This is the leading, full-scale comprehensive dictionary of philosophical terms and thinkers to appear in English in more than half a century. It is designed to facilitate the understanding of philosophy at all levels and in all fields.

Table of Contents

• Contributors
• Preface to the First Edition
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Preface to the Third Edition
• Acknowledgments to the First Edition
• Acknowledgments to the Second Edition
• Acknowledgments to the Third Edition
• A
• Abderites
• abduction
• Abelard Peter
• abhidharma
• abhinivesha
• Abrabanel Isaac ben Judah
• Abrabanel Judah
• absolute, the
• abstract entity
• Academy
• acceptance
• accident
• accidentalism
• accidie
• acosmism
• action theory
• action verb
• act-object psychology
• Adams Marilyn McCord
• Adams Robert Merrihew
• Adelard of Bath
• ādhyātman
• Adorno Theodor Wiesengrund
• Advaita
• adverbs, logic of
• aesthetic attitude
• aesthetic formalism
• aesthetic property
• aesthetics
• a fortiori argument
• African philosophy
• āgama
• agape
• agathon
• agent causation
• agnoiology
• agnosticism
• Agrippan modes (or tropes)
• ahamkāra
• ahantā
• ahimsā
• aitia
• ākāśa
• akrasia
• akśara
• ālaya-vijñāna
• Albert of Saxony
• Albertus Magnus
• alchemy
• alethic modalities
• Alexander Samuel
• Alexander of Aphrodisias
• Alexander of Hales
• Alexandrian School
• al-Fārābī, Abu Nasr
• al-Ghazālī, Abu Hamid
• algorithm
• alienation
• al-Kindī Abu Yusuf
• Allais's paradox
• Allison, Henry
• al-Rāzī Abu Bakr
• Alston William P
• Althusser Louis
• ambiguity
• Ambrose
• American philosophy
• Ameriks Karl
• Ammonius Saccas
• analysis
• analytic philosophy
• analytic-synthetic distinction
• ananke
• anaphora
• anattāvāda
• Anaxagoras
• Anaximander
• Anaximenes of Miletus
• ancestral
• ancient atomism
• Andronicus of Rhodes
• Angst
• Annas Julia
• Anniceris
• Anscombe G(ertrude) E(lizabeth) M(argaret)
• Anselm
• antilogism
• antinomianism
• Antiochus of Ascalon
• anti-realism
• apeiron
• Apel, Karl Otto
• apocatastasis
• apophatic
• aporia
• Appiah Kwame Anthony
• applied ethics
• a priori
• Aquinas Saint Thomas
• Arabic philosophy
• ārādhya
• Arcesilaus of Pitane
• Archytas
• Arendt Hannah
• arete
• argument
• Arianism
• Aristotle
• Arminius Jacobus
• Armstrong David M
• Arnauld Antoine
• Arrow's paradox
• artifact
• artificial intelligence
• artificial life
• ascriptivism
• assertion
• associationism
• Astell Mary
• Athanasius
• atheism
• Ātman
• atonement
• attribution theory
• Audi Robert
• Augustine
• Austin John
• Austin J(ohn) L(angshaw)
• Australasian philosophy
• Austrian philosophy
• autarkia
• authority
• avatar
• Avenarius Richard
• Averroes
• Avicenna
• avidya
• awareness
• axiomatic method
• axiom of comprehension
• axiom of consistency
• Ayer A(lfred) J(ules)
• B
• Babbage Charles
• Bachelard Gaston
• Bacon, Francis
• Bacon Roger
• bad faith
• Badiou Alain
• Bain Alexander
• Baker Lynne Rudder
• Bakhtin Mikhail Mikhailovich
• Bakunin Mikhail
• Bañez Domingo
• bargaining theory
• Barthes Roland
• basic norm
• Basilides
• basing relation
• Bataille Georges
• Baumgarten Alexander Gottlieb
• Bayesian epistemology
• Bayesian rationality
• Bayes's theorem
• Bayle Pierre
• Beattie James
• beauty
• Beccaria Cesare
• behaviorism
• behavior therapy
• belief
• belief revision
• belief updating
• Beneke Friedrich Eduard
• Bennett Jonathan
• Bentham Jeremy
• Berdyaev Nicolas
• Bergmann Gustav
• Bergson Henri Louis
• Berkeley George
• Berlin Isaiah
• Bernard of Chartres
• Bernard of Clairvaux
• Bernoulli's theorem
• Bertrand's box paradox
• Bertrand's paradox
• Beth's definability theorem
• Bhagavad Gita
• bhakti
• bhavanga
• bi (pi)
• bian (pien)
• biconditional
• bioethics
• bit
• black box
• Blackburn Simon
• blindsight
• Bloch Ernst
• Blondel Maurice
• Bodin Jean
• Boehme Jakob
• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus
• Boltzmann Ludwig
• Bolzano Bernard
• Bonaventure
• BonJour Laurence
• book of life
• Boole George
• Boolean algebra
• bootstrapping
• borderline case
• Bosanquet Bernard
• Boscovich Roger Joseph
• Bouwsma O(ets) K(olk)
• Boyle Robert
• Bradley F(rancis) H(erbert)
• Brahman
• Brandom Robert
• Brandt Richard B
• Bratman Michael
• Brentano Franz
• British empiricism
• Broad C(harlie) D(unbar)
• Broome John
• Brouwer Luitzgen Egbertus Jan
• Bruno Giordano
• Brunschvicg Léon
• brute
• Buber Martin
• Buchmanism
• Buddha
• Buddhagosa
• Buddhism
• bundle theory
• Burge Tyler
• Buridan Jean
• Burke Edmund
• Burley Walter
• business ethics
• Butler Joseph
• C
• cabala
• Caird Edward
• Cajetan
• calculus
• Calvin John
• Cambridge change
• Cambridge Platonists
• camera obscura
• Campanella Tommaso
• Campbell Norman Robert
• Camus Albert
• Canguilhem Georges
• Cantor Georg
• cardinal virtues
• Carlyle Thomas
• Carnap Rudolf
• Carroll Lewis
• Cartwright Nancy Delaney
• causal theory of action
• Cārvāka
• Cassirer Ernst
• Castañeda Hector-Neri
• casuistry
• categorical theory
• categoricity
• category
• category mistake
• category theory
• causal law
• causal theory of proper names
• causa sui
• causation
• Cavell Stanley Louis
• Cavendish Margaret
• Celsus
• certainty
• character
• Charron Pierre
• cheapest-cost avoider
• cheng (ch'eng)
• Cheng Hao (Ch'eng Hao) (1032–85), Cheng Yi (Ch'eng Yi) (1033–1107)
• Chen Xianzheng
• Chinese Legalism
• Chinese philosophy
• ching
• Chisholm R(oderick) M(ilton)
• choice sequence
• Chomsky Noam
• ch’üan
• Church Alonzo
• Churchland Patricia Smith
• Churchland Paul M
• Church's thesis
• Cicero Marcus Tullius
• circular reasoning
• citta-mātra
• civil disobedience
• Clarke Samuel
• class
• classical republicanism
• Clement of Alexandria
• Clifford W(illiam) K(ingdon)
• closure
• Coase theorem
• Cockburn Catherine (Trotter)
• Cogito ergo sum
• cognitive dissonance
• cognitive psychotherapy
• cognitive science
• cognitive science of religion (CSR)
• Cohen Hermann
• coherence theory of truth
• coherentism
• collective action
• collective belief
• Collier Arthur
• Collingwood R(obin) G(eorge)
• color
• combinatory logic
• commentaries on Aristotle
• commentaries on Plato
• common good
• compactness theorem
• complementary class
• completeness
• complexe significabile
• compossible
• comprehension
• compresence
• computability
• computer art
• computer theory
• Comte Auguste
• conceivability
• conceptualism
• concursus dei
• Condillac Étienne Bonnot de
• condition
• conditional
• conditionalization
• conditional proof
• conditioning
• conditio sine qua non
• Condorcet
• confirmation
• Confucianism
• Confucius
• conjecture
• conjunction
• conjunction elimination
• conjunction introduction
• conjunctivity
• connected
• connectionism
• connotation
• consequentialism
• consequentia mirabilis
• consistency
• Constant, Benjamin
• constitution
• constructive empiricism
• content
• contextualism
• Continental philosophy
• contingent
• continuum problem
• contractarianism
• contraposition
• contraries
• contravalid
• control
• conventionalism
• convention T
• converse
• converse, outer and inner
• conviction
• Conway, Anne
• Cooper John M
• cooperation
• copula
• Cordemoy Géraud de
• Cornell Realism
• corners
• corresponding conditional
• cosmopolitanism
• Cottingham John
• counterfactuals
• counterinstance
• counterintuitive
• counterpart theory
• count noun
• Cournot Antoine-Augustin
• Cousin Victor
• Couturat Louis
• covering law model
• Craig's interpolation theorem
• creation ex nihilo
• creationism
• creativity
• Crescas Hasdai
• criterion
• critical legal studies
• Critical Realism
• critical theory
• Croce Benedetto
• crucial experiment
• Crusius Christian August
• Cudworth Damaris
• Cumberland Richard
• cumulative case argument
• curve-fitting problem
• cut-elimination theorem
• cybernetics
• Cynics
• Cyrenaics
• Czolbe Heinrich
• D
• d'Ailly Pierre
• Dai Zhen
• d'Alembert Jean Le Rond
• Damascius
• Dancy Jonathan
• Danto Arthur C(oleman)
• dao (tao)
• Daoism (Taoism)
• daotong (tao-t'ung)
• daoxin, renxin (tao-hsin, jen-hsin)
• Darwall Stephen
• Darwinism
• Davidson Donald
• Daxue (Ta-hsüeh)
• de (te)
• death
• decidability
• decision theory
• deconstruction
• Dedekind Richard
• de dicto
• deduction
• deduction theorem
• default logic
• defeasibility
• definiendum
• definist
• definition
• degenerate case
• degree
• degree of unsolvability
• degrees of belief
• deism
• deity
• Deleuze Gilles
• deliberative democracy
• de Maistre Joseph-Marie
• demandingness
• demarcation
• demiurge
• Democritus
• De Morgan Augustus
• De Morgan's laws
• Dennett Daniel C(lement)
• denotation
• deontic logic
• deontic paradoxes
• dependence
• depiction
• Derrida Jacques
• Descartes René
• descriptivism
• design plan
• desire
• determinable
• determinism
• Dewey John
• dharma
• Dharmakīrti
• d'Holbach, Paul-Henri-Dietrich
• diagonal procedure
• dialectic
• dialetheism
• diallelon
• dianoia
• dictum de omni et nullo
• Diderot Denis
• différance
• dignity
• dilemma
• Dilthey Wilhelm
• diminished capacity
• direction of fit
• direct realism
• disagreement
• disbelief
• disembodiment
• disjunction elimination
• disjunction introduction
• disjunctive proposition
• disjunctivism
• disposition
• distribution
• distributive laws
• divided line
• divine attributes
• divine command ethics
• divine foreknowledge
• domain
• Dong Zhongshu (Tung Chung-shu)
• donkey sentences
• doomsday argument
• double negation
• double truth
• doxastic
• doxographers
• dravya
• dravyasat
• dreaming
• Dretske Fred
• dualism
• Ducasse C(urt) J(ohn)
• duck-rabbit
• Duhem Pierre-Maurice-Marie
• Dummett Michael A. E
• dunamis
• Duns Scotus John
• Dutch book
• Dutch book argument
• Dutch book theorem
• duty
• du Vair Guillaume
• Dvaita Vedanta
• Dworkin Ronald M
• dynamic logic
• dynamism
• E
• Eckhart Johannes
• Eco Umberto
• eduction
• Edwards Jonathan
• effective procedure
• egocentric particular
• egocentric predicament
• egoism
• Einfühlung
• Einstein Albert
• Eleatic School
• elenchus
• Elizabeth of Bohemia
• ellipsis
• emanationism
• embodiment
• Emerson Ralph Waldo
• emotion
• emotive conjugation
• emotivism
• empathy
• Empedocles
• empirical adequacy
• empirical decision theory
• empiricism
• enantiamorphs
• Encyclopedia
• energeia
• energeticism
• Engels Friedrich
• Enlightenment, the
• ens a se
• ens rationis
• ens realissimum
• entelechy
• enthymeme
• entropy
• envelope paradox
• environmental philosophy
• epagogē
• epicheirema
• Epicureanism
• epistemic
• epistemic deontologism
• epistemic logic
• epistemic possibility
• epistemic principle
• epistemic privacy
• epistemic regress argument
• epistemic responsibilism
• epistemology
• equality
• equipollence
• equiprobable
• equivalence
• equivocation
• Erasmus Desiderius
• Erfahrung
• Erigena John Scotus
• eristic
• Erlebnis
• Eros
• erotetic
• essentialism
• establishment
• eternal return
• ethical constructivism
• ethical objectivism
• ethics
• ethics of citizenship
• ethics of love
• ethnography
• ethnology
• ethnomethodology
• Euclidean geometry
• eudaimonism
• Eudoxus of Cnidus
• Euler diagram
• euthanasia
• Euthyphro problem
• event
• evidence
• evidentialism
• evil
• evolutionary arguments
• evolutionary epistemology
• evolutionary ethics
• evolutionary psychology
• existential generalization
• existential import
• existential instantiation
• existentialism
• experimental philosophy
• expertise
• explanation
• explosion
• exponible
• exportation
• expression theory of art
• extensionalism
• externalism
• extrinsic desire
• extrinsic relation
• F
• fa
• fact-value distinction
• faculty psychology
• faith
• fallibilism
• false consciousness
• false pleasure
• Fang Thomé H
• Fechner Gustav Theodor
• feminist epistemology
• feminist philosophy
• Feng Youlan
• Ferguson Adam
• Feuerbach Ludwig Andreas
• Fichte Johann Gottlieb
• Ficino Marsilio
• fiction
• fictionalism
• field theory
• figure-ground
• Filmer Robert
• Fine Kit
• fink
• Finnish philosophy
• first philosophy
• fittingness
• Florenski Pavel Aleksandrovich
• Fludd Robert
• Fodor Jerry A
• folk psychology
• Føllesdal Dagfinn
• Fonseca Pedro da
• Fontenelle Bernard Le Bovier de
• food ethics
• Foot Philippa
• forcing
• Fordyce David
• forgiveness
• form
• formal epistemology
• formal fallacy
• Fallacies of sentential (propositional) logic
• Fallacies of syllogistic logic
• Fallacies of negation
• Fallacies of predicate logic
• formalism
• formalization
• formalize
• formal language
• formal learnability theory
• formal logic
• formal semantics
• Foucault Michel
• foundationalism
• Four Books
• Fourier François-Marie-Charles
• Frankena William K
• Frankfurt Harry
• Frankfurt cases
• Frankfurt School
• free exercise
• free logic
• free rider
• free will problem
• Frege Gottlob
• Frege-Geach problem
• French personalism
• French philosophy
• Freud Sigmund
• Friedman Michael
• Fumerton Richard A
• functional dependence
• functionalism
• fundamentum divisionis
• future contingents
• fuzzy set
• G
• Gadamer Hans-Georg
• Galen
• Galileo Galilei
• gambler's fallacy
• game theory
• Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand
• Gaozi (Kao Tzu)
• Garber Daniel
• Gassendi Pierre
• Gay John
• Geach Peter
• Ge Hong (Ko Hung)
• G. E. Moore shift
• generics
• Gentile Giovanni
• genus generalissimum
• German philosophy
• Gerson Jean de
• Gersonides
• Gert Bernard
• Geulincx Arnold
• gewu zhizhi (ko wu, chih chih)
• Gibbard Allan
• Giles of Rome
• Gilson Étienne
• Gioberti Vincenzo
• given
• Glanvill Joseph
• global justice
• gnosticism
• Goclenius Rudolphus
• Gödel's incompleteness theorems
• Godfrey of Fontaines
• Godwin William
• Goethe Johann Wolfgang von
• Goldman Alvin I
• Gongsun Longzi (Kung-sun Lung Tzu)
• good-making characteristic
• Goodman Nelson
• Gorgias
• grace
• Gracián y Morales Baltasar
• grammar
• Gramsci Antonio
• Green T(homas) H(ill)
• Gregory I
• Gregory of Nyssa
• Gregory of Rimini
• Grice H. P(aul)
• Grosseteste Robert
• Grotius Hugo
• grounding
• grue paradox
• Guanzi (Kuan Tzu)
• guise theory
• Guo Xiang (Kuo Hsiang)
• Guyer Paul
• H
• Habermas Jürgen
• Hacking Ian
• haecceity
• Haeckel Ernst
• HaLevi Judah
• Hamann Johann Georg
• Hamilton William
• Hanfeizi (Han Fei Tzu)
• Han Yu
• Hare R(ichard) M(ervyn)
• Harman Gilbert
• harmony, proof-theoretic
• harm principle
• Hart H(erbert) L(ionel) A(dolphus)
• Hartley David
• Hartmann Eduard von
• Hartmann Nicolai
• Hartshorne Charles
• hedonism
• Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
• Heidegger Martin
• Hellenistic philosophy
• Helmholtz Hermann von
• Helvétius, Claude Adrien
• Hempel Carl G(ustav)
• henotheism
• Henrich Dieter
• Henry of Ghent
• Heraclitus
• Herbart Johann Friedrich
• Herder Johann Gottfried von
• Herman Barbara
• hermeneutics
• hermetism
• Herzen Alexander
• heuristics
• hexis
• He Yan (Ho Yen)
• Heytesbury William
• Hick John (Harwood)
• hiddenness, divine
• hierarchy
• Hilbert David
• Hilbert's Program
• Hill Thomas E. Jr
• Hinduism
• Hintikka Jaakko
• Hintikka set
• Hippocrates
• historicism
• Hobbes Thomas
• Hohfeld Wesley Newcomb
• Hölderlin Johann Christian Friedrich
• holism
• hologram
• homoeomerous
• homomorphism
• homoousios
• homunculus
• Honneth Axel
• hope
• Horkheimer Max
• hsiao
• Hsi K'ang
• hsin1
• hsin2
• hsing-erh-shang
• Huang-Lao
• Huang Zongxi
• Hu Hong (Hu Hung)
• Hui Shi (Hui Shih)
• humanism
• human nature
• Humboldt Wilhelm von
• Hume David
• Humean theory of motivation
• Hu Shi
• Husserl Edmund
• Hutcheson Francis
• Huygens Christiaan
• hyle
• hylomorphism
• hylozoism
• Hypatia
• hypostasis
• hypothetico-deductive method
• I
• Ibn Bājja Abu Bakr
• Ibn Daud Abraham
• Ibn Gabirol Solomon
• Ibn Khaldūn ‘Abdurrahmān
• Ibn Tufayl Abu Bakr
• I-Ching
• idea
• ideal, moral
• idealism
• ideal language
• ideal market
• ideal observer
• identity
• identity conditions
• identity of indiscernibles
• ideology
• ideo-motor action
• iff
• ignorance
• Il'in Ivan Aleksandrovich
• Ilyenkov Evald Vasilyevich
• imagination
• immanence
• immaterialism
• immediacy
• impartiality
• imperative logic
• implication
• implicature
• imposition
• impredicative definition
• incommensurable
• incommensurability
• inconsistent triad
• independence results
• indeterminacy of translation
• indexical
• indirect discourse
• indiscernibility of identicals
• individuation
• induction
• inductivism
• inference
• inference to the best explanation
• inferentialism
• inferential knowledge
• infima species
• infinitary logic
• infinite regress argument
• infinitism
• infinity
• informal fallacy
• informal logic
• information theory
• informed consent
• Ingarden Roman Witold
• insolubilia
• institution
• institutional theory of art
• instrumentalism
• intellectualism
• intelligent design
• intension
• intensionality
• intensional logic
• intention
• intentional fallacy
• intentionalism
• intentionality
• interchangeability
• internal question
• intervening variable
• intuition
• Ionian philosophy
• Irigaray Luce
• irrationality
• Irwin Terence H
• is
• Islamic Neoplatonism
• Isocrates
• is-ought gap
• Italian philosophy
• I-Thou relationship
• J
• Jackson
• Jacobi Friedrich Heinrich
• Jainism
• James William
• James-Lange theory
• Jansenism
• Japanese philosophy
• Jaspers Karl Theodor
• Jeffrey conditionalization
• Jevons William Stanley
• Jewish philosophy
• jhāna
• Jiao Hong
• Jia Yi (Chia Yi)
• Joachim of Floris
• Johannes Philoponus
• John of Damascus
• John of Saint Thomas
• John of Salisbury
• Johnson Samuel (1696–1772).
• Johnson W(illiam) E(rnest)
• journalistic ethics
• Jung Carl Gustav
• junzi (chün-tzu)
• jurisprudence
• jury nullification
• justice
• justification
• justification by faith
• just war theory
• K
• kāla
• kalam
• Kang Youwei
• Kant Immanuel
• Kaplan David
• karma
• Kenny, (Sir) Anthony John Patrick
• Kepler Johannes
• kerygma
• Keynes John Maynard
• Kierkegaard Søren Aabye
• Kilvington Richard
• Kilwardby Robert
• Kim Jaegwon
• Kitcher Philip
• KK-thesis
• Kleist Heinrich von
• knowledge by acquaintance
• knowledge de re
• Köhler Wolfgang
• Korean philosophy
• Korsgaard Christine M
• Kotarbiński Tadeusz
• Krause Karl Christian Friedrich
• Kretzmann Norman
• Kripke Saul A(aron)
• Kripke semantics
• Kristeva Julia
• Kropotkin Petr Alekseevich
• Kuhn Thomas S(amuel)
• kung, szu
• Kyoto School
• L
• Labriola Antonio
• Lacan Jacques
• Laffitte Pierre
• La Forge Louis de
• lambda-calculus
• Lambert Johann Heinrich
• La Mettrie Julien Offroy de
• Lange Friedrich Albert
• Laozi (Lao Tzu)
• La Peyrère Isaac
• Laplace Pierre Simon de
• Latin American philosophy
• lawlike generalization
• laws of thought
• Lebensphilosophie
• legal moralism
• legal positivism
• legal realism
• Lehrer Keith
• Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm
• lekton
• Lenin Vladimir Ilich
• Lequier Jules
• Leroux Pierre
• Leśniewski Stanisław
• Lessing Gotthold Ephraim
• Leucippus
• Levinas Emmanuel
• Lewin Kurt
• Lewis C(larence) I(rving)
• Lewis C(live) S(taples)
• Lewis David K
• lexical ordering
• li1
• li2
• li3
• Liang Qichao
• Liang Shuming
• liangzhi (liang-chih)
• Li Ao
• liberalism
• liberal naturalism
• liberum arbitrium
• Libet experiments
• Li Chi
• li-ch'i
• Liezi (Lieh Tzu)
• life
• limiting case
• linguistic relativity
• list theory
• literary theory
• Liu Shaoqi
• Liu Zongzhou (Liu Tsung-chou)
• liyifenshu (li-i-fen-shu)
• Locke John
• Lockean thesis
• logical consequence
• logical constant
• logical construction
• logical form
• logical indicator
• logical notation
• logical pluralism
• logical positivism
• logical product
• logical subject
• logical syntax
• logicism
• logistic system
• logos
• Lonergan Bernard J. F., S.J
• Longinus
• Losev Aleksei Fëdorovich
• lottery paradox
• Lotze Rudolf Hermann
• Lowe E. J
• Löwenheim-Skolem theorem
• Lucas John Randolph
• luck
• Lucretius
• Lukács Georg
• Łukasiewicz Jan
• Lull Raymond
• Lushichunqiu (Lü-shih ch'un-ch'iu)
• Luther Martin
• Lu Xiangshan
• Lycan William G
• Lyceum
• Lyotard Jean-François
• M
• Mach Ernst
• Machiavelli Niccolò
• MacIntyre Alasdair
• Mackie J(ohn) L(eslie)
• Madhva
• Mādhyamika
• magnitude
• Mahāvīra
• Maimon Salomon
• Maimonides
• Malcolm Norman
• Malebranche Nicolas
• Mamardashvili, Merab Konstantinovich
• Manichaeanism
• Mannheim Karl
• Mansel Henry Longueville
• many-valued logic
• Mao Zedong
• Marcel Gabriel
• Marcus Ruth Barcan
• Marcus Aurelius
• Marcuse Herbert
• Mariana Juan de
• Marion Jean-Luc
• Maritain Jacques
• Marsilius of Inghen
• Marsilius of Padua
• Martineau James
• Marx Karl
• Marxism
• material adequacy
• mathematical analysis
• mathematical function
• mathematical induction
• mathematical intuitionism
• mathematical structuralism
• matter
• maximal consistent set
• maximin strategy
• Maxwell James Clerk
• māyā
• McCosh James
• McDougall William
• McDowell John Henry
• McTaggart John McTaggart Ellis
• Mead George Herbert
• meaning
• meaning postulate
• mechanistic explanation
• Medina Bartolomeo
• Megarians
• Meinong Alexius
• meliorism
• Melissus of Samos
• memory
• Mencius
• Mendel Gregor
• Mendelssohn Moses
• mens rea
• mental causation
• Mentalese
• mentalism
• Mercier Désiré-Joseph
• mercy
• mereology
• meritarian
• meritocracy
• Merleau-Ponty Maurice
• Mersenne Marin
• metalanguage
• metamathematics
• metaphilosophy
• metaphor
• metaphysical realism
• metaphysics
• methodological holism
• middle knowledge
• Middle Platonism
• Milesians
• military ethics
• Mill James
• Mill John Stuart
• Millikan Ruth Garrett
• Mill's methods
• Mīmāmsā
• mimesis
• Mind argument
• mindreading
• ming
• miracle
• Miskawayh
• M'Naghten rule
• mnemic causation
• modality
• modal logic
• modal transfer fallacy
• mode
• model theory
• modularity
• modus ponens
• modus tollens
• Mohism
• Molina Luis de
• Molyneux question
• Montaigne Michel de
• Montanism
• Montesquieu
• Moore G(eorge) E(dward)
• Moore's paradox
• moral dilemma
• moral epistemology
• morality
• moral knowledge
• moral perception
• moral phenomenology
• moral psychology
• moral rationalism
• moral realism
• moral sense theory
• moral skepticism
• moral status
• More Henry
• More Sir Thomas
• Mosca Gaetano
• motivation
• motivational explanation
• motivational internalism
• Mou Zongsan
• Mozi (Mo Tzu)
• Murdoch Iris
• mystical experience
• mysticism
• myth of Er
• myth of the given
• N
• Nāgārjuna
• Nagel Ernest
• Nagel Thomas
• Nash equilibrium
• naturalism
• naturalistic epistemology
• natural kind
• natural law
• natural philosophy
• natural reason
• natural religion
• necessitarianism
• necessity
• negation
• Nehamas Alexander
• Nemesius of Emesa
• Neo-Confucianism
• Neo-Daoism (Neo-Taoism)
• neo-Friesian School
• neo-Kantianism
• Neoplatonism
• neopragmatism
• neo-Scholasticism
• Neo-Thomism
• neuroethics
• neurolaw
• neutrality
• New Academy
• Newcomb's paradox
• Newman John Henry
• new natural law theory
• New Realism
• Newton Sir Isaac
• Nicholas of Autrecourt
• Nicholas of Cusa
• Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm
• Nihil est in intellectu quod non prius fuerit in sensu
• Nihil ex nihilo fit
• nirodha-samāpatti
• noetic
• non-Euclidean geometry
• non-monotonic logic
• nonviolence
• Nordic philosophy
• norm
• normal form
• normalization theorem
• normativity
• notum per se
• noûs
• Novalis
• Nozick, Robert
• Numenius of Apamea
• Nussbaum Martha C(raven)
• Nyāya-Vaishesika
• O
• Oakeshott Michael
• obiectum quo
• objective rightness
• obligationes
• oblique context
• obversion
• occasionalism
• occasion meaning
• Ockham William
• Ockham's razor
• Olivi Peter John
• omega
• O'Neill Onora S
• one-many problem
• one over many
• ontological commitment
• ontology of art
• open formula
• open texture
• open theism
• operationalism
• operator
• operator theory of adverbs
• order
• ordering
• order type omega
• ordinal logic
• ordinary language philosophy
• organic
• organicism
• organism
• Origen
• Orphism
• Ortega y Gasset José
• ought-implies-can principle
• ousia
• Oxford Calculators
• Oxford school of intuitionism
• P
• pacifism
• Paine Thomas
• pairing problem
• Paley William
• panpsychism
• pantheism
• Pantheismusstreit
• Paracelsus
• paraconsistency
• paradigm
• paradigm case argument
• paradox
• paradoxes of omnipotence
• paradox of analysis
• paradox of deontology
• paradox of omniscience
• parapsychology
• Pareto efficiency
• Parfit Derek
• Parmenides
• parsing
• particularism
• partition
• Pascal Blaise
• paternalism
• patristic authors
• Paul of Venice
• Peano postulates
• Peirce Charles S(anders)
• Peirce's law
• Pelagianism
• per accidens
• perception
• Percival Thomas
• perdurance
• perfect competition
• perfectionism
• Peripatetic School
• Perry John
• Perry Ralph Barton
• personal identity
• personalism
• personhood
• Peter Lombard
• Peter of Spain
• Pettit Philip
• phantasia
• phenomenal conservatism
• phenomenalism
• phenomenology
• Philodemus of Gadara
• Philo Judaeus
• Philolaus
• philosophia perennis
• philosophical anthropology
• philosophical method
• philosophical theology
• philosophy of biology
• philosophy of economics
• philosophy of education
• philosophy of film
• philosophy of history
• philosophy of language
• philosophy of law
• philosophy of literature
• philosophy of logic
• philosophy of mathematics
• philosophy of medicine
• philosophy of mind
• Mind-body dualism
• Monism
• Cognitive psychology
• Content
• Consciousness
• philosophy of psychology
• philosophy of religion
• philosophy of science
• philosophy of sport
• philosophy of technology
• philosophy of the social sciences
• physicalism
• physis
• Piaget Jean
• Pico della Mirandola Giovanni
• plan
• Plantinga Alvin
• Plato
• Plekhanov Georgy Valentinovich
• Plotinus
• pluralism
• pluralitive logic
• plurality of causes
• pluriverse
• Po-hu tung
• poiēsis
• Poincaré Jules Henri
• polarity
• Polish logic
• Polish philosophy
• political philosophy
• political theory
• polysyllogism
• Pomponazzi Pietro
• pons asinorum
• Popper Karl Raimund
• Porphyry
• Port-Royal Logic
• positive and negative freedom
• possible worlds
• Post-Gödel dilemma
• postmodern
• poststructuralism
• potency
• poverty of the stimulus
• power
• practical reason
• practical reasoning
• practition
• praedicamenta
• pragmatic contradiction
• pragmatic encroachment
• pragmatism
• praxis
• Praxis school
• preanalytic
• predicables
• preexistence
• preface paradox
• prescriptivism
• presentism
• pre-Socratics
• presupposition
• pretheoretical
• Price Richard
• Prichard H(arold) A(rthur)
• Priestley Joseph
• prime mover
• principal principle
• principium individuationis
• principle of bivalence
• principle of contradiction
• principle of double effect
• principle of excluded middle
• principle of indifference
• principle of insufficient reason
• principle of plenitude
• principle of verifiability
• prisoner's dilemma
• private language argument
• privation
• privileged access
• pro attitude
• probabilism
• probability
• problem of induction
• problem of other minds
• problem of the criterion
• problem of the speckled hen
• process-product ambiguity
• process theology
• production theory
• professional ethics
• proof
• proof by recursion
• proof theory
• propensity
• property
• proposition
• propositional function
• propositional opacity
• proprietates terminorum
• proprium
• protocol statement
• prototype theory
• Proudhon Pierre-Joseph
• pseudohallucination
• psycholinguistics
• public reason
• Pufendorf Samuel
• punishment
• Putnam Hilary
• Pyrrho of Elis
• Pythagoras
• Pythagoreanism
• Q
• qi (ch'i)
• qian, kun (k'un)
• Qianfu Lun (Ch'ien-fu Lun)
• Qian Mu
• qing (ch'ing)
• qualia
• qualitative predicate
• qualities
• quality of life
• quantification
• quantifying in
• quantum logic
• quantum mechanics
• quasi-indicator
• Quine W(illard) V(an) O(rman)
• quinque voces
• R
• racism
• radical interpretation
• Railton Peter
• Rāmānuja
• Ramsey Frank Plumpton
• Ramus Petrus
• Rashdall Hastings
• ratiocination
• rationalism
• rationality
• rationalization
• rational psychology
• rational reconstruction
• Rawls John
• Ray John
• Raz Joseph
• reality
• reasons for action
• reasons for belief
• recognition
• recursive function theory
• redintegration
• reductio ad absurdum
• reduction
• reduction sentence
• referentially transparent
• reflection principles
• reflective equilibrium
• regression analysis
• regulative-constitutive distinction
• Reichenbach Hans
• Reid Thomas
• Reimarus Hermann Samuel
• Reinhold Karl Leonhard
• reism
• relation
• relational logic
• relativism
• relativity
• relevance logic
• reliabilism
• religious epistemology
• ren (jen)
• Renaissance philosophy
• Renouvier Charles
• representationalism
• rerum natura
• Rescher Nicholas
• respect
• response-dependence
• responsibility
• resultance
• reverence
• revisability
• Richard Rufus
• Ricoeur Paul
• rights
• rigorism
• ring of Gyges
• rong, ru (jung, ju)
• Rorty Richard
• Roscelin de Compiègne
• Rosenzweig Franz
• Rosmini-Serbati Antonio
• Ross W(illiam) D(avid)
• Rousseau Jean-Jacques
• Rowe William L
• Royce Josiah
• Ruan Ji (Juan Chi)
• rule-following
• rule of law
• rule theory
• Russell Bertrand (Arthur William)
• Russian nihilism
• Russian philosophy
• Ryle Gilbert
• S
• Saadiah Gaon
• Saint Petersburg paradox
• Saint-Simon
• Sakti
• samādhi
• samanantara-pratyaya
• samatha
• samsāra
• Sanches Francisco
• sanction
• Sankhya-Yoga
• Santayana George
• Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
• Sartre Jean-Paul
• sat/chit/ānanda
• satisfaction
• satisfiable
• satisfice
• Saussure Ferdinand de
• Scanlon Thomas M
• Scheler Max
• Schelling Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph
• scheme
• Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von
• Schlegel Friedrich von
• Schleiermacher Friedrich
• Scholasticism
• School of Names
• Schopenhauer Arthur
• Schröder-Bernstein theorem
• Schrödinger Erwin
• Schulze Gottlob Ernst
• scientific realism
• scientism
• scope
• Scottish common sense philosophy
• Searle John R
• second-order logic
• second-person relatedness
• secundum quid
• self-deception
• self-determination
• self-evidence
• self-presenting
• self-referential incoherence
• self-reproducing automaton
• Sellars Wilfrid
• semantic ascent
• semantic holism
• semantic paradoxes
• semantic relativism
• semiosis
• sensationalism
• sensibilia
• sensibility theory
• sensorium
• sensus communis
• sentential connective
• sentimentalism
• set-theoretic paradoxes
• set theory
• Sextus Empiricus
• Shaftesbury
• shan, e (shan, o)
• shang ti
• Shang Yang
• Shankara
• Shao Yong
• Sheffer stroke
• shen
• sheng
• Shen Buhai (Shen Pu-hai)
• Shen Dao (Shen Tao)
• Shepherd Mary
• Sherwood William
• Shestov Lev
• shi1 (shih1)
• shi2 (shih2)
• ship of Theseus
• Shoemaker Sydney
• Shpet Gustav Gustavovich
• shu1
• Sidgwick Henry
• Siger of Brabant
• signifier
• Simmel Georg
• Simplicius
• simulation theory
• Singer Peter
• singularity
• singular term
• situation ethics
• situationism
• Siva
• skeptical theism
• skepticism
• Skeptics
• Skolem Thoralf
• Sleeping Beauty problem
• slingshot argument
• slippery slope argument
• Smart J(ohn) J(amieson) C(arswell)
• Smith Adam
• Sober Elliott
• social action
• social biology
• social choice theory
• social constructivism
• social contract
• social epistemology
• social intuitionism
• social ontology
• social philosophy
• Socinianism
• Socrates
• Socratic intellectualism
• Socratic irony
• Socratic paradoxes
• solipsism
• Solovyov Vladimir
• Song Xing (Sung Hsing)
• sophismata
• Sophists
• Sorel Georges
• sorites
• sorites paradox
• sortal predicate
• Sosa Ernest
• Soto Domingo de
• soul
• soundness
• space
• space-time
• Spanish philosophy
• spatiotemporal continuity
• specious present
• speculative philosophy
• speech act theory
• Spencer Herbert
• Spinoza Baruch
• Spir Afrikan
• split brain effects
• square of opposition
• Stalnaker Robert C
• standard model
• standpoint theory
• state
• state of affairs
• statistical explanation
• Steiner Rudolf
• Stephen Sir Leslie
• Stillingfleet Edward
• Stirner Max
• stochastic process
• Stoicism
• Stout George Frederick
• Strato of Lampsacus
• Strauss Leo
• Strawson Sir Peter
• Stroud Barry
• structuralism
• Stump Eleonore
• Suárez Francisco
• subdoxastic
• subjectivism
• subject-object dichotomy
• sublime
• subsidiarity
• subsistence
• substance
• substantialism
• substitutivity salva veritate
• substructural logics
• Sufism
• summum bonum
• śūnyatā
• Sun Yat-sen
• supererogation
• supervenience
• suppositio
• survival
• sutra
• Swedenborgianism
• Swinburne Richard
• syllogism
• synaesthesia
• syncategoremata
• synderesis
• synergism
• systems theory
• T
• taiji (t'ai-chi)
• Tang Junyi
• Tan Sitong
• Tarski Alfred
• tautology
• Taylor Charles
• Taylor Harriet
• te
• techne
• Teichmüller Gustav
• Teilhard de Chardin Pierre
• teleology
• Telesio Bernardino
• telishment
• telos
• tense logic
• Teresa of Ávila
• terminist logic
• terminus a quo
• Tertullian
• testability
• testimony
• Tetens Johann Nicolas
• Thales of Miletus
• thema
• theodicy
• theologia naturalis
• theological anthropology
• theological naturalism
• theoretical reason
• theoretical term
• theory-laden
• theory of appearing
• theory of descriptions
• theory of signs
• theosophy
• thick concept
• Thomism
• Thomson Judith Jarvis
• Thoreau Henry David
• thought experiment
• Thrasymachus
• t'i, yung
• tian (t'ien)
• tianli, renyu (t'ien li, jen-yü)
• tianren heyi (t'ien-jen ho-i)
• Tillich Paul
• time
• time slice
• time travel
• token-reflexive
• toleration
• Toletus Francisco
• tonk
• topic-neutral
• topics
• toxin puzzle
• trait
• transcendence
• transcendental argument
• transcendentalism
• transcendentals
• transfinite number
• transformation rule
• transitivity
• transubstantiation
• transversality
• tree of Porphyry
• Trinitarianism
• Troeltsch Ernst
• trolley problem
• trope
• trust
• truth
• truthlikeness
• truthmaker
• truth table
• truth-value
• truth-value semantics
• Tugendhat Ernst
• Tuomela Raimo
• Turing machine
• Turnbull George
• Twin-Earth
• two-dimensional semantics
• tychism
• type theory
• type-token distinction
• tzu jan
• U
• Unamuno Miguel de
• understanding
• unexpected examination paradox
• uniformity of nature
• unity in diversity
• unity of science
• universal instantiation
• universalizability
• universe of discourse
• Upanishads
• use-mention distinction
• utilitarianism
• utterer's meaning
• V
• vagueness
• Vaihinger Hans
• Valentinianism
• Valentinus
• valid
• Valla Lorenzo
• value
• value problem
• value theory
• van Fraassen Bas
• Vanini Giulio Cesare
• van Inwagen Peter
• variable
• vāsanā
• Vasubandhu
• Vauvenargues Luc de Clapiers de
• Vázquez Gabriel
• Vedanta
• Vedas
• Venn diagram
• verificationism
• Verstehen
• vicious regress
• Vico Giambattista
• Vienna Circle
• Vijñānavāda
• vijñapti
• violence
• vipassanā
• virtue epistemology
• virtue ethics
• Vishnu
• Viśistadvaita Vedanta
• vital lie
• Vitoria Francisco de
• Vives Juan Luis
• volition
• Voltaire
• voluntarism
• von Neumann John
• von Wright G. H
• voting paradox
• W
• wang, ba (wang, pa)
• Wang Bi (Wang Pi)
• Wang Chong (Wang Ch'ung)
• Wang Fuzhi
• Wang Yangming
• Ward James
• warrant
• wayward causal chain
• Weber Max
• Weil, Simone
• well-being
• well-formed formula
• Westermarck Edward
• Whewell William
• Whitehead, Alfred North
• William of Alnwick
• William of Auvergne
• William of Auxerre
• William of Moerbeke
• Williams Bernard
• Williamson Timothy
• Wilson John Cook
• Windelband Wilhelm
• wisdom
• Wittgenstein Ludwig
• Wodeham Adam de
• Woleński Jan (Jan Hertrich-Woleński)
• Wolff Christian
• Wollaston William
• Wollstonecraft Mary
• Wolterstorff Nicholas
• Wood Allen W
• Wright Chauncey
• Wright Crispin
• Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilien
• wu wei
• wuxing (wu-hsing)
• Wyclif John
• X
• Xenophanes
• Xenophon
• xian (hsien)
• xing (hsing)
• xingming (hsing-ming)
• Xiong Shili
• xu (hsü)
• Xu Fuguan
• Xunzi (Hsün Tzu)
• Xu Xing (Hsü Hsing)
• Y
• Yang Xiong (Yang Hsiung)
• Yan Yuan
• Yang Zhu (Yang Chu)
• yi
• yin, yang
• you, wu (yu, wu)
• yü
• yung
• Z
• Zabarella Jacopo
• Zagzebski
• Zeigarnik effect
• Zeno's paradoxes
• Zhang Xuecheng (Chang Hsüeh-ch'eng)
• Zhang Zai
• zheng ming (cheng ming)
• zhi1 (chih1)
• zhi2 (chih2)
• zhixing heyi (chih-hsing ho-i)
• zhong, shu (chung, shu)
• Zhongyong (Chung-yung)
• Zhou Dunyi
• Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu)
• Zhu Xi
• ziran (tzu jan)
• Žižek Slavoj
• Zou Yan (Tsou Yen)
• Zoroastrianism
• Appendix of Special Symbols and Logical Notation
• Index of Selected Names