher Nicholas
- respect
- response-dependence
- responsibility
- resultance
- reverence
- revisability
- Richard Rufus
- Ricoeur Paul
- rights
- rigorism
- ring of Gyges
- rong, ru (jung, ju)
- Rorty Richard
- Roscelin de Compiègne
- Rosenzweig Franz
- Rosmini-Serbati Antonio
- Ross W(illiam) D(avid)
- Rousseau Jean-Jacques
- Rowe William L
- Royce Josiah
- Ruan Ji (Juan Chi)
- rule-following
- rule of law
- rule theory
- Russell Bertrand (Arthur William)
- Russian nihilism
- Russian philosophy
- Ryle Gilbert
- S
- Saadiah Gaon
- Saint Petersburg paradox
- Saint-Simon
- Sakti
- samādhi
- samanantara-pratyaya
- samatha
- samsāra
- Sanches Francisco
- sanction
- Sankhya-Yoga
- Santayana George
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- Sartre Jean-Paul
- sat/chit/ānanda
- satisfaction
- satisfiable
- satisfice
- Saussure Ferdinand de
- Scanlon Thomas M
- Scheler Max
- Schelling Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph
- scheme
- Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von
- Schlegel Friedrich von
- Schleiermacher Friedrich
- Scholasticism
- School of Names
- Schopenhauer Arthur
- Schröder-Bernstein theorem
- Schrödinger Erwin
- Schulze Gottlob Ernst
- scientific realism
- scientism
- scope
- Scottish common sense philosophy
- Searle John R
- second-order logic
- second-person relatedness
- secundum quid
- self-deception
- self-determination
- self-evidence
- self-presenting
- self-referential incoherence
- self-reproducing automaton
- Sellars Wilfrid
- semantic ascent
- semantic holism
- semantic paradoxes
- semantic relativism
- semiosis
- sensationalism
- sensibilia
- sensibility theory
- sensorium
- sensus communis
- sentential connective
- sentimentalism
- set-theoretic paradoxes
- set theory
- Sextus Empiricus
- Shaftesbury
- shan, e (shan, o)
- shang ti
- Shang Yang
- Shankara
- Shao Yong
- Sheffer stroke
- shen
- sheng
- Shen Buhai (Shen Pu-hai)
- Shen Dao (Shen Tao)
- Shepherd Mary
- Sherwood William
- Shestov Lev
- shi1 (shih1)
- shi2 (shih2)
- ship of Theseus
- Shoemaker Sydney
- Shpet Gustav Gustavovich
- shu1
- Sidgwick Henry
- Siger of Brabant
- signifier
- Simmel Georg
- Simplicius
- simulation theory
- Singer Peter
- singularity
- singular term
- situation ethics
- situationism
- Siva
- skeptical theism
- skepticism
- Skeptics
- Skolem Thoralf
- Sleeping Beauty problem
- slingshot argument
- slippery slope argument
- Smart J(ohn) J(amieson) C(arswell)
- Smith Adam
- Sober Elliott
- social action
- social biology
- social choice theory
- social constructivism
- social contract
- social epistemology
- social intuitionism
- social ontology
- social philosophy
- Socinianism
- Socrates
- Socratic intellectualism
- Socratic irony
- Socratic paradoxes
- solipsism
- Solovyov Vladimir
- Song Xing (Sung Hsing)
- sophismata
- Sophists
- Sorel Georges
- sorites
- sorites paradox
- sortal predicate
- Sosa Ernest
- Soto Domingo de
- soul
- soundness
- space
- space-time
- Spanish philosophy
- spatiotemporal continuity
- specious present
- speculative philosophy
- speech act theory
- Spencer Herbert
- Spinoza Baruch
- Spir Afrikan
- split brain effects
- square of opposition
- Stalnaker Robert C
- standard model
- standpoint theory
- state
- state of affairs
- statistical explanation
- Steiner Rudolf
- Stephen Sir Leslie
- Stillingfleet Edward
- Stirner Max
- stochastic process
- Stoicism
- Stout George Frederick
- Strato of Lampsacus
- Strauss Leo
- Strawson Sir Peter
- Stroud Barry
- structuralism
- Stump Eleonore
- Suárez Francisco
- subdoxastic
- subjectivism
- subject-object dichotomy
- sublime
- subsidiarity
- subsistence
- substance
- substantialism
- substitutivity salva veritate
- substructural logics
- Sufism
- summum bonum
- śūnyatā
- Sun Yat-sen
- supererogation
- supervenience
- suppositio
- survival
- sutra
- Swedenborgianism
- Swinburne Richard
- syllogism
- synaesthesia
- syncategoremata
- synderesis
- synergism
- systems theory
- T
- taiji (t'ai-chi)
- Tang Junyi
- Tan Sitong
- Tarski Alfred
- tautology
- Taylor Charles
- Taylor Harriet
- te
- techne
- Teichmüller Gustav
- Teilhard de Chardin Pierre
- teleology
- Telesio Bernardino
- telishment
- telos
- tense logic
- Teresa of Ávila
- terminist logic
- terminus a quo
- Tertullian
- testability
- testimony
- Tetens Johann Nicolas
- Thales of Miletus
- thema
- theodicy
- theologia naturalis
- theological anthropology
- theological naturalism
- theoretical reason
- theoretical term
- theory-laden
- theory of appearing
- theory of descriptions
- theory of signs
- theosophy
- thick concept
- Thomism
- Thomson Judith Jarvis
- Thoreau Henry David
- thought experiment
- Thrasymachus
- t'i, yung
- tian (t'ien)
- tianli, renyu (t'ien li, jen-yü)
- tianren heyi (t'ien-jen ho-i)
- Tillich Paul
- time
- time slice
- time travel
- token-reflexive
- toleration
- Toletus Francisco
- tonk
- topic-neutral
- topics
- toxin puzzle
- trait
- transcendence
- transcendental argument
- transcendentalism
- transcendentals
- transfinite number
- transformation rule
- transitivity
- transubstantiation
- transversality
- tree of Porphyry
- Trinitarianism
- Troeltsch Ernst
- trolley problem
- trope
- trust
- truth
- truthlikeness
- truthmaker
- truth table
- truth-value
- truth-value semantics
- Tugendhat Ernst
- Tuomela Raimo
- Turing machine
- Turnbull George
- Twin-Earth
- two-dimensional semantics
- tychism
- type theory
- type-token distinction
- tzu jan
- U
- Unamuno Miguel de
- understanding
- unexpected examination paradox
- uniformity of nature
- unity in diversity
- unity of science
- universal instantiation
- universalizability
- universe of discourse
- Upanishads
- use-mention distinction
- utilitarianism
- utterer's meaning
- V
- vagueness
- Vaihinger Hans
- Valentinianism
- Valentinus
- valid
- Valla Lorenzo
- value
- value problem
- value theory
- van Fraassen Bas
- Vanini Giulio Cesare
- van Inwagen Peter
- variable
- vāsanā
- Vasubandhu
- Vauvenargues Luc de Clapiers de
- Vázquez Gabriel
- Vedanta
- Vedas
- Venn diagram
- verificationism
- Verstehen
- vicious regress
- Vico Giambattista
- Vienna Circle
- Vijñānavāda
- vijñapti
- violence
- vipassanā
- virtue epistemology
- virtue ethics
- Vishnu
- Viśistadvaita Vedanta
- vital lie
- Vitoria Francisco de
- Vives Juan Luis
- volition
- Voltaire
- voluntarism
- von Neumann John
- von Wright G. H
- voting paradox
- W
- wang, ba (wang, pa)
- Wang Bi (Wang Pi)
- Wang Chong (Wang Ch'ung)
- Wang Fuzhi
- Wang Yangming
- Ward James
- warrant
- wayward causal chain
- Weber Max
- Weil, Simone
- well-being
- well-formed formula
- Westermarck Edward
- Whewell William
- Whitehead, Alfred North
- William of Alnwick
- William of Auvergne
- William of Auxerre
- William of Moerbeke
- Williams Bernard
- Williamson Timothy
- Wilson John Cook
- Windelband Wilhelm
- wisdom
- Wittgenstein Ludwig
- Wodeham Adam de
- Woleński Jan (Jan Hertrich-Woleński)
- Wolff Christian
- Wollaston William
- Wollstonecraft Mary
- Wolterstorff Nicholas
- Wood Allen W
- Wright Chauncey
- Wright Crispin
- Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilien
- wu wei
- wuxing (wu-hsing)
- Wyclif John
- X
- Xenophanes
- Xenophon
- xian (hsien)
- xing (hsing)
- xingming (hsing-ming)
- Xiong Shili
- xu (hsü)
- Xu Fuguan
- Xunzi (Hsün Tzu)
- Xu Xing (Hsü Hsing)
- Y
- Yang Xiong (Yang Hsiung)
- Yan Yuan
- Yang Zhu (Yang Chu)
- yi
- yin, yang
- you, wu (yu, wu)
- yü
- yung
- Z
- Zabarella Jacopo
- Zagzebski
- Zeigarnik effect
- Zeno's paradoxes
- Zhang Xuecheng (Chang Hsüeh-ch'eng)
- Zhang Zai
- zheng ming (cheng ming)
- zhi1 (chih1)
- zhi2 (chih2)
- zhixing heyi (chih-hsing ho-i)
- zhong, shu (chung, shu)
- Zhongyong (Chung-yung)
- Zhou Dunyi
- Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu)
- Zhu Xi
- ziran (tzu jan)
- Žižek Slavoj
- Zou Yan (Tsou Yen)
- Zoroastrianism
- Appendix of Special Symbols and Logical Notation
- Index of Selected Names